characteristics of japanese near-death experience: text
TRANSCRIPT
Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.2, September 2016 The 42nd Symposium on Life information Science
August 26-29, 2016, âKasuga-no-moriâ, Kasuga-Onsen, Saku-City, Nagano, Japan
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_______________________________________ Takehiko ITO. [email protected] www.itotakehiko.com Wako University, Kanai 2160, Machida, Tokyo 195-8585, JAPAN.
Characteristics of Japanese Near-death Experience:
Text Mining Analysis of Narratives
Takehiko ITO, Fuko MIURA Wako University (Tokyo, Japan)
Abstract: Near-death experiences, which refer to the consciousness of energy isolated from the body, and experienced by people who have recovered from cardiac arrest, have not been scientifically proved. However, there are several reports about such experiences. It is assumed that certain characteristics pertain to the near-death experience, after taking into account human universality and cultural differences. The world of the near-death experience, based on narratives by people with experience thereof, is investigated in this study. Analyzed text included narratives extracted from the book âTestimonies: Near-death experience (Tachinaba, 2001).â Narratives of near-death experiences were converted into text using text mining software, Text Mining Studio. Based on the results of word frequency and correspondence analysis, the characteristics of Japanese experiences were compared with those of Western experiences. A river and flowers emerged as frequently used descriptions in the narratives of Japanese near-death experiences. Twelve of the 22 people (more than half) applied both words to their description of the near-death experience. The depiction of a river, cited by many of the Japanese study subjects, was discussed in contrast to the depiction of a tunnel and light, as portrayed in the Western near-death experience. Commonalities in the experiences of Japanese and Western people were also noted. Keywords: near-death experience, collective unconscious, cultural difference, text mining
1. Introduction
Tachibana (1994) compared Japanese episodes of near-death experiences with research on near-death experiences in English-speaking countries. He reported that both experiences had a lot in common, but that there were also significant differences. He reported that many Western near-death experiences include the depiction of light and a tunnel, prominent descriptors in Christian nations, as in the picture of Ascent of the Blessed by Hieronymus Bosch (see Figure 1). By contrast, many Japanese near-death experiences include the depiction of a river as a landscape, and flowers. Based on the difference, Tachibana conducted interviews and published a collection of testimonies in 2001 (Tachibana, 2001). This book contains in-depth testimonies on 22 Japanese near-death experiences, based on interviews with Tachibana, who deemed the narratives to be reliable.
Miura (2015) conducted text mining analysis of the narrative excerpts in the book written by Tachibana (2001), and based on the depictions therein, identified the characteristics of Japanese near-death experiences. However, the text for analysis in this study included extracts that were unrelated to near-death experiences.
Thus, for the current study, a decision was made to extract the texts of narratives relating to near-death experiences only, and to reanalyze them.
2ïŒPurpose The purpose of this study was to reanalyze
narratives of Japanese near-death experiences, extracted from the published work of Tachibana (2001), using text mining analysis, and to reveal their characteristics quantitatively.
3ïŒMethods Text for analysis
Text for analysis comprised narratives in the book âTestimonies: Near-death experience (Tachinaba, 2001).â The book is a collection of testimonies of people with near-death experiences, following detailed interviews with them. It consists of 20 chapters and includes the testimonies of 23 people. Methods of analysis
The narratives of near-death experiences were converted into text using text mining software, Text Mining Studio (version 5.1). Each narrative data was inputted separately. The analysis consisted of basic statistics, word frequency and correspondence analysis.
121Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.2, September 2016 The 42nd Symposium on Life information Science
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Ethical consideration Copyright and related issues did not apply because
the contents of narratives that were commercially available in a published book, available in the public domain, were utilized exclusively in the analysis.
Fig. 1 Ascent of the Blessed by Hieronymus Bosch
4. Results
Basic statistics Following an analysis of the basic text in
âTestimonies: Near-death experience,â the total number of lines reflects the total number of words by persons with a near-death experience. Of the 23 narratives, one did not pertain to a near-death experience. Thus, 22 narratives were included in the analysis. The average number of words per narrative was 5294.6. The total number of sentences was 3705, and the average number of words per sentence was 31.4. Word frequency analysis
The 26 most frequently used words in the 22 narratives are shown in Table 1.
For the purposes of enabling further analysis, persons seen during the near-death experience were divided according to gender. In addition, sentences which included the words, âflower,â âflower garden,â âriver,â âStyx,â and âlightâ were examined in detail. Eight persons mentioned seeing a man, and another eight a woman. Twelve persons described flowers, and nine a flower garden. Others (12) saw a river, six made mention of Styx, and nine saw light.
Table 1 The top 26 most frequently used nouns
Japanese word
Kana, indicating pronunciation
Translation into English
Number of experiencer (Total= 22)
人 hito person 22 æ°æã¡ kimochi feeling 21 声 koe voice 21 ç¶æ joutai state 20 ãã wake reason 19 äžç sekai world 19 å mae front 19 ç® me eye 19 åãã mukou over there 18 æ°Ž mizu water 18 é atama head 18 倢 yume dream 18 é¡ kao face 17 æ» shi death 17 人é ningen human 17 ç é¢ byouin hospital 17 äœ karada body 16 å»è isha doctor 15 äž shita bottom 14 è± hana flower 14 åã©ã kodomo child 14 è² iro color 14 å· kawa river 14 足 ashi foot 14 話 hanashi story 14 é³ oto sound 13
Word frequency analysis, in which the focus was on the objects seen during the near-death experience
Almost all of the study subjects reported that they saw light, a river, or a man, and some met themselves as they had existed in the past.
Eight people saw a man, including a father and a grandfather. There was no commonality among their testimonies. Some recognized a particular person, others were unsure of whether the person seen was a man or a woman, and some people reported being called by someone. Eight people saw a woman, and again, there was no commonality among their testimonies. Although the absence of commonality in the depiction of the near-death experience was applicable to both the men and women, most people made mention of a person who was close to them, such as their own children, grandparents and relatives.
Fourteen people reported seeing flowers. Twelve of the 14 made reference to the flowers blooming. All of
Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.2, September 2016 The 42nd Symposium on Life information Science
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them said that the flowers extended far as the eye could see, and either richly multi- or single-colored. The remaining two explained: âThe azaleas were there, but were green and not in bloomâ, and âSomething collapsed in shape, and was on a Wistaria trellis.â Nine people referred to a flower garden.
Twelve people said that they saw a river. Ten out the 12 also saw flowers, and seven a flower garden. Some were in the river at the beginning of the near-death experience, some were in front of it, and others saw a ship, raft or bridge extending over the river, symbolizing a way of crossing it.
Nine people saw light. Flowers and a river were seen together, but light was seen by people who did not see a river. Five of the nine people did not see a river. The people who only saw light reported being exposed to a strong light. This feature is often described in Western near-death experiences. People who saw both light and a river described the light as being part of the landscape and experienced it as being bright. Word frequency analysis, in which the focus was on people met during the near-death experience
Narrators met various people during their near-death experiences, and many of them said that they heard someoneâs voice when they woke up from the experience. For the purposes of further analysis, word frequency was applied to common and proper nouns.
The most frequently used noun was âgrandpa.â âGrandfatherâ was also included. Many of the narrators were relatively elderly people, so their grandfathers had already passed away, which may perhaps explain why they saw them.
Words relating to women, such as âmotherâ and âmom,â were used four times, and those relating to men, such as âfatherâ and âdad,â only once. People described how they were called to wake up by a person or animal. One was beckoned by his dog, another by a horse which used to be his pet, and another by Christ. Many heard the voices of their deceased grandparents or relatives who implored âDonât comeâ from the opposite side of a river. Positive-negative analysis
The correspondence analysis (positive-negative analysis) of the narratives will now be considered. Many people who had a near-death experience expressed positive opinions about it, such as âThis is the happiest feeling Iâve ever felt,â and âI am not afraid of dying if I can feel such a comfortable feeling.â By contrast, many negative words about pain, in relation to injury or disease, were used to describe their condition before the near-death experience. The words âconditionâ or âstateâ were used to describe their injury or disease. Negative words were not used to describe the near-death experience itself.
5. Discussion In this study, the words âperson,â âflower,â
âriver,â and âlight,â prominent in Japanese near-death experiences, were analyzed. Many people made a distinction between this world and another by separating the two with a river. This corresponds with the Western concept of light and a tunnel which appears before the light. It is considered that Western people distinguish between the inner and outer sides of the tunnel by using light as the boundary.
Following analysis, it was observed that negative words were seldom used to describe the near-death experience itself. This suggests that all the people who had a near-death experience regarded their experience as positive.
In addition, there were commonalities between the Western and Japanese subjects within their detailed narratives with regard to what they saw and felt, and how their views of life and death changed before and after the near-death experience. Relatives or close friends were cited in many testimonies, but only one person referred to Christ or a god.
Many people who had a near-death experience were filled with ecstasy or pleasure, which was hard to describe. The experience positively influenced their lives and they peacefully anticipated their eventual real deaths after the experience. Painful feelings were only described in narratives relating to an accident, disease or illness experienced before the near-death experience. Overall, the experience of nearly dying removed peopleâs fears about death and helped them to go on to lead a peaceful life. This is a positive aspect of the near-death experience, commonly experienced all over the world.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Mr. Yuta Horiguchi, Ms. Akiko Takagi, Ms. Emi Kinoshita, and Mr. Akihiro Sugita for their comments on the manuscript.
Bibliography 1) Hattori, K.: World of nursing spread in text mining.
Kyoto: Nakanishiyashuppan, 2010. [in Japanese] 2) KÃŒbler-Ross, E.: On death and dying. New York:
Macmillan, 1969. 3) Miura, F.: Text mining analysis of testimonies on
near-death experiences, 2015. [in Japanese] https://www.msi.co.jp/tmstudio/stu15contents/No25_muc15_TMS_miura.pdf
4) Tachibana, T.: Near-death experience. Tokyo: Bungeisyunjyu, 1994. [in Japanese]
5) Tachibana, T.: Testimonies: Near-death experience. Tokyo: Bungeisyunjyu, 2001. [in Japanese]
123Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. ãã Vol.34, No.2, September 2016 The 42nd Symposium on Life information Science
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August 26-29, 2016, âKasuga-no-moriâ, Kasuga-Onsen, Saku-City, Nagano, Japan
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