characteristics of birds reference chapters 1-2
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ADVANCED. LEC 02. University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D . ORNITHOLOGY. Characteristics of Birds Reference Chapters 1-2. Characteristics of Birds Result in…. Efficient mode of _________________ Further ______________ (i.e ., higher levels of process some sensory input) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Characteristics of Birds
Reference Chapters 1-2
ADVANCED LEC
02ORNITHOLOGYUniversity of Rio GrandeDonald P. Althoff, Ph.D.
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Characteristics of Birds Result in…
• Efficient mode of _________________
• Further ______________ (i.e., higher levels of process some sensory input)
• Promote _____________
• Increased ______________ efficiency
• Improved senses of _______ and ________
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Accomplished by being able to….
• __________
• __________
• ________________ under adverse conditions
Graham Owen Gallery
FLIGHT
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Flight: KEY STRUCTURES
• ________• Feathers• Feathers• Feathers• Feathers ___________
• ….and some _____________
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Perfection of ENDOTHERMY
• Allows activity under _______ environmental conditions
• Specialization of __________ anatomy (i.e., wings & feet have enabled efficient use of this bigger activity window)
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Birds arose from _________ STOCK
Similarities to reptiles include….• ____ occipital condyle (mammals have 2)
• Lower mandible articulates with movable _________ bone (mammal’s lower mandible hinged directly to skull—at least for many species)
• Ears have _______ bone
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Single “ear bone”(common to birds,
amphibians, reptiles, and
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Key MORPHOLOGICAL trends towards…
• Overall, a ______ skeletal structure--transformed wrist and shoulder--”some” hollow bones (as noted)--evolution of the bastard wing—or ______, which prevent _________ at low speeds
• Muscular design that provided a __________ that could produce the main components of flight: _____________
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Gill Fig. 5.5 (p121): The slot created by the extended alula keeps the airflow close to the wing during takeoff and landing.
A) Steep angle of attack w/o ALULA
B) Steep angle of attack with ALULA
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alula
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Key characteristics….that were improvements over reptilian stock…
• Feathers• Wings• Lightness• _____________________• _______________–must make “quick” adjustments in
focus because one is often moving faster• _______________• _______________• _________________________• _________________________
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Feathers
• _____________ air-resistance
• Control heat loss (hot conditions) /retention (cool conditions (i.e., ______________)
• ____________________
• Wings—conquer air space * read Gill p40: what is difference between _________ theory vs. _________ theory for development of forelimbs into wings?
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Lightness
• Feathers: “the” __________ materials for their size and weight known ! ! !
• No _________ nor _____________
• No ________ (….forget about the egg tooth!)
• _______________________ bones
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Lightness…con’t
• Radical _________ of intestines
• __________ of urinary bladder
• ________(sacs) in bones, body cavity, and elsewhere
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Centralization & Balance
• All locomotor muscles toward body’s _____________…wings controlled by _________ strings
• Gizzard (in lieu of teeth) and other abdominal organs in _______________
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Visual Acuity
• ______ eyes
• _______ field of vision
• Remarkable ________ determination
• Brain with enlarged ______ and __________ centers
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Respiratory System
• ____________ of fresh air over lung surfaces
• Lungs _________________with each breath (unlike mammals) ________…ensuring lots of incoming O2 and outgoing CO2
• No diaphragm—meaning less weight, too
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Rapid Circulation & O2 Carrying Capacity• Increased heart rate• Blood stream O2 carrying capacity greatly
increasedred corpuscles (____________) are _________________ (unlike
mammals)-- more ___________ blood per cubic millimeter
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Limited Body Fluids & Excess Weight
• With rapid exchange of air via respiratory system, ____________ needed for cooling
• Highly sensitive diet with _________________ & ____________________ substances
...except for the hoatzin, there are no true ruminating birds. Few species are consistent “grazers” (i.e, year-
round)
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Feathers…again
• _________ to birds—no other vertebrates have structure similar to a feather
• Different _____ of feathers for _______________
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Feathers: Functions…again…plus…
• Efficient flight
• Thermoregulation
• _______________
• _____________ (some species)
• ____________/mating displays and attraction
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Feathers con’t
• Feathers are “_______”
• __________ growths of skin
• Develop from ___________ (like mammal hair)
• _____________ coloration vs. _____________ coloration
From Pettingill 1985 Fig. 20
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Feathers con’t
• Feathered areas: ________
• Unfeathered areas: ________
• Counts: __ types __ tracts
• Number: ____ hummingbird ______ tundra swan
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Other Coverings
• _______ on bill
• _______ on feet (reptile-like)
• _______ on toes
ALL of these have ______ in skin (aka integument)
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Reproduction
• ____________…link to reptiles
• _________________ care…advanced over reptiles
• High potential for ___________a) _______ clutchesb) _______ clutchesc) ___________ capabilities