characteristics maritime region: study origin …...characteristics of equatorial / tropical region...

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Characteristics of Rainfall in the ContinentMaritime Region: Study of the Origin of Intense Rainfall & Drought Didi Satiadi National Institute of Aeronautics and Space Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) AsiaPacific Symposium Bali – Indonesia , March 1012, 2010

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Page 1: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Characteristics of Rainfall in the Continent‐Maritime Region: Study of the Origin of 

Intense Rainfall & Drought

Didi Satiadi

National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Global Earth Observation System  of Systems (GEOSS) Asia‐Pacific SymposiumBali – Indonesia , March 10‐12, 2010

Page 2: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region(Esp. the Continent‐Maritime)

• Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture.• Convergence zone coupled with convection driving global circulation.

• Small corriolis effect. Hydrostropic equilibrium (gravity vs buoyancy) dominated by wave (stable) & convection (unstable).

• Surplus energy, non‐adiabatic, non‐equilibrium, non‐linear dynamics.

• Intense convection, the world’s largest factory of cloud and rainfall.

• Additional complexities in the Continent‐Maritime: topography, hot‐spot, sea breeze.

Page 3: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region

Maximum insolation Surplus energy Intense convection & cloud

Convergence coupled with convectiondriving global circulation

Maximum rainfall

Page 4: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture
Page 5: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Monsoon /Inter‐Tropical 

Convergenze Zone (ITCZ)

El‐Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Indian Ocean Dipole Mode 

(IODM)

Madden Jullian Oscillation (MJO)

Tropical Cyclone (TC) / Extra‐Tropics 

forcings

Large Scale Interference

Constructive/Destructive interference of these could generate a large scale potential for intense rainfall / draught in the Continent‐Maritime Region 

Page 6: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

IODM

ENSO

MJO

Asian Monsoon TC

ITCZ

Australian Monsoon

Page 7: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Boundary Layer & Convective Inhibition

Convergence, front, vortex and other persistent system

Hotspots & Land‐Sea Breeze

Orographic lifting & Local Circulation

Local Scale Effects

The total resulting effect at any spatio‐temporal point will be a combination between large‐scale effects and local scale effects

Page 8: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Diurnal Evolution of Boundary Layer Structure

Local effects such as diurnal evolution of boundary layer structure is important in determining convective inhibition and initiation in the location

Page 9: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Intense convection due to inhibition

Ref. EOM-Train

White region. No inversion. Low CINH. CAPE directly converted into convection. Shalow cumulus.

Dark region. Inversion. High CINH. CAPE accumulatedand eventually released. Deep Convection.

Local effect such as convective inhibition (CINH) alows for the accumulation of instability (CAPE) leading to eruption of intense convection

Page 10: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

SOC behaviour in rainfall• Self‐organized criticality (SOC) describes dynamical systems with a critical point as an 

attractor. Their macroscopic behavior displays the spatial and/or temporal scale‐invariance characteristic of the critical point of a phase transition.  SOC is typically observed in slowly‐driven non‐equilibrium systems with extended degrees of freedom and a high level of non‐linearity.

• It is known that rainfall shows an SOC behaviour similar to that of an earthquake or avalanche, so that rainfall is sometime called as “an earthquake in the sky”. 

System Atmosphere Crust of Earth Granular Pile Energy Source Sun Convection Adding Grains

Energy Storage Vapor Tension Potential

Threshold Saturation Friction Friction

Relaxation Rain Event Earthquake Avalanches

Ref. http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk

Rainfall Earthquake

Page 11: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

SOC Signature in CAPEKototabang Station

Time Series of CAPE during the first radiosonde campaign in April-May 2004 (A) and the second radiosonde campaign in Nov-Dec 2005 (B).

Frequency distribution of CAPE values on log-log scale axes (C).

A

B

SOC Signature

Atmospheric instability (CAPE) values tend to follow a simple power law, which is a signature of an SOC system. This means that atmospheric instability was accumulated in the atmosphere up to a critical value before converted into convective motion.  

C

Page 12: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

SOC Signature

SOC signature in rainfallKototabang Station

Time series of rain event size (mm) from ORG at Kototabang during 2002‐2006

Frequency distribution of rain event size on a log‐log scale axes.

Rain event at Kototabang Station tend to follow a simple power law, which is a signature of an SOC system.

Page 13: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

SOC Signature in DroughtKototabang Station

Time Series of Rainfall

Time Series of Drought

Frequency Distribution of Rainfall

frequency Distribution of Drought

Page 14: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

EAR WWND+ 2001‐2006 AVE

ORG RAIN 2002‐2006 AVE

BLR WWND‐ 1998‐2003 AVE

SDR WWND+ 2003‐2004 AVE

RDS‐CAPE 04/2004 & 11/2005 AVE

Long‐term average diurnal cycleKototabang Station

EARUpdrafthr. 2‐20km

BLRDowndrafthr. 0.7‐5km

SODARUpdrafthr. 0 – 700m

ORGRain rateSurface

RadiosondeCAPEColumn

2 x diurnal local time 00:00 – 24:00

Inter‐correlation among updraft, rainfall, & +DCAPE

Tropopause

Melting Layer

StableLayer

Page 15: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Average diurnal cycles of convective parametersKototabang Station

CAPE

CINH

LCL

LFC

LNB

LNB‐LCL LFC‐LCL

CAP

CLOUD BASE

CLOUD TOP

FREE CONVECTION

CLOUD DEPTH

INSTABILITY

INHIBITION

CAP STRENGTH

DIFFERENCE‐

Avalanche of updraft and rainfall correspond to small convective inhibition (CINH), which in turn correspond to the merging between LCL and LFC. 

Page 16: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Convective triggering mechanism(based on observation)

LCL is going up (eg. due to boundary layer uprising), LFC is going down (eg. due to large scale destabilization). When LCL & LFC are merged, CINH become small enough, then convection, cloud formation and rainfall established. 

Page 17: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Convective trigger function algorithm

+DCAPE

+DCINH

START

ADJUSTMENT

STOP

NO

NO

YES

YES

Handshaking

Large scale criteria

Local scale criteria

For convection to occur,  two criteria must be satisfied: (1) DCAPE must be positive and (2) CINH must be small.

The first criteria is determined by large scale destabilization in the free atmosfer, and hence called “large scale criteria”.

The second criteria is determined by boundary layer evolution, and hence called “local scale criteria”.

Convective inhibition will allow for accumulation of large scale destabilization resulting in intense convection and rainfall.

Page 18: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

LNB

LFC

LCL

CAPE

CINH

Local Scale Inhibition

Large Scale Destabilization

Large scale determine intensity

Local scale determine distribution 

Role of large‐scale & local‐scale

Page 19: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Xie et. al. (2004) produced improved simulation results using a new triggering function based on large scale contribution of rate of change of CAPE.

Impact of a revised convective trigger mechanism

Ref: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D14102, 2004

Page 20: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Monthly average rainfall Jan‐Oct 2009Simulation (top) vs Observation (bottom)

CSIRO‐9 GCM Mark 25.2°x3.4°

TRMM 3A120.5°x0.5°

The continent‐maritime has not been well represented in the coarse GCM

Page 21: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Monthly average rainfall Jan‐Oct 2009LAM (top) vs TRMM (bottom)

TRMM 3A120.5°x0.5°

DARLAM nesting in GCMRes. 100 km

Simulated rainfall is generally under‐estimate compared to that of observation. 

Page 22: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Monthly average rainfall Jan‐Oct 2009DARLAM Simulation

DCAPE > 0 J/kg

DCAPE > 70 J/kg

Increasing DCAPE treshold to 70 J/kg (from Zhang & McFarlane) produce spatial discontinuities in rainfall like those observed  by TRMM 

Page 23: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

3 years of TRMM PR data (1998‐2000)

(Mori et al. 2004)

Diurnal Cycle of Convection over 

Maritime Continent

Diurnal forcing by land and sea breezes continuously 

triggers convection

Page 24: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Illustration of the Little Monsoon Effect in the Continent‐Maritime

Sea‐Breeze in the afternoon

Land‐Breeze  in the evening

Land‐Sea contrast gives a double impact: increasing rainfall both over the land and over the ocean

The impact will be proportional to the length of the land‐sea interface.

Page 25: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Conclusions

• Intense rainfall & drought are inherent characteristic of the continent‐maritime region. According to SOC study, 80% of rainfall is delivered in only 20% of event. Therefore adaptation is required.

• Interaction between large‐scale and local‐scale effects in generating extreme event (rainfall & drought) play an important role and need to be further investigated through observation and modeling. 

• High resolution observation and dynamical modeling is required to represent the continent‐maritime region, in order to better simulate land/sea‐breezes, which depend on the length of the land‐sea interface. 

• There may be a need for a better representation of convection  in numerical model  allowing for accumulation of energy leading to intense release of the energy. 

Page 26: Characteristics Maritime Region: Study Origin …...Characteristics of Equatorial / Tropical Region (Esp. the Continent‐Maritime) • Maximum insolation: abundant heat & moisture

Thank You!

[email protected]