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1 Character 5: Ruth Synopsis If history is told by the victors, the story of war is usually told by the blokes. Now it's the ‘sheilas' turn. Nearly a thousand Australian women had a part in the Vietnam War as entertainers, typists, consular staff and army nurses. The one thing they have in common is that their lives were changed forever by Vietnam. For many of them it was the most vital and alive they have ever felt. Minefields and Miniskirts records the voices of those who were actually there; ordinary woman revealing how they survived a war and discovered what they believed in. Adapted from Siobhan McHugh's book, this play reveals through a collage of true stories, the extraordinary experiences of ordinary women in surviving a war. The 100minute play, which has no interval, starts at a 1980's Anzac Day march, where the women meet. When a helicopter flies overhead, the women start reminiscing about their youth during the war. The women "step back" through a curtain, into Catherine Raven's set, of paddy fields, paper lanterns, cyclos and bamboo blinds, and recall why they went to Vietnam. Sandy says that as a 16yearold, she longed to escape the Sydney suburbs. Ruth saw getting a journalist's accreditation for Vietnam as her big adventure, and because a colleague dared her. The women tell us their first impressions of Vietnam, describe their work there and the experiences they had. Later, they explore how it felt to leave as Saigon fell to the communists, and also reflect on their lives since. Play: Minefields and Miniskirts Author: Terence O’Connell from Siobhán McHugh’s Book Web Links: http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/vic/content/2003/s1155919.htm https://varunathewritershouse.wordpress.com/2011/08/30/writeradaysiobhanmchughreadingfrom minefieldsandminiskirts/

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Character  5:                                          

Ruth  

Synopsis  If  history  is  told  by  the  victors,  the  story  of  war  is  usually  told  by  the  blokes.  Now  it's  the  ‘sheilas'  turn.  Nearly  a  thousand  Australian  women  had  a  part  in  the  Vietnam  War  as  entertainers,  typists,  consular  staff  and  army  nurses.  The  one  thing  they  have  in  common  is  that  their  lives  were  changed  forever  by  Vietnam.  For  many  of  them  it  was  the  most  vital  and  alive  they  have  ever  felt.    Minefields  and  Miniskirts  records  the  voices  of  those  who  were  actually  there;  ordinary  woman  revealing  how  they  survived  a  war  and  discovered  what  they  believed  in.  Adapted  from  Siobhan  McHugh's  book,  this  play  reveals  through  a  collage  of  true  stories,  the  extraordinary  experiences  of  ordinary  women  in  surviving  a  war.      

The  100-­‐minute  play,  which  has  no  interval,  starts  at  a  1980's  Anzac  Day  march,  where  the  women  meet.  When  a  helicopter  flies  overhead,  the  women  start  reminiscing  about  their  youth  during  the  war.  The  women  "step  back"  through  a  curtain,  into  Catherine  Raven's  set,  of  paddy  fields,  paper  lanterns,  cyclos  and  bamboo  blinds,  and  recall  why  they  went  to  Vietnam.    

Sandy  says  that  as  a  16-­‐year-­‐old,  she  longed  to  escape  the  Sydney  suburbs.  Ruth  saw  getting  a  journalist's  accreditation  for  Vietnam  as  her  big  adventure,  and  because  a  colleague  dared  her.  

The  women  tell  us  their  first  impressions  of  Vietnam,  describe  their  work  there  and  the  experiences  they  had.  Later,  they  explore  how  it  felt  to  leave  as  Saigon  fell  to  the  communists,  and  also  reflect  on  their  lives  since.      

 

 

 

Play:      Minefields  and  Miniskirts              Author:        Terence  O’Connell  from  Siobhán                                                                                                              McHugh’s  Book  

Web  Links:  http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/vic/content/2003/s1155919.htm  https://varunathewritershouse.wordpress.com/2011/08/30/writer-­‐a-­‐day-­‐siobhan-­‐mchugh-­‐reading-­‐from-­‐minefields-­‐and-­‐miniskirts/          

 

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The  playwright  (The  book)  Born  in  Dublin,  Siobhan  McHugh  graduated  from  University  College  Dublin  with  a  B.Sc  and  worked  as  an  editor,  writer,  and  radio  producer,  before  immigrating  to  Australia  in  1985.  

An  award-­‐winning  writer  and  documentary-­‐maker,  Siobhan  has  broad  experience  of  oral  history  as  a  practitioner,  teacher  and  consultant.  Her  oral  histories  range  across  social,  cultural,  scientific,  environmental,  multicultural  and  political  themes  and  have  been  made  into  books,  films,  TV  and  radio  documentaries,  CDs,  a  stage  play,  and  featured  on-­‐line.  

Siobhan  has  won  the  NSW  Premier’s  literary  award  for  non-­‐fiction  and  been  shortlisted  twice  for  the  NSW  Premier’s  History  awards.  Her  radio  documentaries  have  won  international  awards  [gold  and  bronze  medal,  New  York  Radio  Festival]  and  been  shortlisted  for  a  Walkley,  a  Eureka  science  award  and  the  United  Nations  Media  Peace  Prize.  

The  play:  Adapted  for  the  stage  by:  Terence  O’Connell  

Since  graduating  from  NIDA’s  Directors  Course,  Terence  has  staged  some  150  productions  in  theatres,  concert  halls,  circus  tents,  comedy  clubs  and  cabaret  rooms  across  Australia  and  internationally.  This  year  he  has  worked  with  Merrigong  developing  two  new  productions  for  children  Songs  From  The  Black  Sheep  and  Do  Good  And  You  Will  Be  Happy.  He  has  directed  the  Australian  tour  of  Empire  for  Spiegelworld,  and  remounted  a  tour  of  The  39  Steps  for  Hit  Productions.  He  directed  the  Australian  tour  of  the  UK  hit  production  of  51  Shades  of  Maggie  Muff  (Hit  Productions)  and  The  39  Steps.  For  The  Production  Company  at  Melbourne’s  State  Theatre,  he  has  directed  acclaimed  versions  of  They’re  Playing  Our  Song,  Oklahoma!,  The  Pajama  Game,  Damn  Yankees,  Crazy    For  You,  The  King  &  I,  42nd  Street  and  Kismet.    His  national  touring  productions  include  Steven  Berkoff’s  Decadence,  Buddy-­‐The  Buddy  Holly  Story,  Kissing  Frogs,  The  Secret  Diary  Of  Adrian  Mole,  The  Rocky  Horror  Show,  Bouncers,  Barmaids,  I  Only  Want  To  Be  With  You-­‐The  Dusty  Springfield  Story,  Flying  Fruit  Fly  Circus,  Certified  Male,  Circus  Oz,  Busting  Out,  Dumped!  and  Minefields  And  Miniskirts-­‐Australian  Women  And  The  Vietnam  War.  

Other  work  includes  Darlinghurst  Nights  (Sydney  Theatre  Company),  Steaming  (Comedy  Theatre),  Circus  Senso  (Albany  Empire,  London)  and  Life  On  Mars-­‐The  Words  And  Music  Of  David  Bowie  (New  Moon  Theatre).  

Terence  has  worked  extensively  as  Guest  Director/Artist  In  Residence  at  Singapore’s  LaSalle  College  Of  The  Arts,  Ballarat  University  Arts  Academy,  National  Theatre  Drama  School,  Showfit  and  Western  Australian  Academy  Of  Performing  Arts.  Most  recently  he  has  directed  Barassi  (Athenaeum  Theatre),  Motherhood-­‐The  Musical  (National  Tour),  They’re  Playing  Our  Song  (National  Tour),  Kitchen  Sink  (Red  Stitch  Theatre),  Empire  (national  tour  for  New  York  based  Spiegelworld)  and  Cruising  Paradise-­‐  Tales  by  Sam  Shepard  (45  Downstairs).  

 

 

 

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Character  study  

Source:  https://australianplays.org/script/CP-­‐301/extract  

I  was  there.  I  was  so  young.  And  it  was  wondrous,  like  a  big  Luna  Park  every  day  of  the  week.  Let’s  try  a  new  ride.  Let’s  jump  out  of  a  chopper  and  walk  through  a  paddy  field.  I  was  traveling  in  a  jeep  with  two  American  soldiers  when  we  came  under  heavy  fire.  We  were  three  people  up  against  what  we  thought  was  a  batallion  and  we  were  convinced  we  were  all  going  to  die  anyway.  We  dived  for  cover  and  a   soldier   tossed  me  an  M16.   I   said,   ‘I   don’t   know  how   to   fire   this!’  And  he   said,   ‘Just   pull   the  goddamn  trigger,  ma’am’.”  

Context  In  1991,  I  started  researching  Australian  women  who  had  been  involved  in  the  Vietnam  war.    After  speaking  to  two  hundred  or  so,  I  recorded  oral  histories  with  fifty.  About  half  had  been  in  Vietnam  during  the  war,  as  nurses,  journalists,  entertainers,  humanitarian  workers  or  consular  and  secretarial  staff.    A  quarter  married  Vietnam  veterans,  and  thus  became  embroiled  in  the  psychological  and  physical  after-­‐effects  of  the  war.    Others  had  been  part  of  the  anti-­‐war  movement.  It  took  over  two  years  to  assemble  from  the  fifty  oral  histories  a  book  and  radio  series,  both  called  Minefields  and  Miniskirts.    The  book  sold  over  10,000  copies  and  was  mostly  well-­‐reviewed.    ‘Living  breathing  history’,  wrote  Candida  Baker  in  The  Age,  ‘history  at  its  best’.  ‘The  eloquence  and  frankness  of  the  women  is  unusual’,  wrote  Helen  Elliott  in  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald,  and:  …  McHugh  tells  their  stories  without  judgement  and  with  such  compassion  that  nothing  is  withheld.    The  result  is  as  shocking  as  it  is  informing.1  Alongside  humorous  and  uplifting  moments,  several  of  the  interviews  canvassed  traumatic  experiences.    Civilian  nurses  described  treating  children  burnt  in  napalm,  or  watching  them  die  on  the  operating  table.    Military  nurses  spoke  of  seeing  young  men  virtually  castrated  by  landmines  and  of  having  to  ring  their  girlfriends  or  family  on  their  behalf.    Aid  workers  recalled  the  horror  of  babies  lying  zombie-­‐like  in  orphanages,  limbless  children  and  captive  girls  in  brothels.  The  most  affecting  story  of  this  dismal  litany  was  told  by  a  journalist,  Jan  Graham.    She  happened  to  be  in  a  jeep  taking  an  American  sergeant  to  the  airport  for  his  flight  home  after  a  year  ‘in-­‐country’.    Here  is  how  Jan  recounts  the  story  in  my  book:  

He  was  going  home,  he’d  had  his  three  days  off  and  he’d  been  getting  plastered  with  everybody  else  in  the  camp.  He  saw  something  going  on  in  a  field  and  he  jumped  out—he  should  have  stayed  in  the  fucking  jeep,  he  had  no  right  to  do  this—he  ran  in,  and  there  was  a  big  explosion  …  and  I  did  the  most  stupid  thing  of  my  life,  I  ran  in  after  him.    And  his  legs  were  blown  off,  his  penis  and  testicles  were  gone,  and  he  was  just  bleeding—there  was  not  a  thing  I  could  do.    So  I  just  cradled  what  was  left  of  his  body,  torso  and  head,  and  cuddled  him.    And  he  thought  I  was  his  wife,  who  he  was  going  home  to  see,  to  be  with  for  the  rest  of  his  life.    And  he  spoke  to  me  of  how  happy  he  was  to  be  home,  how  wonderful  it  was  to  be  in  her  arms  again—MY  arms.    ‘Darling,  it’s  so  wonderful  to  feel  your  arms  around  me  again.    I’ve  missed  this  for  twelve  months.    I  haven’t  looked  at  another  woman,  and  I  love  you  so  much.’    And  I  told  him  how  much  I  loved  him  and  it  was  so  wonderful  he  was  home  and  what  we  and  the  kids  were  going  to  do  on  Sunday  …  Jan  breaks  down,  distraught  once  more,  as  she  had  been  when  forcing  herself  to  recall  the  death  of  her  fiancé.  Then  the  pseudo-­‐tough  journalistic  cool  reasserts  itself,  betrayed  only  by  her  anger.  It  took  him  fifteen  minutes  to  die,  I  was  told.    It  seemed  like  five  or  six  hours.  Jan  felt  deeply  traumatised  by  the  incident—not  just  by  

 

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the  horror  of  the  man’s  death,  and  the  realisation  that  she  herself  could  have  (or  should  have)  been  killed  too,  but  by  the  fraudulent  role  she  felt  she’d  played.    She  went  to  see  the  man’s  wife  in  America,  and  told  her  what  he  had  said  in  those  last  moments.  She  cried,  she  said,  ‘This  is  the  first  tears  of  joy  I  have  had  since  then.’    She  said,  ‘At  least  he  died  with  somebody  who  loved  him.’    I  said  ‘No’,  and  she  said,  ‘Yes,  because  you  were  me.’    She  told  me  she  was  so  proud,  so  proud  to  know  me—but  she  should  have  hated  me.  

I  included  Jan’s  story,  largely  as  above,  in  the  radio  series.    The  difference  in  the  impact  was  extraordinary—  the  spoken  version  was  immensely  more  powerful.  People  told  me,  sometimes  years  later,  how  her  account  moved  them  to  tears  ,  in  some  cases  forcing  them  to  pull  over  and  stop  driving.    I  played  the  excerpt  at  conferences  and  in  oral  history  classes  and  not  once  did  I  fail  to  see  how  touched  and  shaken  people  were,  by  Jan’s  raw  emotion  and  pain.  Her  anguish  on  tape  is  almost  unbearable.    In  twenty  years  of  gathering  oral  histories,  the  only  thing  that  I  can  compare  it  to  is  a  Cambodian  woman  describing  her  son  dying  quietly  before  her  eyes,  from  starvation.  As  an  oral  historian,  I  consider  myself  a  conduit  for  the  interviewee,  a  go-­‐between  through  whom  their  story  passes,  faithfully,  to  the  broader  world.    It  troubled  me  that  Jan’s  story  became  so  etiolated  on  the  page.    I  had  tried  to  inject  the  body  language,  the  nuances,  that  might  swell  the  feeling  behind  the  words,  but  in  retrospect,  it  seemed  to  taint  her  testimony,  bowdlerise  it.  In  2005,  to  my  delight,  I  got  a  second  crack  at  the  whip,  when  a  new  publisher  re-­‐issued  the  updated  book.    I  informed  the  interviewees  of  this  chance  to  correct  any  errors  or  make  any  changes.    There  were  gratifyingly  few  requests:    a  nurse  felt  she  had  not  adequately  explained  the  triage  process,  an  entertainer  regretted  not  mentioning  ‘the  boys’  in  the  band,  one  person  disliked  a  word  used  about  her,  others  wanted  a  credit  for  a  photo.  In  the  intervening  years,  I  had  read  an  article  by  Rosie  Block2  where  she  had  grappled  with  a  similar  issue  concerning  an  emotional  account  by  a  young  woman  whose  parents  and  brother  died  when  the  Manly  ferry  struck  their  launch.    The  original  transcript  read  as  largely  unpunctuated  stream-­‐of-­‐consciousness,  which  gave  some  sense  of  the  urgency.    Rosie  listened  to  the  audio  and  reconfigured  it  using  the  spacing  one  would  find  in  poetry,  creating  mental  pauses  for  effect.    I  did  the  same  with  Jan’s  testimony  for  the  new  edition  of  Minefields  and  Miniskirts,  and  was  much  happier  with  the  result.  

He  saw  something  going  on  in  a  field  and  he  jumped  out  He  should  have  stayed  in  the  fucking  jeep  he  had  no  right  to  do  this  He  ran  in  And  there  was  a  big  explosion  And  I  did  the  most  stupid  thing  of  my  life  I  ran  in  after  him.  And  his  legs  were  blown  off  His  penis  and  testicles  were  gone  And  he  was  just  bleeding  There  was  not  a  thing  I  could  do  So  I  just  cradled  what  was  left  of  his  body  torso  and  head  and  cuddled  him.  And  he  thought  I  was  his  wife  who  he  was  going  home  to  see  to  be  with  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  And  he  spoke  to  me  of  how  happy  he  was  to  be  home  how  wonderful  it  was  to  be  in  her  arms  again…  My  arms.  Darling,  it’s  so  wonderful  to  feel  your  arms  around  me  again!  I’ve  missed  this  for  twelve  months  I  haven’t  looked  at  another  woman  And  I  love  you  so  much.  And  I  told  him  how  much  I  loved  him  and  it  was  so  wonderful  he  was  home  and  what  we  and  the  kids  were  going  to  do  on  Sunday  It  took  him  fifteen  minutes  to  die  I  was  told  It  seemed  like  five  or  six  hours.  Jan  is  still  deeply  traumatised  by  the  man’s  awful  death  and  the  terrible  intimacy  of  usurping  his  last  moments  with  his  wife.    She  went  to  America  and  told  his  widow  what  he  had  said  as  the  life  drained  out  of  him.  

She  cried.  She  said  at  least  he  died  with  somebody  who  loved  him.  I  said  No!  She  said  yes,  because  you  were  me  She  said  this  is  the  first  tears  of  joy  I  have  had  since  then  She  told  me  she  was  so  proud  so  proud  to  know  me  She  should  have  hated  me.  

In  2003  a  theatre  producer  contacted  me,  seeking  the  rights  to  a  stage  adaptation.    I  was  cautiously  elated—  pleased  that  the  women’s  stories  would  reach  a  new  audience,  but  apprehensive  about  

 

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how  they  would  be  presented.    A  first  meeting  with  Ken  Moffat  reassured  me  that  he  and  his  partner,  Terence  O’Connell,  showed  a  deep  respect  for  the  women  portrayed  and  intended  to  keep  faith  with  the  spirit  of  what  they  said.    But  inevitably,  a  new  medium  meant  a  new  interpretation  of  the  material.  

I  wrote  to  the  women  and  asked  those  who  had  not  already  granted  me  copyright  in  their  interview  to  do  so,  to  make  the  material  freely  available  for  the  adaptation.  Remarkably,  all  but  one  wrote  back  wholeheartedly  endorsing  the  play  and  signing  over  copyright.    (The  one  who  did  not  want  to  be  involved  had  plans  to  write  her  own  book  and  felt  it  might  undermine  her  story’s  chances.)    I  was  humbled  at  their  trust  and  support.    I  was  also  even  more  apprehensive.    What  if  they  felt  misrepresented,  let  down,  by  the  end  result?  Terence  O’Connell  created  five  composite  characters  for  the  play:    a  nurse,  a  journalist,  an  entertainer,  a  church  volunteer  and  a  veteran’s  wife.    About  ninety  per  cent  of  the  dialogue  came  from  the  ‘real’  women’s  oral  histories,  the  rest  being  written  by  Terence  to  flesh  out  the  ‘back  story’  and  provide  colour.    But  though  most  of  what  ‘Kathy’,  the  nurse,  said  was  true,  in  real  life  the  words  belonged  to  about  eight  women.    Not  only  were  several  individuals’  experiences  conflated  into  one,  but  military  and  civilian  roles  had  also  been  blended.    The  Entertainer  spoke  lines  belonging  to  four  singers  and  a  go-­‐go  dancer.    The  Veteran’s  Wife  was  largely  derived  from  one  woman,  as  was  the  Journalist,  while  the  Volunteer  was  a  blend  of  two.  I  did  not  have  an  inkling  of  how  the  play  was  shaping  until  opening  night  at  the  Malthouse  Theatre  in  Melbourne  in  July  2004.    It  was  a  surreal  experience,  to  sit  there  in  a  crowded  theatre,  and  hear  Kathy  utter  Yvonne’s  story  about  the  injured  child,  followed  by  Colleen’s  wistful  desire  to  help  ‘our  boys’  and  Kay’s  spirited  defence  of  treating  a  wounded  Viet  Cong  man:  No-­‐one  had  ‘I’m  a  friend’  or  ‘I’m  a  foe’  tattooed  on  their  forehead.  For  the  audience,  it  clearly  gelled  and  because  of  the  unmistakable  ring  of  truth  in  the  verbatim  stories,  ‘Kathy’  represented  an  entirely  believable  Aussie  nurse  in  Vietnam.  More  confronting  was  to  hear  stories  grafted  from  one  role  to  another.    Jan  Graham,  the  real-­‐life  basis  for  the  journalist  character  Ruth,  had  such  a  fund  of  powerful  stories  from  her  ten  years  in  Vietnam,    that  her  character  threatened  to  dominate  what  was  supposed  to  be  an  ensemble  piece.    Terence  adroitly  carved  up  the  cache.    In  one  powerful  scene,  three  women  move  to  front  of  stage  and  tell  interspersed  tales.    Sandy,  the  entertainer,  recalls  an  old  Vietnamese  woman  desperate  to  find  the  body  of  her  son,  killed  in  a  massacre.    Eve,  the  volunteer,  describes  how  she  watched  the  interrogation  of  an  old  man  and  is  filled  with  despair.  I  said  to  the  GI,  ‘Why  are  you  doing  this?’    He  replied,  ‘He’s  a  suspected  Viet  Cong  informer.’    ‘Well  so  could  I  be!’  I  said.    He  looked  at  me.    ‘Hardly  likely  Ma’am—  you’re  not  a  Gook’.  Kathy,  the  nurse,  is  overcome  with  joy  as  she  witnesses  a  peasant  woman  give  birth  in  a  rice-­‐field.    In  real  life,  all  three  stories  belonged  to  Jan  Graham,  or  ‘Ruth’.  What  was  most  unsettling  was  to  hear  Jan’s  harrowing  story  of  the  blown-­‐up  American  soldier,  framed  for  a  different  narrator.    ‘Eve’  is  a  God-­‐fearing  type  who  would  not  swear,  as  Jan  does,  or  use  earthy  language.  Thus  Jan’s  bitter  ‘He  should  have  stayed  in  the  fuckin’  jeep’  is  transmuted  to  ‘the  bloody  jeep’.    The  rawness  of  ‘his  penis  and  testicles  were  gone’  is  cut  and  the  story  of  going  to  see  the  man’s  wife  is  shortened.    The  strange  and  ambiguous  last  line,  ‘she  should  have  HATED  me’,  is  lost.    This  sanitised  version  loses  much  of  the  power  of  the  original.  ‘Eve’  is  a  blend  of  two  very  different  women  in  real  life:  Barbara  Ferguson,  a  volunteer  who  worked  with  World  Vision  and  other  aid  agencies  in  Vietnam  for  nine  years,  and  Susan  Timmins,  a  diplomat’s  wife,  who  did  charity  work  at  orphanages  in  the  afternoon  before  the  round  of  cocktail  parties  and  social  niceties  that  occupied  her  evenings.    Both  women  were  profoundly  altered  by  their  time  in  Vietnam.    Barbara  spent  so  much  time  in  remote  villages  with  the  Vietnamese  that  she  forgot  what  Europeans  looked  like,  commenting  once,  to  a  friend’s  great  amusement,  on  the  ‘ugly  pasty-­‐faced  children’  of  a  white  missionary.    She  gradually  renounced  her  evangelical  Christian  orthodoxy  for  a  more  compassionate,  Buddhist-­‐like  perspective  on  life:  ‘No-­‐one  holds  all  the  right  and  all  the  truth’,  

 

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she  told  me.    Susan,  who  arrived  in  Vietnam  as  a  starry-­‐eyed  newly-­‐wed  who  assumed  that  anything  the  government  did  must  be  right,  discovered  what  she  called  the  personal  meaning  of  right  and  wrong  in  Vietnam.    She  was  horrified  by  the  casual  violence,  the  dead  and  disabled  children,  the  incongruity  of  the  diplomatic  high  life  amidst  the  carnage:  You  sat  sipping  champagne  and  the  whole  time  there  was  boom-­‐boom-­‐boom  and  if  you  stopped  to  think,  one  of  those  booms  might  have  been  killing  someone.  The  restless  consular  sophisticate  and  the    highly  Vietnamised  volunteer  had  to  be  woven  together  into  one  woman,  Eve.    Inevitably,  some  of  the  complexity  was  lost.  

But  if  I  felt  nonplussed  at  seeing  the  ‘real’  women  flitting  in  and  out  of  character  on  stage,  how  did  the  interviewees  themselves  feel?    Jan  Cullen,  basis  for  much  of  the  veteran’s  wife  story,  attended  the  Sydney  opening  at  Glen  St  Theatre  in  May  2005.    She  was  seventeen  when  she  met  ‘Len’,  who  was  about  to  join  the  army.    ‘That  was  no  big  deal’,  she  told  me.    ‘Half  of  us  had  never  heard  of  Vietnam  in  1967.’    Len  saw  horrific  things  in  Vietnam.    He  was  wounded  and  pinned  by  a  log  during  a  protracted  firefight,  expecting  to  die  at  any  moment.    Len  came  back  a  broken,  angry  shell  of  the  man  Jan  first  met—but  she  married  him  anyway.    ‘What  could  I  do?’  she  asks.  The  marriage  followed  a  dismal  pattern  familiar  to  anyone  dealing  with  veterans  with  post-­‐traumatic  stress  disorder.    Len  had  nightmares  in  which  he  imagined  himself  back  in  combat,  Jan  the  mate  at  his  side.    He  drank  heavily  and  was  prone  to  sudden  violent  rages  and  paranoia.    Three  children  and  many  brutal  years  later,  the  marriage  ended,  after  Len  abducted  and  raped  Jan  at  gunpoint,  and  threatened  to  kill  them  both.  The  1987  Welcome  Home  March,  in  which  Vietnam  veterans  were  publicly  acknowledged  after  years  of  vilification,  began  the  slow  process  of  catharsis.    Jan  helped  found  a  support  group  for  wives  and  children  of  veterans  and  gradually  put  her  life  back  together.    In  1989,  Len  rang  out  of  the  blue.    He’d  had  two  years  without  alcohol  and  for  the  first  time,  he  talked  about  his  experiences  in  Vietnam.    ‘Twenty  years  later  he  tells  me,  and  he  cried.    And  I  cried  with  him.’  At  the  Vietnam  Veterans  march  on  August  18th,    Jan  pinned  Len’s  medals  on  him.  ‘He  actually  put  his  arm  around  me’,  she  recalls.  Terence  O’Connell  opens  the  play  Minefields  and  Miniskirts  with  the  veteran’s  wife,  Margaret,  watching  an  Anzac  Day  march.    ‘I’d  been  married  to  a  Vet’,  Margaret  says,  ‘so  I  felt  like  I’d  had  my  own  Vietnam.’    Those  are  Terence’s  words,  not  Jan’s.    But  they  resonated  with  her.  The  actor  Tracy  Mann,  who  played  Margaret,  had  never  met  Jan  before  opening  night,  but  her  affinity  with  her  was  extraordinary.  Like  many  in  the  audience,  Jan  cried  as  she  watched  ‘Margaret’  unfold  on  stage.    The  naïve  girl  who  falls  in  love  with  the  handsome  soldier  gets  subsumed  by  menace,  confusion  and  pain,  before  the  tentative  first  steps  towards  rebuilding  identity  and  self-­‐esteem.    The  mature  Margaret  emerges,  a  feisty  advocate  for  the  rights  of  veterans  and  their  families.  Jan  had  never  been  able  to  read  her  story  in  the  book,  she  told  me  later—not  till  she  saw  it  on  stage.    She  returned  to  the  show  three  times,  once  with  her  adult  daughter,  who  seemed  less  comfortable  with  the  performance.    Although  the  ultimate  ‘message’  is  one  of  great  compassion  for  veterans,  it  must  be  confronting  to  see  something  strongly  resembling  the  violence  between  your  parents  played  out  on  stage.  Besides  Jan  Cullen,  seven  other  women  who  featured  in  my  book  attended  that  first  night  in  Sydney.    Each  found  it  highly  emotional,  to  be  transported  back  to  the  place  that  had  shaped  them  so  profoundly,  and  to  hear  their  own  experiences  told  in  their  own  words,  in  a  public  place.  Terence  made  the  actors  middle-­‐aged,  looking  back  to  their  youth,  just  as  the  real  women  were  when  I  interviewed  them.    The  cast  relished  such  powerful  flesh  and-­‐blood  roles  (rare  for  older  women)  and  at  times  the  similarity  of  tone  or  presence  to  the  real  women  I  knew  was  uncanny.    Wendy  Stapleton,  who  played  the  entertainer,  Sandy,  even  looked  the  spitting  image  of  Maureen  Elkner,  a  singer  who  had  run  off  to  Vietnam  at  the  tender  age  of  sixteen.  A  virgin,  Maureen’s  first  sexual  experience  came  when  an  Australian  soldier  lured  her  back  to  his  hotel  and  raped  her,  giving  her  syphilis  in  the  process.    When  she  related  this  to  me  on  tape,  she  was  measured  and  calm.  She  understood  that  she  had  been  a  naïve  child,  whose  pursuit  of  adventure  

 

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saw  her  thrust  into  the  brutality  of  war.    She  was  even  fired  upon  on  stage  while—  surreally—singing  My  Boomerang  Won’t  Come  Back.  This  last  detail  was  too  good  for  any  writer  to  forego  and  it  made  its  way  into  the  play.    But  much  of  the  complexity  of  Maureen’s  journey  had  to  go,  as  other  entertainers’  stories  fought  to  be  included—equally  potent,  and  as  drama,  perhaps  more  complementary  to  the  other  protagonists.    It  was  confusing  to  see  Sandy,  looking  so  much  like  Maureen,  but  now  speaking  Elizabeth  Burton’s  line,  about  how  the  go-­‐go  dancers  stopped  the  war  the  day  the  Viet  Cong  watched  from  the  trees.  The  night  Elizabeth  Burton  attended  the  show,  Barbara  Ferguson  was  also  there.    For  me,  the  evening  assumed  new  levels  of  delight  as  I  saw  how  well  these  two  women  from  vastly  different  worlds  connected.    Elizabeth,  the  apprentice  hairdresser  who’d  gone  to  Vietnam  at  twenty  to  see  the  world,  and  Barbara,  the  upstanding  Christian  who  now  laughed  at  her  early  self-­‐righteousness.  Yet  they  were  not  that  different  really,  for  instance  where  it  came  to  principles.    Like  many  who  entertained  the  U.S.  army,  Elizabeth  was  asked  to  sign  a  document  agreeing  to  ‘associate  with  none  other  than  Caucasians.’  The  miner’s  daughter  from  Wollongong  rebelled.    ‘My  Dad  taught  me  to  treat  everyone  as  a  human  being.’  For  fraternising  with  black  and  white  soldiers,  she  was  deported,  as  ‘a  race-­‐riot  risk’.    Sadly,  not  before  she  had  been  gang-­‐raped,  by  six  GIs—black  and  white.    The  gang-­‐rape  makes  it  into  the  play.    The  racial  segregation  does  not.  

Del  Heuke,  a  former  RAAF  nurse  in  Vietnam,  sent  me  this  email  response:  On  Tuesday  night  Minefields  and  Miniskirts  played  in  Taree  to  a  full  house  and  a  standing  ovation.    It  was  confronting,  challenging  and  bitter  sweet  to  sit  in  the  audience  and  hear  private  thoughts  and  moments  spoken  by  someone  else  on  stage.    I  loved  the  concept  that  it  was  a  conversation  between  women  and  we  the  audience  were  eavesdroppers.  It  was  beautifully  portrayed,  especially  the  way  the  Vet’s  wife’s  experience  was  woven  into  the  story.    Wives  did  not  volunteer  for  the  great  adventure  and  yet  they  carried  a  disproportionate  part  of  the  load.    I  heard  gasps  when  the  comment  [came]from  the  RSL.    ‘Come  back  when  you  have  fought  in  a  real  war.’    I  pray  that  attitude  has  disappeared  for  the  current  Iraq  and  Afghanistan  veterans.  One  of  the  unexpected  outcomes  of  the  play  was  the  cult  following  it  developed  among  Vietnam  veterans.    Night  after  night,  men  with  raddled  faces  clustered  in  the  foyer  after  the  show,  their  wives,  or  sometimes  children,  by  their  sides.    When  the  actors  emerged  to  share  a  drink,  they  were  met  with  an  outpouring  of  stories,  unleashed  by  the  emotions  aroused  by  the  play.      

While  male  veterans  had  warmly  endorsed  the  first  edition  of  my  book,  the  play  reached  the  veteran  community  in  a  new,  more  visceral,  way.    The  cast  became  so  embroiled  in  the  fall-­‐out  that  during  the  Perth  season,  they  were  invited  to  the  Vietnam  Veterans’  Remembrance  Day,  to  lay  poppies  at  the  Roll  of  Honour  there.  Robyn  Arthur,  who  with  Wendy  Stapleton  played  every  single  performance  of  the  five  month  Australian  tour  (the  rest  of  the  cast  changed  along  the  way),  was  honoured  to  be  so  chosen.    And  yet,  as  she  wrote  in  Alliance  magazine,  thirty-­‐five  years  before,  she  had  marched  in  the  Moratorium  anti-­‐war  protests!  Vietnam  was  a  part  of  my  life  from  the  time  I  was  11  to  21.    Cousins  were  conscripted  and  some  friends  were  conscientious  objectors…    The  gift  that  has  gone  with  performing  the  show  has  been  meeting  the  people  who  were  part  of  that  extraordinary  time  in  our  history…    Another  time  as  now  when  we  followed  the  USA  into  a  war  where  we  don’t  belong.    This  comes  up  constantly  during  the  open  forums  that  we  have  had  with  high  school  audiences  everywhere  (the  play  is  on  the  Year  12  syllabus  in  Victoria).  The  telling  of  these  remarkable  stories  is  opening  up  a  dialogue  between  Vets  and  their  families  for  the  first  time  in  many  instances…    Its  been  an  incredibly  rewarding  and  enriching  journey  for  us  all  and  in  every  way  it  comes  back  to  the  people,  the  living  history  of  the  women  we  represent  and  the  extraordinary  legacy  that  connects  Australia  to  ‘that  time  and  that  place’.  Close  to  50,000  people  saw  the  show  before  it  ended  in  October  2005—a  lot  more  than  have  read  my  book.    Is  it  enough  that  the  stories  are  being  

 

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disseminated,  even  with  dramatic  licence?    Or  is  the  blurring  of  the  individual  experience,  so  central  to  oral  history,  too  high  a  price  to  pay?  In  writing  the  play,  Terence  O’Connell  wanted  to  convey  ‘the  bravery,  fortitude  and  sheer  guts  of  these  amazing  women  and  their  adventures  in  Vietnam’.    I  think  he  succeeded.    The  response  of  fifteen  women  from  the  book  who  have  seen  the  play  has  been  overwhelmingly  positive.    The  actors  too  have  always  been  conscious  of  the  ‘living  history’  they  represent.  

As  drama,  it  elicited  very  favourable  newspaper  reviews.  The  Age,  in  Melbourne,  wrote:  This  is  the  performance  to  catch  for  2004.    Laugh,  cry,  reflect—or  all  of  the  above.    But  don’t  miss  this  magnificent  socially  focused  musical  theatre  piece.  The  Australian  said:  The  true  war  stories—delivered  in  a  simple,  unvarnished  style—are  intensely  moving,  provoking  many  in  the  audience  to  wipe  away  a  tear  or  two.  Diana  Simmonds  in  the  Sunday  Telegraph  wrote:  Entertainment  with  heart,  soul  and  reason—don’t  miss  it!  Only  Stephen  Dunne,  of  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald  mused  on  the  process,  of  adapting  oral  history  for  the  stage:  O’Connell’s  direction  stresses  the  documentary  aspect,  but  there’s  a  little  too  much  glibness…    making  each  character  a  slightly  too-­‐neat  compendium,  the  instant,  off-­‐the-­‐shelf  Vietnam  experience.    But  the  casting  is  strong  and  it  works  well  as  selective  oral  history.  But  what  about  the  central  question  for  the  oral  historian—does  dramatisation  distort  the  truth?    Even  though  much  has  been  omitted,  and  the  stories  that  do  get  in  have  been  reconfigured  and  amalgamated,  I  believe  the  essence  of  the  play  captures  the  essence  of  the  experiences  of  the  women  whose  stories  I  recorded  some  fifteen  years  ago.  

In  some  cases,  as  with  the  veteran’s  wife  character,  the  play  transcends  the  book.    In  others,  like  Ruth,  the  journalist,  the  reality  is  more  powerful.    But  even  a  diluted  version  of  truth  is  still  truth,  and  that  is  the  real  power  of  this  play—the  audience  and  the  actors  know  that  this  stuff  is  not  made  up.  My  twelve-­‐year-­‐old  son  came  with  me  to  one  performance.    Despite  my  parental  watchfulness,  he  regularly  plays  computer  games  in  which  he  negotiates  death  and  destruction  with  frightening  cool,  seemingly  inured  to  violence.    As  Ruth  spoke  on  stage  about  witnessing  a  Vietnamese  girl  being    tortured,  he  leaned  across  to  me  with  a  look  of  concern.    ‘Mum,  is  that  TRUE?’    ‘Yes’,  I  said.    ‘That  happened.’    His  eyes  widened.    No  special  effects,  no  multicoloured  explosions  on  a  screen—just  words.    But  they  had  hit  home—because  they  were  true.  Surely  that  response  is  a  vindication  of  oral  history.  

Source:  ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Theatrical  style  KEY  FEATURES  OF  VERBATIM  THEATRE          

1. Purpose  or  intention  of  verbatim  theatre  pieces  •  Empowering  marginalized  groups  and  communities  by  staging  their  stories,  enabling  them  to  make  their  experiences  visible  /  performative        •Political  purposes:    unveiling  the  nonpublicised  story,  the  alternative  story  to  a  well  known    event  or  issue  so  that  audiences  can  rethink  their  own  politics  or  views.    •Excavating  the  story  of  a  localised  event  or  issue  so  others  can  understand,  communicating    the  extraordinary  in  ordinary  stories  and  worlds    •  Exploring  histories  and  stories  that  do  not  normally  get  aired  or  shared  •Reporting  on  how  communities  respond  to  and  make  sense  of  disasters  or  difficult  events          

2. Approach  to  dialogue  and  action    Actors  treat  the  characters  in  a  Brechtian  sense,  they  are  presented  as  witnesses  to  the  street    scene.      Dialogue  is  selected  for  its  potency  and  relevance  to  furthering  the  play’s  narrative.  It  is    layered  rather  than  chronological  in  its  treatment.        There  is  little  collaborative  stage  actionOften  actors  sit  on  stage  or  speak  directly  to  the  audience,  but  they  may  react  to  each  other  and  work  together  to  create  motifs  in  the  space.            

3. Approach  to  dramatic  structure  –        Uses  interviews,  transcripts  and  material  is  distilled  and    selected,  then  layered  or  woven  across    broader  themes  or  motifs  or  steps  in  the  event  being    represented.  The  process  of  structuring    the  drama  is  often  a  collaborative  process  with  the    subjects    giving    feedback    at    critical      phases  in    the    development    of    the    work.      Brechtian    elements  are  used  to  weave  the  piece  together,  such  as  narration,  imagery,  song,  addressing    the  audience,  re-­‐enactment.          

4. Notion  of  the  subject  and  personal  testimony  -­‐  uses  the  drama  form  to  capture  events    through    the    stories    of    those    who    experienced    them    or    who    were    affected    by    them.    Verbatim  Theatre  uses  theatre  to  capture  multiple  realities,  multiple  voices  in  a  dynamic,      complex  relation.        Verbatim    theatre    works    on    the    basis    of    trust    and    responsibility    as      writers    and    theatre    workers  record  and  interview  real  people  about  their  lived  experiences.        Direct  language  and  testimony  is  used  as  dialogue,  however  what  is  said  and  when  it  occurs    structurally  to  create  particular  meanings;  all  this  is  crafted  and  structured  by  the  playwright.      Some  verbatim  plays  are  more  truthful  than  others  to  the  original  materials  other  verbatim      plays  have  to  be  considerably  ‘massaged’  because  of  their  sensitive  content  or    the  need  to    collapse  and  condense  a  series  of  narratives.            

5. Relationship  with  audience:    Positioning  the  audience  as  witnesses,  watchers  and  listeners,  privy  to  confidential  personal  reactions  and  stories.  Audience  gains  understanding  by  seeing  all  the  contradictions  and  complexities  as  stories  are  juxtaposed  and  arranged  for  them  to  compare.      

 

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 Source:  http://www.curriculumsupport.education.nsw.gov.au/secondary/creativearts/stage6/drama/drapres10.htm  

 

What  you  do  get  in  this  play,  unlike  most  US  portrayals,  is  a  sense  of  the  Vietnamese  experience  of  the  war,  even  though  there  is  still  a  feeling  that  the  Vietnamese  were  extras  in  this  most  Western  of  dramas.    For  the  purposes  of  the  play,  Terence  O'Connell  has  adapted  and  conflated  these  fifty  interviews  into  five  representative  characters:  the  Correspondent,  the  Entertainer,  the  Nurse,  the  Volunteer  and  the  Vet's  Abused  Wife.  He  has  then  sliced  and  spliced  to  make  five  interleaving  monologues  punctuated  by  archetypal  songs  from  the  60s  and  70s  -­‐  Joni  Mitchell,  Carole  King,  Joan  Baez.      This  play  relies  heavily  on  the  intrinsic  interest  of  its  source  material,  some  snappy  choreography  and  the  charisma  of  its  performers,  but  none  of  these  are  enough  to  make  it  theatre.  It's  not  primarily  a  question  of  the  play's  structure,  although  that  counts.  The  problem  goes  deeper,  into  what  you  might  call  the  DNA  of  theatrical  language.    The  director  Peter  Brook  put  the  problem  of  theatrical  writing  in  his  book  The  Empty  Stage:  "If  one  starts  from  the  premise  that  a  stage  is  a  stage  -­‐  not  a  convenient  premise  for  the  unfolding  of  a  staged  novel  or  a  staged  poem  or  staged  lecture  or  a  staged  story  -­‐  then  the  word  that  is  spoken  on  this  stage  exists,  or  fails  to  exist,  only  in  relation  to  the  tensions  it  creates  on  that  stage  within  the  given  stage  circumstances.  ...The  choices  (the  dramatist)  makes  and  the  values  he  observes  are  only  powerful  in  proportion  to  what  they  create  in  the  language  of  theatre."    Which  is  to  say  that  writing  for  theatre  is  an  extremely  specific  art,  in  which,  as  David  Mamet  says,  language  is  not  about  action:  it  is  action.  O'Connell's  adaptation  stays  in  the  realm  of  the  "staged  story":  little  imagination  has  been  devoted  to  making  this  material  theatrical,  except  in  the  most  superficial  sense  of  that  word.  O'Connell,  who  also  directs  the  show,  says  his  major  concern  was  to  "give  (the  material)  a  beginning,  a  middle  and  an  end",  and  this,  in  the  most  earnest  traditions  of  deadly  narration,  is  precisely  what  he  does.      The  signals  are  given  early:  there's  a  projection  on  a  scrim  as  the  audience  enters  which  tells  us  exactly  what  we  are  about  to  see.  After  the  first  song,  during  which  the  characters  are  serially  introduced,  each  telling  the  first  instalment  of  their  story,  the  rhythm  is  set:  the  women  will  speak  their  monologues,  and  sing,  and  speak  their  monologues,  and  sing;  and  you  know  they  will  do  so  until  they  reach  the  "present",  which  for  the  purposes  of  the  play  is  an  ANZAC  Day  march.      What  saves  the  evening  from  tedium  is  the  performances.  Minefields  and  Miniskirts  has  a  celebrity  cast,  and  these  women  belt  out  some  great  songs.  Perhaps  it  is  worth  it  to  hear  these  amazing  singers  tackle  Carole  King's  Will  You  Still  Love  Me  Tomorrow,  which  is  a  genuine  show-­‐stopper.  But  in  all  the  performances  there  is  a  tendency  to  over-­‐act,  perhaps  from  a  subconscious  recognition  of  the  inherent  non-­‐theatricality  of  the  text;  a  dragging  out  of  tears  which  has  the  perverse  effect  of  draining  the  stories  of  their  power.    The  show's  other  saving  grace  is  its  visual  spectacle.  Catherine  Raven's  design,  stunningly  lit  by  Phil  Lethlean,  uses  the  simplicity  of  bamboo  blinds  to  create  a  flexible  and  evocative  theatrical  space,  swathed  in  the  gorgeous  colours  of  Thai  silks.  The  set  has  some  breathtaking  moments  of  its  own  -­‐  when  the  blinds  are  drawn  back  and  silhoheutted  to  reveal  a  backdrop  of  blue  sky,  for  example,  or  a  moment  where  it  goes  dark  and  "stars"  come  out  all  over  the  theatre    It  seems  that  O'Connell  can't  decide  whether  Minefields  and  Miniskirts  is  feel-­‐good  commercial  theatre  or  worthy  documentary,  and  so  falls  between  two  stools.  Using  the  commercial  musical  as  a  vehicle  does  raise  the  question  of  whether  the  experiences  described  in  the  play  can  really  be  

 

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approached  as  sheer  entertainment.  In  the  end,  it  escapes  trivialising  them,  I  think;  but  only  just.  All  the  same,  you  are  probably  better  off  reading  the  original  book  

Source:  http://theatrenotes.blogspot.com.au/2004/07/minefields-­‐and-­‐miniskirts_16.html    

Interpretations  of  the  character  

Minefields and Miniskirts

Reviewed  by  Stephen  Dunne  

Ruth  the  journalist  (Anne  Wood)  is  recalling  the  bloke  she  fell  in  love  with  in  Vietnam.  He  was  a  Green  Beret,  strong,  tall,  tanned,  handsome  and  Jewish.  They  had  an  imagined  future  in  New  York,  until  he  went  on  a  mission  and  never  returned.  

Ruth  says  she  insisted  on  seeing  his  corpse.  "He  was  swollen  like  a  water  buffalo,  his  skin  was  all  black  and  cracked,"  she  says,  dispassionately.  There's  a  slight,  hanging  pause,  then  the  abstraction  of  slaughter  becomes  more  personal.  

"I  still  wear  the  Star  of  David  I  cut  from  his  neck,"  she  says.  

It's  such  casual  details  of  atrocity  and  its  aftermath  -­‐  the  star  was  "cut"  out  of  his  bloated  flesh  -­‐  that  are  among  the  strongest  elements  in  these  stories  of  five  women  and  the  Vietnam  War.  

Terence  O'Connell's  stage  version  is  adapted  from  Siobhan  McHugh's  excellent  history  of  the  same  title.  Various  lives  are  compressed  into  five  composite  characters  -­‐  the  journalist,  Eve  the  volunteer (Robyn  Arthur),  Margaret  the  veteran's  wife  (Tracy  Mann),  Sandy  the  entertainer  (Wendy  Stapleton)  and  Kathy  the  nurse  (Kristin  Keam).  

The  adaptation  benefits  and  suffers  from  such  compression,  allowing  each  character  to  have  a  rounded,  solidly  constructed  life  but  also  making  each  character  a  slightly  too-­‐neat  compendium,  the  instant,  off-­‐the-­‐shelf  Vietnam  experience.  But  the  casting  is  strong,  and  it  works  well  as  selective  oral  history.  

O'Connell's  direction  stresses  the  documentary  aspect,  but  there's  a  little  too  much  glibness.  The  singing  (era-­‐appropriate  songs  by  Joan  Baez,  Carole  King,  Joni  Mitchell  and  John  Denver)  is  excellent.  

The  piece  and  its  characters  deplore  war's  waste  of  life,  the  atrocities  and  deformities  and  the  warping  of  cultures.  Yet  there's  manifest  excitement  as  well,  embracing  adventure,  intoxicants,  sexual  freedom  and  the  necessity  of  escaping  the  stultifying  normality  of  1960s  suburbia.  

As  a  reminder  of  the  role  and  suffering  of  women  in  the  dreadful  boys'  game  of  war,  this  is  a  useful  work.  As  a  way  of  reminding  people  of  the  individuals  behind  such  abstract  nouns  as  "military  forces"  and  "service  men  and  women",  it's  equally  relevant.

Source:  http://www.smh.com.au/news/Review/Minefields-­‐and-­‐Miniskirts/2005/05/12/1115843313038.html  

 

 

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