Gislebertus. Last Judgment. c. 1120–1135.Tympanum sculpture.

West portal, Cathedral of St.-Lazare, Autun, France.Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium.[Fig. 6-1]

Tunc crucifi xerant XPI, Book of Kells, fol. 124r. Late 8th or early 9th century. Illuminated manuscript on vellum. 9-1∕2" × 13" (24 × 33 cm).

Bridgeman Art Library, London/Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. [Fig. 6-2]

The four evangelists, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. Early 9th century.Manuscript illustration.

Palace School of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany. Cathedral Treasury, Aachen. Domkapitel Aachen/photo Ann Munchow. [Fig. 6-3]

Crucifixion, from the front cover of the Lindau Gospels. c. 870. Gold and jewels. 13-3∕4" × 10-1∕2" (35 × 27 cm).

Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 6-4]

Psalm 44, from the Utrecht Psalter. c. 820–840.Pen and ink on vellum. 12-7∕8" × 10" (33 × 25 cm).University Library, Utrecht, Ms. 32, fol. 1r. [Fig. 6-5]

Crucifixion, from Metz. c. 850–875.Ivory plaque. 8-1∕5" × 4-3∕4" (21 × 12 cm).

Victoria and Albert Museum, London. © V&A Images. All rights reserved. [Fig. 6-6]

Section drawing of the palace chapel of Charlemagne. 782–805. Aachen, Germany. [Fig. 6-7]

Interior, palace chapel of Charlemagne. 782–805. Aachen, Germany.

Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 6-8]

A 12th-century medieval calendar showing peasants at their labors.Rheinisches Landmuseum, Bonn, Germany. [Fig. 6-9]

Illustration from a 15th-century manuscript of the Song of Roland.Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 6-10]

Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry. c. 1073–1088.Wool embroidery on linen. Height 20" (51 cm), length of tapestry 231' (70.4 m).

Town Hall, Bayeux, France. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 6-11]

The Court of Lions, the Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 1354–1391.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 6-12]

Plan of the monastery of St. Gall, Switzerland. c. 820. [Fig. 6-3]

The cloister of St. Domingo de Silos, Spain. c. 1085–1100. [Fig. 6-14]

Maya blood-letting rite, lintel 24 from Yaxchilán, Mexico. c. 725.Limestone, 43-1∕4" × 32" (110 × 81 cm).

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 6-15]

Europe in the Romanesque period.[Map 6.1]

Visitation, detail of Catalan fresco. 11th–12th century.Episcopal Museum, Vich, Spain. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 6-16]

Bronze doors, with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. c. 1015.Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany.

Bildarchiv Photo Marburg/Dom Museum, Hildesheim. Photo by Frank Tomio. [Fig. 6-17]

Reconstruction of the Romanesque monastery and third Abbey Church of Cluny, France. c. 1157. [Fig. 6-18]

Nave, third Abbey Church of Cluny, France. 1095–1100.Reconstruction drawing by Kenneth J. Conant. "Cluny: Les Eglises et la Maison du Chef

d'Ordre", The Medieval Academy of America, Cambridge, MA © 1968. [Fig. 6-19]

Abbey church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France. Completed 1120.AKG-images/Erich Lessing. [Fig. 6-20]

Abbey church of Sainte-Foy, plan. [Fig. 6-21]

Narthex door, Church of La Madeleine, Vézelay, France. c. 1120–1132.Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis. [Fig. 6-22]

Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France. Late 10th century.Gold and gemstones over a wooden core. Height 33-1∕2" (85 cm).

Art Resource 165491. [Fig. 6-23]

Mystic Mill: Moses and St. Paul Grinding Corn. c. 1130.Nave capital sculpture.

Church of La Madeleine, Vézelay, France.Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 6-24]

Nuns in Choir, illustration from Cotton Domitian A XVII, fol. 177v.British Library, London. [Fig. 6-25]

The Guidonian staff. [Fig. 6-26]

The modern staff. [Fig. 6-27]

Hildegard of Bingen. Scivias, plate 1: the Seeress.Abbey of St. Hildegard, Rudesheim am Rhein, Germany.

Rheinisches Bildarchiv, Cologn. [Fig. 6-28]

Nativity. c. 1130–1140.Ivory panel. 15-3∕4" × 4-5∕8" (40 × 12 cm).

Schnutgen Museum, Cologne. Rheinisches Bildarchiv, Cologne. [Fig. 6-29]

Medieval scholars studying in Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic at a school in Sicily. Italian. c. 1200.Burgerbibliothek Bern, Codex 120 II, f. 101r. [Fig. 6-30]

Abelard Teaching Héloïse. Manuscript illumination from the Roman de la Rose by Jean de Meun. 13th century.

Musée Condé, Chantilly. Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 6-31]

Notre-Dame-de-Belle-Verrière (Our Lady of the Beautiful Glass). 12th century.Stained glass window.

Chartres Cathedral, France. White Images/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-1]

The Crusades.[Map 7.1]

French knights under Louis XI besieging Damietta, Egypt, Seventh Crusade. 1249.Ms. Fr. 13568 fol. 83.

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. © Mary Evans Picture Library / Alamy. [Fig. 7-2]

Murder of St. Thomas. 13th-century miniature.Carrow Psalter Ms W.34 f15v.

Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. [Fig. 7-3]

Gothic-style construction.[Fig. 7-4]

Schematic drawing of Chartres Cathedral.[Fig. 7-5]

West façade, Chartres Cathedral, France. 1194–1240. South spire, c. 1180. Height 344' (105 m). North spire, 1507–13. Height 377' (115 m).

Photo Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-6]

Rose window, north portal, Chartres Cathedral, France. 1223–1226.Diameter 44' (13.4 m).

© SuperStock / Alamy. [Fig. 7-7]

Tree of Jesse, lancet window, west portal. c. 1150.Chartres Cathedral, France.

Bridgeman Art Library/Giraudon. [Fig. 7-8]

The three doors of the west portal. c. 1145–1170.Chartres Cathedral, France.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-9]

Abraham and Isaac. 1205–1240.Chartres Cathedral, France.

© Dean Conger/Corbis. [Fig. 7-10]

Count Ekkehard and Countess Uta. c. 1240–1250.Naumburg Cathedral, Germany.

Andrea Jemolo/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-11]

Stupa of Borobudur. Java, Indonesia. Sailendra Dynasty, 835–860.Lava stone, perimeter of lowest gallery 1,180' (359.6 m).

Diameter of crowning stupa 52' (15.8 m). ©ImageState/Alamy. [Fig. 7-12]

Scenery for the Valenciennes Mystery Play. 1547. Contemporary drawing.

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 7-13]

Scene of the Martyrdom of St. Apollonia, from a 15th-century miniature by Jean Fouquet.Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.

Bridgeman Art Library, London/Laruos-Giraudon, Paris. [Fig. 7-14]

Limbourg Brothers. “May,” illustration from Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry, MS 6 5∕1284 f. 5v. Early 15th century.

Vellum. 11-1∕2" × 8 1∕4 ins (29.4 × 21 cm).Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. Bridgeman Art Library/Giraudon. [Fig. 7-15]

Medieval tournament scene from the Manasseh Codex.Universitätsbibliothek, Heidelberg, Germany. [Fig. 7-16]

Diagram of Dante’s “Inferno.”[Fig. 7-17]

Nicola Pisano. Annunciation and Nativity. 1259–1260.Marble relief from the pulpit.

Baptistery, Pisa, Italy. © Alinari Archives/Corbis. [Fig. 7-18]

Doge’s Palace, Venice. 1309–1424.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-19]

Bohemian Master. Death (or Dormition) of the Virgin. 1350–1360.Tempera on panel. 39-3∕8" × 28" (100 × 71 cm).

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. © Burstein Collection/Corbis. [Fig. 7-20]

Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. c. 1310.Tempera on wood. 10' 8" × 6' 8" (3.25 × 2.03 m).

Uffizi, Florence. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 7-21]

Giotto. Pietà (Lamentation). c. 1305–1306.Fresco. 7' 7" × 7' 9" (2.31 × 2.36 m).

Scrovegni Chapel, Padua. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 7-22]