chapters 22-25 plants. characteristics eukaryotes multicellular cell walls of cellulose carry...
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Chapters 22-25
Plants
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Characteristics
Eukaryotes Multicellular Cell walls of cellulose Carry out photosynthesis using pigments
chlorophyll a and b Life cycle
Gametophyte (1N) > gametes (1N) > fertilization > zygote > sporophyte (2N) > meiosis > spores (1N) > mitosis > gametophyte
Evolved from green algae
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3 Types of Tissues Dermal tissue – outer covering
In leaves covered by cuticle – waxy layer Vascular tissue – conducts nutrients through plant
Xylem – conducts water Composed of dead cells called tracheids and vessel
elements that act as pipes. Phloem – conducts food
Composed of sieve tube elements – contain openings to allow sugars through
Also, companion cells – surround for support Ground tissue – btw others
Parenchyma – site of most photosynthesis Collenchyma – flexible walls, help support – celery Sclerenchyma – thick, rigid, strong
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Structure I Roots – underground organs that absorb
water and minerals, anchors, prevents erosion 2 types
Taproot – 1 main root – carrots Fibrous roots – many similar
branches Structure
Epidermis – outer layer Covered in root hairs – increase
surface area for absorption Cortex – middle – ground tissue Endodermis – inner
Aka vascular cylinder Contains xylem & phloem
Root cap – covers apical meristem
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Structure II Leaves – bundles of photosynthetic
vascular tissue Structure
Blades – flattened section Petiole – attaches to stem Specialized ground tissue
Palisade mesophyll – absorbs light Spongy mesophyll – connects to the outside via
stomata (openings) to allow carbon dioxide in and oxygen out
Guard cells – control opening/closing of stomata Functions
Photosynthesis Transpiration – loss of water through leaves Gas exchange
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Structure III Stem
3 functions Produce leaves, branches, & flowers Hold leaves up to sunlight Transport substances between roots and leaves
Structure Nodes – where leaves attach Internode – region btw nodes Buds – at nodes – tissue that can produce new
stems and leaves Primary growth – occurs in meristematic tissue at the
apical meristem – increase in length Secondary growth – increase in width
Occurs in lateral meristematic tissue – vascular cambium & cork cambium
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Classification I
Bryophytes 3 phyla Vascular tissue absent – results in small size Flagellated sperm - must stay close to water No true roots or leaves Gametophyte - dominant life cycle Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
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Classification II Pteridophytes
2 phyla Vascular tissue
present Appearance of true
roots & leaves Sporophyte – now
the dominant life cycle
Ex. Ferns, club mosses, horsetails
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Classification III Gymnosperms
Appearance of seeds (embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering with a food supply) which are produced in cones - plants were able to reproduce without water Male gametophyte – pollen
Ex. Gnetophytes, Cycads, Ginkgoes
Conifers – pine, juniper, spruce Aka evergreens
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Classification IV Angiosperms
Aka flowering plants Cotyledons – embryonic seed leaves
Monocots – 1 seed leaf, parallel veins Vascular bundles in stem are scattered
Dicots – 2 seed leaves, branched veins Vascular bundles in stem are arranged in a ring
May be subdivided based on stem characteristics Woody or Herbaceous
Life spans Annuals - complete a life cycle 1 year Biennials - complete a life cycle in 2 years Perennials - live for more than 2 years
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Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte (1N) > gametes (1N) > fertilization > zygote (2N) > sporophyte (2N) > meiosis > spores (1N) > gametophyte
Gymnosperms Gametophytes are found in cones
Pollen cones – maleOvulate cones – female
Pollen is carried by wind from male to female
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Alternation of Generations Angiosperms
Gametophytes are found in flowers Structure
Sepals - outermost petals – green – enclose bud before opening Petals - brightly colored – attract pollinators Stamen
Filament - thin stalk Anther - produce male gametophytes (pollen)
Pistil Aka carpel Stigma - top – sticky Style – stalk Ovary - contains female gametophytes – becomes fruit
Life cycle – Double Fertilization Pollen sticks to stigma Pollen tube forms and grows down style to ovary 1 sperm fertilizes egg = embryo A 2nd sperm joins with other cells to form the endosperm (food supply)
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Angiosperm life cycle
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Flowers
Sepal Petals Stamen
Anther Filament
Carpel Stigma Style Ovary
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Pollination
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Seed Dispersal
May be dispersed by wind, water, or animals
May remain dormant until conditions are right
Germination – early stage of growth
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Plant Hormones Hormone – chemical substance that control’s a plants
growth, development, and responses Target cell – part affected by a particular hormone Auxins cause:
Phototropism – growth toward light Gravitropism – causes branches to grow up and
roots to grow down Apical dominance - delays the appearance of new
lateral buds (which grow into side branches) Cytokinins - stimulate cell division, growth of lateral
buds, and sprouting Gibbreellins - promotes overall growth Ethylene - stimulates fruits to ripen
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Plant responses Tropisms – response to an external stiumulus Types
Gravitropism - response to gravity Phototropism - response to light Thigmotropism – slower changes in growth
in response to touch Vines
Rapid responses – quick movement in response to touch Mimosa, venus fly trap
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Photoperiodism Timing of seasonal activities Phytochrome - pigment responsible Short-day plants - flower when days are
short Ex. Poinsettias
Long-day plants - flower when days are long
Dormancy - period when growth/activity decrease or stop Usually during winter for deciduous plants