chapter1a
DESCRIPTION
Spring 2010 chapter 1a PowerPoint for BIOL2401 (Human Anatomy & Physiology) at San Antonio College with Alba.TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy = Structure
• Physiology = Function
• Complementarity of structure and function
The hand grasps objects The mouth receives food
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Levels of Structural Organization
Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system levelOrganismal level
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
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The 11 Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
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The Organ Systems
Bones
Joint
NailsSkin
HairSkeletalmuscles
Skeletal SystemIntegumentary System Muscular System
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The Organ Systems
Brain
Sensoryreceptor
NervesSpinalcord
Thyroidgland
Thymus
Adrenalgland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
Heart
Bloodvessels
Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System
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The Organ Systems
Lymphatic System Respiratory System
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Nasalcavity
BronchusPharynxLarynxTrachea
LungLiver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Largeintestine
Stomach
Smallintestine
RectumAnus
Digestive System
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The Organ Systems
Kidney
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Urethra
Prostategland
Ductusdeferens
Penis
TestisScrotum
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Urinary System Male Reproductive Female Reproductive System System
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Maintaining Life
• Organ systems have to be interrelated and synergistic in order to maintain life!
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Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions
• Maintaining Boundaries• Movement• Responsiveness• Digestion• Metabolism• Excretion• Reproduction• Growth
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Necessary Life Functions: Maintaining Boundaries
• Distinct internal environment from surrounding external environment
• Encloses contents & essential substances
• Protective nature:– Heat/ Dehydration– Cold– Toxins– Pathogens
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Necessary Life Functions: Movement
• Movement is necessary on all levels of organization!
• Change in position of the body, body parts, or motion of internal organs
• Ability to manipulate external environment
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Necessary Life Functions: Responsiveness
• Ability to sense stimuli and respond to them
• May be conscious or unconscious/ reflexes
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Necessary Life Functions: Digestion
• Breaking down ingested food into simple nutrient molecules that the body can absorb
• May be physical or chemical in nature
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Necessary Life Functions: Metabolism
• All chemical reactions that occur within the body
• Catabolism– Breaking down substances
into their basic form
• Anabolism– Synthesizing larger
molecules from basic units
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Necessary Life Functions: Excretion
• Removal of waste products produced by metabolic reactions
• Waste products are either non-usable by-products, or potential toxins
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Necessary Life Functions: Reproduction
• Occurs at the cellular & organismal levels
• Cells divide to produce two identical cells necessary for growth & repair
• Organisms produce offspring and as a result, pass on genetic information
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Necessary Life Functions: Growth
• Increase in body size without change in shape
• Accomplished by: – Increased cell number– Increased cell size
• Occurs when “construction” out-paces “destruction
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Requirements for Life: Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Heat
• Atmospheric Pressure
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Requirements for Life: Survival Needs
• Nutrients: – Used as energy source– Supply raw material for building new living matter– Help regulate vital chemical reactions
• Oxygen: – Is used to release energy from food substances– Released energy then drives metabolic
processes
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Requirements for Life: Survival Needs
• Water: – Most abundant chemical in the body– Required for metabolic processes– Transports substances throughout the body– Important for regulating body temperature
• Heat: – Excessively below normal body temperature, metabolism
slows down and eventually comes to a stop– Excessively above normal body temperature, metabolism
is too rapid, proteins & enzymes denature
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Requirements for Life: Survival Needs
• Atmospheric Pressure:– Force air exerts on the surface of the body– Affects breathing rate and gas exchange &
ultimately, cellular metabolism