Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College

Cecie StarrChristine EversLisa Starr

www.cengage.com/biology/starr

Chapter 1Invitation to Biology

(Sections 1.1 - 1.4)

1.1 The Secret Life of Earth

• Biology is the systematic study of life

• We have encountered only a fraction of the organisms that live on Earth, in part because we have explored only a fraction of its inhabited regions

New Species

• Hundreds of new species are discovered each year – but thousands become extinct due to activities of man

1.2 The Science of Nature

• Biologists think about life at different levels of organization

• Emergent properties appear at successively higher levels

• Life emerges at the cellular level

Key Terms

• biology • The scientific study of life

• emergent property • A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of

the system’s component parts

A Pattern in Life’s Organization

• All matter consists of atoms, which combine as molecules

• Organisms are individuals that consist of one or more cells

• Cells of larger multicelled organisms are organized as tissues, organs, and organ systems

Key Terms

• atom • Fundamental building block of all matter

• molecule • An association of two or more atoms

• cell • Smallest unit of life

• organism • Individual that consists of one or more cells

Key Terms

• tissue • In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a

pattern that allows them to perform a collective function

• organ • In multicelled organisms, a grouping of tissues that

perform a collective function

• organ system • In multicelled organisms, set of tissues and cells engaged

in a collective function that keeps the body functioning properly

Organization Among Organisms

• A population is a group of individuals of a species in a given area

• A community is all populations of all species in a given area

• An ecosystem is a community interacting with its environment

• The biosphere includes all regions of Earth that hold life

Levels of Life’s Organization

Fig. 1.3, p. 4

molecule Atoms joined in chemical bonds. This is a model of a water molecule. The molecules of life are much larger and more complex than water.

organ Structural unit of interacting tissues. Flowers are the reproductive organs of many plants.

atom Atoms are fundamental units of all substances, living or not. This image shows a model of a single atom.

organ system A set of interacting organs. The shoot system of this poppy plant includes its aboveground parts: leaves, flowers, and stems.

cell The cell is the smallest unit of life. Some, like this plant cell, live and reproduce as part of a multicelled organism; others do so on their own.

tissue Organized array of cells and substances that interact in a collective task. This is epidermal tissue on the outer surface of a flower petal.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Fig. 1.3.1, p. 4

atom Atoms are fundamental units of all substances, living or not. This image shows a model of a single atom.

1

Fig. 1.3.2, p. 4

molecule Atoms joined in chemical bonds. This is a model of a water molecule. The molecules of life are much larger and more complex than water.

2

Fig. 1.3.3, p. 4

cell The cell is the smallest unit of life. Some, like this plant cell, live and reproduce as part of a multicelled organism; others do so on their own.

3

Fig. 1.3.4, p. 4

tissue Organized array of cells and substances that interact in a collective task. This is epidermal tissue on the outer surface of a flower petal.

4

Fig. 1.3.5, p. 4

organ Structural unit of interacting tissues. Flowers are the reproductive organs of many plants.

5

Fig. 1.3.6, p. 4

organ system A set of interacting organs. The shoot system of this poppy plant includes its aboveground parts: leaves, flowers, and stems.

6

ANIMATION: Life's levels of organization

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Different Objects Assembled From the Same Parts

Fig. 1.2, p. 4

Stepped Art

Different Objects Assembled From the Same Parts

ANIMATION: Building blocks of life

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Key Concepts

• The Science of Nature• We understand life by studying it at different levels of

organization, which extend from atoms and molecules to the biosphere

• The quality we call “life” emerges at the level of cells

1.3 How Living Things Are Alike

• Life has underlying unity: All living things have similar characteristics1. Continual inputs of energy and cycling of materials

maintain life’s complex organization 2. Organisms sense and respond to change3. All organisms use information in DNA inherited from

parents to function and reproduce

(1) Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients

• All organisms require energy and nutrients to sustain themselves

• energy • The capacity to do work

• nutrient • Substance that an organism needs for growth and

survival, but cannot make for itself

Producers and Consumers

• Producers harvest energy from the environment to make their own food by processes such as photosynthesis

• Consumers eat other organisms, or their wastes and remains

Key Terms

• producer • Organism that makes its own food using energy and

simple raw materials from the environment

• photosynthesis • Process by which producers use light energy to make

sugars from carbon dioxide and water

• consumer • Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on

tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

Energy, Producers, and Consumers

• Energy flows one way

• Materials recycle

sunlight energyA Producers harvest energy

from the environment. Some of that energy flows from producers to consumers.

Producers plants and other self-feeding organisms

Consumers animals, most fungi,

many protists, bacteria

Fig. 1.4b, p. 6

C All of the energy that enters the world of life eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat released back to the environment.

Stepped Art

B Nutrients that become

incorporated into the cells of producers and

consumers are eventually released by decomposition. Some

cycle back to producers.

Energy, Producers, and Consumers

ANIMATION: One-way energy flow and materials cycling

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(2) Organisms Sense and Respond to Change

• Organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within ranges cells tolerate—a process called homeostasis

• homeostasis • Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal

conditions within tolerable ranges• Includes body fluid composition and temperature

Stimulation and Response

• Every organism senses and responds to conditions inside and outside itself

(3) Organisms Use DNA

• DNA contains information that guides all of an organism’s metabolic activities, including growth, development, and reproduction

• Small variations in DNA structure give rise to differences between species and individuals

• The passage of DNA from parents to offspring is inheritance

Key Terms

• DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that

guides growth and development

• growth • In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size,

and volume of cells

• development • Multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual

becomes a multicelled adult

Key Terms

• reproduction • Processes by which parents produce offspring

• inheritance • Transmission of DNA from parents to offspring

Key Concepts

• Life’s Unity • All organisms consist of one or more cells that take in

energy and raw materials to stay alive• All sense and respond to stimuli• All function and reproduce with the help of DNA

1.4 How Living Things Differ

• Different types of organisms differ greatly in details of body form and function

• Biodiversity is the sum of differences among living things

• biodiversity • Variation among living organisms

Diversity of Life

• Bacteria and archaeans are single-celled, and their DNA is not contained within a nucleus

• Eukaryotes (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) can be single-celled or multicelled, and their DNA is contained within a nucleus

Key Terms

• bacterium • Member of a large group of single-celled organisms

• archaean • Member of a group of single-celled organisms that differ

from bacteria

• nucleus • Double-membraned sac that encloses a cell’s DNA

• eukaryote • Organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus

Eukaryotes

• Protists are the simplest eukaryotes, ranging from amoebas to giant kelps

• Many fungi are decomposers, including mushrooms

• Most plants are photosynthetic producers that provide food for most other organisms

• Animals eat other organisms; they include herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, and parasites

Key Terms

• protist • Diverse group of simple eukaryotes

• fungus • Type of eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by

digestion and absorption outside the body

• plant • A multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer

• animal• Multicelled consumer that develops through a series of

stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle

Bacteria

Fig. 1.6a1, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a2, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a3, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a4, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a5, p. 8

Fig. 1.6a6, p. 8

Archaeans

Fig. 1.6b1, p. 8

Fig. 1.6b2, p. 8

Protists

Fig. 1.6c1, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c2, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c3, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c4, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c5, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c6, p. 9

Fungi

Fig. 1.6c9, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c10, p. 9

Plants

Fig. 1.6c7, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c8, p. 9

Animals

Fig. 1.6c11, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c12, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c13, p. 9

Fig. 1.6c14, p. 9

ANIMATION: Life's diversity

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Key Concepts

• Life’s Diversity • Observable characteristics vary tremendously among

organisms • Various classification systems help us keep track of the

differences

ANIMATION: Three Domains

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