chapter02-operating system structures
DESCRIPTION
Cấu trúc hệ điều hànhTRANSCRIPT
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Chng 2Cu trc H iu Hnh
ThS: H L Hoi Trung
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n tp chng 1
Nu cu trc h thng my tnh?
HH c nhng chc nng chnh no?
Theo gc h thng x l, HH c
phn thnh my loi? K tn?
Nhng yu cu ca h iu hnh i vi
h thng chia s thi gian?1/28/2015 Khoa KTMT 2
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Mc tiu
Bit c cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh
Hiu c cc dch v m h iu hnh
cung cp
Phn bit system call & library
Hiu c cu trc ca mt h thng my
tnh1/28/2015 Khoa KTMT 3
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Ni Dung
Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
Cac dch vu he ieu hanh cung cap
Li goi he thong (System call)
Cac chng trnh he thong (system programs)
Cau truc he thong
May ao (virtual machine)
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Cc thnh phn ca H iu Hnh
Qun l qu trnh
Qun l b nh chnh
Qun l file
Qun l h thng I/O
Qun l h thng lu tr th cp
H thng bo v
H thng thng dch lnh
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
- Qua trnh (hay tien trnh process) la g?
- Qua trnh khac chng trnh iem g?
- Mot qua trnh can cac tai nguyen cua he thong nh CPU, bo nh, file,
thiet b I/O, e hoan thanh cong viec.
- Cac nhiem vu cua thanh phan
Tao va huy qua trnh
Tam dng/thc thi tiep (suspend/resume) qua trnh
Cung cap cac c che
ong bo hoat ong cac qua trnh (synchronization)
giao tiep gia cac qua trnh (interprocess communication)
khong che tc nghn (deadlock)
2.1.1. Quan ly qua trnh (process management)
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
Bo nh chnh la trung tam cua cac thao tac, x ly
e nang cao hieu suat s dung CPU, he ieu hanh can quan ly bo nh thch hp
Cac nhiem vu cua thanh phan
Theo doi, quan ly cac vung nh trong va a cap phat
Quyet nh se nap chng trnh nao khi co vung nh trong
Cap phat va thu hoi cac vung nh khi can thiet
2.1.2. Quan ly bo nh chnh
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
He thong file (file system)
File
Th muc
Cac dch vu ma thanh phan cung cap
Tao va xoa file/th muc.
Cac thao tac x ly file/th muc (mkdir, rename, copy, move, new,)
Anh xa file/th muc vao thiet b lu tr th cap tng ng
Sao lu va phuc hoi d lieu
2.1.3. Quan ly file (file management)
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
Che dau s khac biet cua cac thiet b I/O trc
ngi dung
Co chc nang
C che: buffering, caching, spooling
Cung cap giao dien chung en cac trnh ieu khien
thiet b (device-driver interface)
Bo ieu khien cac thiet b (device driver) phan cng.
2.1.4. Quan ly he thong I/O (I/O system management)
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
Bo nh chnh: kch thc nho, la moi trng cha tin khong ben
vng => can he thong lu tr th cap e lu tr ben vng cac d
lieu, chng trnh
Phng tien lu tr thong dung la a t, a quang
Nhiem vu cua he ieu hanh trong quan ly a
Quan ly khong gian trong tren a(free space management)
Cap phat khong gian lu tr (storage allocation)
nh thi hoat ong cho a (disk scheduling)
S dung thng xuyen => anh hng ln en toc o cua ca
he thong => can hieu qua
2.1.5. Quan ly he thong lu tr th cap (secondary
storage management)
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
Trong he thong cho phep nhieu user hay nhieu process dien ra ong thi:
Kiem soat qua trnh ngi dung ang nhap/xuat va s dung he thong
Kiem soat viec truy cap cac tai nguyen trong he thong
Bao am nhng user/process ch c phep s dung cac tai nguyen
danh cho no
Cac nhiem vu cua he thong bao ve
Cung cap c che kiem soat ang nhap/xuat (login, log out)
Phan nh c s truy cap tai nguyen hp phap va bat hp phap
(authorized/unauthorized)
Phng tien thi hanh cac chnh sach (enforcement of policies)
Chnh sach: can bao ve d lieu cua ai oi vi ai
2.1.6. He thong bao ve
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2.1. Cac thanh phan cua he ieu hanh
La giao dien chu yeu gia ngi dung va OS
V du: shell, mouse-based window-and-menu
Khi user login
command line interpreter (shell) chay, va ch nhan lenh t ngi
dung, thc thi lenh va tra ket qua ve.
Cac lenh ->bo ieu khien lenh ->he ieu hanh
Cac lenh co quan he vi cac viec:
Tao, huy, va quan ly qua trnh, he thong
Kiem soat I/O
Quan ly bo lu tr th cap
Quan ly bo nh chnh
Truy cap he thong file va c che bao mat
2.1.7. He thong thong dch lenh
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2.2. Cac dch vu he ieu hanh cung cap
Thc thi chng trnh
Thc hien cac thao tac I/O theo yeu cau cua chng trnh
Cac thao tac tren he thong file
oc/ghi hay tao/xoa file
Trao oi thong tin gia cac qua trnh qua hai cach:
Chia xe bo nh (Shared memory)
Chuyen thong iep (Message passing)
Phat hien loi
Trong CPU, bo nh, tren thiet b I/O (d lieu h, het giay,)
Do chng trnh: chia cho 0, truy cap en a ch bo nh khong cho phep.
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2.2. Cac dch vu he ieu hanh cung cap
Ngoai ra con cac dch vu giup tang hieu suat cua he thong:
Cap phat tai nguyen (resource allocation)
Tai nguyen: CPU, bo nh chnh, tape drives,OS co cac routine tng ng
Ke toan (accounting)
Nham lu vet user e tnh ph hoac n gian e thong ke.
Bao ve (protection)
Hai qua trnh khac nhau khong c anh hng nhau
Kiem soat c cac truy xuat tai nguyen cua he thong
An ninh (security)
Ch cac user c phep s dung he thong mi truy cap c tai
nguyen cua he thong (vd: thong qua username va password)
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Mode
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2.3. Li goi he thong (System call)
Dung e giao tiep gia qua trnh va he ieu hanh
Cung cap giao tip gia qua trnh va he ieu hanh
Vd: open, read, write file
Thong thng dang th vien nh phan (binary libraries) hay giong nh cac lenh hp ng.
Trong cac ngon ng lap trnh cap cao, mot so th vien lap trnh c xay dng da tren cac th vien he thong (v du Windows API, th
vien GNU C/C++ nh glibc, glibc++,)
Ba phng phap truyen tham so khi s dung system call
Qua thanh ghi
Qua mot vung nh, a ch cua vung nh c gi en he ieu hanh qua thanh ghi
Qua stack
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Truyn tham s qua bng
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V d v system call
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Cc loi system call
Qu trnh
Qun l File
Qun l cc thit b I/O
Cung cp c ch giao tip
Thng tin
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System call & library
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System call & library
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2.4. Cac chng trnh he thong
Chng trnh he thong (system program, phan biet vi application
program) gom
Quan ly he thong file: nh create, delete, rename, list
Thong tin trang thai: nh date, time, dung lng bo nh trong
Soan thao file: nh file editor
Ho tr ngon ng lap trnh: nh compiler, assembler, interpreter
Nap, thc thi, giup tm loi chng trnh: nh loader, debugger
Giao tiep: nh email, talk, web browser
Ngi dung chu yeu lam viec thong qua cac system program (khong
lam viec trc tiep vi cac system call)System call & library???
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V d system call
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Cu trc h thng
Cu trc n gin - MS-DOS
Cu trc phc tp hn UNIX
Cu trc phn tng
Cu trc vi nhn
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Cau truc n gian (monolithic) MS-DOS: khi thiet ke, do gii
han ve dung lng bo nh nen
khong phan chia thanh cac
module (modularization) va cha
phan chia ro chc nang gia cac
phan cua he thong.
Cau truc phan tang cua MS-DOS
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Cau truc n gian (monolithic)UNIX: gom hai phan co the tach ri nhau
Nhan (cung cap file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, va mot so chc nang khac) va system program
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Cau truc phan tang: HH c chi thanh nhieu lp (layer). Lp di cung: hardware
Lp tren cung la giao tiep vi user
Lp tren ch phu thuoc lp di
Mot lp ch co the goi cac ham cua lp di va cac ham cua no c goi bi lp tren
Moi lp tng ng mot oi tng tru tng: cau truc d lieu + thao tac
Phan lp co li ch g? G roi (debugger, kiem tra he thong, thay oi chc nang)
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Cau truc phan tang: Lan au tien c ap dung cho HH THE (Technische Hogeschool
Eindhoven)
Lp 5 user programm
Lp 4 Tao buffer cho thiet b I/O
Lp 3 Device driver thao tac man hnh
Lp 2 Quan ly bo nh
Lp 1 Lap lch CPU
Lp 0 Phan cng
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Vi nhan: phan chia module theo microkernel (CMU Mach OS, 1980) Chuyen mot so chc nang cua OS t kernel space sang user space
Thu gon kernel => microkernel, microkernel ch bao gom cac chc nang toi thieu nh quan ly qua trnh, bo nh va c che giao tiep gia cac qua
trnh
Giao tiep gia cac module qua c che truyen thong iep
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2.5. Cau truc he thong
Vi nhan:- Li ch: de m rong HH
- Mot so HH hien ai s dung vi nhan:
+ Tru64 UNIX (Digital UNIX trc ay): nhan Mach
+ Apple MacOS Server : nhan Mach
+ QNX vi nhan cung cap: truyen thong iep, nh thi CPU, giao tiep mang cap thap va ngat phan cng
+ Windows NT: chay cac ng dung khac nhau win32, OS/2, POSIX
(Portable OS for uniX)
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2.6. May ao
Hien thc y niem VM Lam the nao e thc thi mot chng trnh
MS-DOS tren mot he thong Sun vi he
ieu hanh Solaris ?
1. Tao mot may ao Intel ben tren he ieu
hanh Solaris va he thong Sun
2. Cac lenh Intel (x86) c may ao
Intel chuyen thanh lenh tng ng cua
he thong Sun.
Sun hardware
Solaris kernel
VM interpretation
Intel x86 VM
Intel x86 Application
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2.6. May ao
T OS layer en may ao (virtual machine)
Non-virtual machine
system modelVirtual machine system model
processes
kernel
hardware
processes
processes
processes
kernel kernel kernel
VM1 VM2 VM3
Virtual-machine
implementation
hardware
programming
interface