26

CHAPTER-II

THE PHYSICAL AND NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS

OF AGRICULTURE.

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Location, Boundaries and Area

2.3 Historical Background

(A) PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE

2.4 Physiography

2.5 Climate

2.6 Drainage Patterns

2.7 Soils

2.8 Natural Vegetation

(B) NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE

2.9 Population

2.10 Literacy

2.11 Patterns of Ownership

2.12 Agricultural Credit Finance

2.13 Transportation

2.14 Animal Husbandry

2.15 Agricultural Implement

2.16 Improved Seeds

2.17 Chemical Fertilizer

2.18 References

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CHAPTER-II

THE PHYSICAL AND NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS

OF AGRICULTURE.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In the first chapter, concept of agriculture, meaning of agricultural

geography, development of agricultural geography, the approach,

significance of agriculture geography, development of agriculture in

India, objectives, hypothesis, data-base and methodology, review of

literature and organization of the study have been discussed. In the

preceding chapter‟s attempt has been made to study location and

boundaries, historical back-grounds, physiography, climate, drainage, soil

types etc., physical determinants along with this size and distribution of

population, literacy, land ownership and tenure, land-holding, farm-

workers etc cultural determinants of agriculture in the study area.

2.2 LOCATION, BOUNDARIES AND AREA

Nanded district lies in the Godavari Basin and the eastern most

district of Maharashtra. It is situated between 18016‟ to 19

055‟North

latitude and 76056‟ to 78

019‟East longitude.

It is surrounded by Yawatmal district to the north, Andhra Pradesh

state to the east, Karnataka State to the south, Latur district to the south-

west and Parbhani district to the west. (Fig.2.1).

According to 2011 census geographical area of the district is 10502

km2. and its proportion as compare with Maharashtra state is about

3.14%. Out of the total geographical area 211.1km2 (2.01%) and

10298.9km2 (97.99%) area was urban and rural respectively.

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29

According to 2011 census there are 1687 villages in Nanded district.

There are 1310 Grampanchayat and 180 Group Grampanchayat in the

study area.

In 2011 the total population of the district was 35,57,259 and it was

2.95% to the state of Maharashtra. Out of the total population about

51.50% were male population and 48.50% were female population in the

district.

Nanded district is divided into three divisions for the administrative

purpose i.e. Nanded, Deglur, Kinwat tahsils. Nanded, Ardhapur, Mukhed,

Bhokar, Umri, Kandhar and Loha tahsils are included in the

administrative sub-divisions of Nanded, whereas Deglur, Biloli,

Dharmabad,Naigon,Mukhed tahsils are included in Deglur division,

Kinwat, Mahur, Hadgaon and Himayatnagar tahsils are included in

Kinwat administrative division.

At present Nanded, Ardhapur, Mukhed, Mahur, Kinwat,

Himayatnagar, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, Naigaon, Dharmabad, Kandhar,

Loha, Mukhed, and Umri and Deglur are the tahsils of the district. Out of

16 tahsils in the district seven tahsils namely Ardhapur, Mukhed, Mahur,

Himayatnagar, Naigaon, Dharmabad, Umari tahsils are newly formed in

the year 1999.

In the old tahsils comprise Nanded, Deglur, Kinwat, Hadgaon,

Bhokar, Biloli, Mukhed and Kandhar. Loha (Fig.2.1.B) of which on 15th

August, 1992, Loha tahsil is newly created from Kandhar tahsil.

In the second stage of reconstruction of tahsil, (on 26th

June 1999)

Himayatnagar tahsil was newly created from Hadgaon tahsil, Mukhed

tahsil from Nanded tahsil, Mahur tahsil from Kinwat tahsil, Dharmabad

tahsil from Biloli tahsil, Umari tahsil from Bhokar tahsil, whereas in the

third stage on 30th September 1999 Aradhpur tahsil was newly formed

from Nanded and Mukhed tahsils, Naigaon tahsil from Biloli tahsil.

30

The information of newly formed tahsils is not available from

1991-92 to 1998-99, therefore, the study of newly formed tahsils is

included in the old tahsils. Newly formed tahsils are not considered in

this investigation, due to non-availability of data.

2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The name Nanded is derived from its Sanskrit from Nandit tal,

which was so called probably because it comprised the territory on both

sides of the river Nandi. There are several explanations offered for the

origin of the name Nanded given to the Head-quarters of the district. The

bank of the river Godavari where Nandi, the Vahan of Lord Shiva is said

to have performed penance come to be called the Nand tal which later

changed into Nanded. It is also said that Nine Rishis known as Nand

performed penance on the bank of the river Godavari and hence the name

Nand tal. A third explanation is that, it formed the boundary of the tal of

the Nine Nand Rulers of Maghada Empire.

In ancient period, the district was included in Vidarbha Region

along with the modern districts of Amarawati, Akola, Buldana, Yavatmal

and Parbhani. In the same period under the rulers of Bahamani‟s the

district of Nanded formed part of province of Bidar of Telangana. It is

included the towns and districts of Bidar, Kandhar, Indur, Kaulas, Kotigir

and Medhak. A part of Nanded district north of the district River

Godavari and south of Penganga formed part of the province of Berar.

From the excavation in the neighbouring district of Ahmednagar, it is

suggested that Nanded region was also inhabited in the early Stone Age.

With subsequent migration the region went through different rules

formed by the rulers of ancient period, such as Satvahanas, Chalukyas of

Badami, Yadvas of Devgiri etc., mediaeval period i.e. Bahamanis,

31

Nizamshahis, the Mughals and Marathas and modern period, such as

Nizams of Hyderabad and British.

Under the Mughals, Nanded district was roughly composed of two

districts viz. Mahur and Nanded. Nanded was at that time the district

head-quarter. It stated that Mahur district was composed of 20 tahsils and

1141 villages and Nanded district was composed of 30 tahsils and 949

villages. In 1724, the district was passed under the Nizam‟s sovereignty.

More than one third of the district was Jagir area under the Nizam‟s

region. The Nizam‟s own estate was called “sarf-e-khas” which along

with other Jagirs were merged with government area in 1949 under the

Hyderabad, Regulation and the district formed part of the Hyderabad

state.

Consequent upon the integration of sarf-e-khas and jagir area, the

boundaries of all the tahshils were reconstituted in the year 1950. Two

new Mahals were created one with head-quarters at Mukhed and other at

Bhokar with the re-organization of states in 1956, the district Nanded was

transferred from Hyderabad state to Bombay state. The district forms a

part of Maharashtra state since 1st may 1960.

(A) PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is such an economic activity, which manifests the

complex interrelationship between physical and cultural milieu, usually

called geographical environment. It is necessary to pay attention to the

basic relationship between physical determinants and agriculture

(Singh,J. and Dhillon, 1984). Tertiary climate, soils etc., exercise

governing influence on agricultural development. The physical factors

determine the types of crops, the timing of agricultural operations, the

extent of risk involved in agriculture and importance of agriculture. The

32

study of the influence of physical factors upon the nature and distribution

of crops and livestock is of primary importance in agricultural geography.

Nature with its diverse physical characteristics provides of a host of

possibilities for agriculture in different areas man with his prevailing

these opportunities for his preferred economic activities. However, of all

economic activities, agriculture is probably one on which the physical

control is most crucial.

2.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Physiography constitutes the physical environment, which

determine to a large extent agricultural activities. The physical basis

particularly the relief, drainage, climate, and soils play a vital role in

shaping the agriculture. Altitude, slope and drainage pattern exercise both

direct and an indirect influence on agricultural land-use. The direct effect

of terrain operates through elevation, rugged relief and slope. Its indirect

effect is evident in farming by modifying the climate change in soil and

erosion pattern. Therefore, agricultural activities are largely governed by

the physical controls.

According to the height the district is broadly and conveniently divided

into the following three physiographic divisions.(Fig.2.2)

i) The Lowland Region

ii) The Plateau Region

iii) The Hilly Region

I) THE LOWLAND REGION

It covers an area about 1180 km2 of the total geographical area of

the district. The average height of the lowland region is ranging between

150 meters to 300 meters above mean sea level. It lies along the banks of

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34

the river Penganga, the river Godavari and its tributaries. It found mostly

at the northern part of the district. It is noticed mostly in the river

Penganga basin. The lowland is also observed in Godavari river basin, the

Manjara and the Manyad river basins. This region covers about 11.21%

area of the district. The soil in this region is more fertile and has a greater

depth. Hence, rabi crops are grow in addition to the kharif jowar, cotton,

tur, groundnut, sugarcane etc. The rich soils on the banks are used for

intensive cultivation.

II) THE PLATEAU REGION

The part of the district covers an area about 6807 km2 of the total

geographical area of the region. The average height of the plateau region

lies between 300 meters to 450 meters above mean sea level and extends

throughout the study region except hilly and lowland areas. In the

northern part of the Kinwat tahsil, there are isolated hills on the plateau.

Which is known as Satmala Hills, whereas, Balaghat Range is extends in

Mukhed, Kandhar and deglur tahsils. In central part of Mukhed hill is

located in Hadgaon and Bhokar tahsils. The plateau region covered about

64.65% of area of the district. This part of the study area is made up of

gneissic terrain intersected by volcanic plugs of flat-topped plateaus. This

region is clearly distinguished from the other regions by its numbers

tanks with paddy cultivation below them.

III) THE HILLY REGION

Out of the total geographical area of the district, the hilly region

covers 2535 km2 area, where the average height of hilly region is ranging

between 450 meter to 900 meters above mean sea level.

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The hilly region extended in seven tahsils namely Kinwat,

Mukhed, Deglur, Kandhar, Hadgaon, Bhokar and Himayatnagar. It

covers about 24.14% area of the district.

The main trend of the hill is from north-west to south-east in

parallel. The Satmala range is located in north part of the district which is

extended in Mahur and Kinwat tahsils. It enters the district after the gap

cut by the Penganga just west to Mahur. To the south of the Satmala

range the Nirmal range running parallel to Satmala range. The hill to the

south of the River Godavari is known as Balaghat range, which located in

Mukhed, Kandhar and Deglur tahsils. The hill to the south of the River

Godavari is generally low height.

The soils in the hilly region are not as deep as in the western

region. The slopes are covered with extensive dry mixed deciduous forest

with teak as the most valuable species, jowar, cotton, tur, sugarcane and

banans are the important crops grown in the region.

2.5 CLIMATE

Climate is the principal aspect of the physical environment

affecting agriculture (Symon, 1967). It consist of the elements like

temperature, length of growing season, sunlight, frost, fog, moisture

conditions and wind etc. All these elements of weather have direct and

indirect influence on the cropping pattern of a region. The climatic

condition is the primary influents controlling the distribution of

agricultural pattern. There always exists a significant bearing between

climate and crops, because of the limits imposed on crop growth by the

existing natural climatic conditions, which is determine the pattern of

farm activity and crop production. Therefore, there is need for collecting

enough information about climatic elements of the region.

36

The climate of the Nanded district is generally dry except during

the monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The hot

season, begins in March and extends upto the first week of June. This is

followed by the south-east monsoon season, which lasts till the end of

September-October and the first half of November constitute the post-

monsoon season and is followed by the cold season, which lasts upto

February.

I) TEMPERATURE

The agricultural operations and agricultural pattern are closely

influenced by the prevailing temperature conditions of the region. Each

crop plant need a certain number of effective heat units for germination,

growth, maturing and ripening, which called the thermal constant and

various crop to crop. The crucial air temperature is 60C

(Schimper,1903)

at and above which plant growth. It is also known as the crucial limit.

Ideal temperature conditions from crop production are between 18.30C

and 23.90C

. Low temperature can be best permit only a slow growth of

plants. Temperature and moisture constitute the major climatic elements,

which have the greatest significance to agriculture all over the World.

The Meteorological Observatory of the region is located in

Nanded. The description of the temperature and other meteorological

conditions of the region is based on the records of the Metrological

Observatory in the district. However, monthly temperature variations are

noted, which is discussed here.

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Table: 2.1: Nanded District :Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum

Temperature (2011-12)

Sr.No. Month Maximum

Temp.0C

Minimum

Temp.0C

Range of

Temp.0C

1 January 31.4 13.9 17.5

2 February 31.8 15.9 15.9

3 March 36.5 17.6 18.9

4 April 39.9 23.5 18.1

5 May 41.6 25.6 14.3

6 June 33.5 21.0 12.5

7 July 31.1 23.2 7.9

8 August 30.8 23.3 7.5

9 September 29.9 23.0 6.9

10 October 35.3 21.3 14.0

11 November 33.6 16.7 16.9

12 December 31.2 18.6 12.6

Annual Average 33.8 20.3 13.5

(Source: Director, Meteorological Observatory, Nanded)

Table-2.1 reveals that from the beginning of the month of March,

there is rapid rise in both days nights temperature. May is generally the

hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature as about 41.60C

and mean daily minimum at about 25.60C

. The heat during summer is

intense and the Maximum temperature sometime goes upto about 450C

or

460C

. With the onset of the south-west monsoons by about the second

week of June, there is an appreciable drop in temperature and the weather

remains pleasant throughout the south-west monsoon season. (Fig.2.3).

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39

Temperature fluctuates 32.40C

during the rainy season, after which it

gradually comes down. Thereafter, both day and night temperature begins

to decrease. December is generally the coldest month of the year with the

mean maximum temperature at about 310C

. The low temperature is

associated with cold waves. The average range of temperature is recorded

13.80C

in the year 2011-12.

In general temperature remains favourably high the year round,

enabling cultivation of crops without break. It does not vary at time in

different areas of the study region and thus, plays a minor role in areas

variations in its agriculture. But it varies significantly over time and

results in two distinct seasons of winter and rainy associated with these

are the two crops seasons of rabi and kharif respectively.

II) RAINFALL

Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, hail, fog, dew etc. Out of

these, rainfall is the major one. Rainfall is the main determinant in the

choice of the crops and ecological change in types of food-grains. The

agricultural production is controlled by the rainfall. Thus, it may said that

rainfall is the most important climatic factors, as it determines the

potential of any region in terms of crops to be raised, farming system to

be adopted, the nature and sequence of farming operations to be followed

and the target to be achieved in agricultural productivity. The cultivators

are more optimistic about a number of crops, in those seasons, when

moisture receipts are considerably above normal.

Climatically the entire district comes under rain shadow zone. The

average annual rainfall in the study region is about 813 mm.(2011-12)

which is not evenly distributed. Kinwat tehsil receives the highest

rainfall, while Biloli tehsil receives the lowest. In general the amount of

rainfall increases as one proceeds from south-west to north-east. About

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90% of the total annual rainfall is received during the south-west

monsoon season.

A) DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL RAINFALL

The distribution of annual rainfall has been shown in fig.2.4. From

the fig.2.4, it is noticed that northern part of the district receives high

rainfall. Whereas, it is decreases gradually towards the south of the

district. There are wide variations in the amount of rainfall through time

and space. The maximum rainfall is about 1283 mm. at Kinwat in eastern

border of the district, while the minimum amount of rainfall is recorded

703 mm. at Biloli to southern part of the study region. The variation in

the annual rainfall from year to year is quite large due to unpredictable

and erroneous nature of monsoon. The distribution of annual rainfall is

also determined by the physiography of the district. The isohyets present

generally west-east and north-south trend. The nature of distribution of

annual rainfall obviously influenced the cropping pattern. Consequently

crop, which requires high rainfall, can be grown in such tahsils, where

rainfall is high. On the contrary in low rainfall area, those crops can be

grown safely, which need lesser amount of rainfall.

B) SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

Like that of Marathwada region, rainfall in the Nanded district is

inadequate, seasonally concentrated and unreliable. In view of the

fluctuations occurring in rainfall, the year can conveniently be divided

into four seasons.

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I) RAINY SEASON (JUNE TO SEPTEMBER)

About 82% to85% of annual rainfall is received from the south-

west monsoon, month of June, July, August and September. During this

season, district as a whole receives about 82.19% of the annual total

rainfall. August is relatively of maximum rainfall month (Fig.2.5)

throughout the district. The rainfall is heavy, mostly assured and very

much useful for kharif crops. The intensity of rainfall during this season

is important in the context of water availability for rabi crops in the

following seasons-

Table:2.2: Nanded District :The Monthly Average Rainfall, (2011-12)

Sr.No. Month Average rainfall(mm.) Percentage to total

1 January - -

2 February 05 0.61

3 March 07 0.86

4 April 15 1.84

5 May 20 2.46

6 June 137.22 16.87

7 July 140.55 17.28

8 August 234.88 28.89

9 September 155.36 19.15

10 October 70.22 8.63

11 November 18.22 2.24

12 December 9.65 1.17

Total 813 100

(Sources: District revenue Department, Nanded)

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II) POST-MONSOON SEASON (OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER)

This period is climatically transitional. At the end of September

south-west monsoon losses its strength and gives way to the north-east

monsoon, this is associated with cyclones. The district receives about

10.87% of its total and it is useful for rabi crops.

III) WINTER SEASON (DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY)

The district received 1.78% of rainfall in this period. It also

characterized by the irregular cyclonic rainfall.

IV) HOT SUMMER SEASON (MARCH TO MAY)

This season receives an eligible amount of rainfall (5.16%), in this

district, which is associated with thunderstorms. It is very useful for

summer season for irrigated crops i.e. sugarcane, fruits and vegetables

etc. There is very much scarcity of water for irrigation in summer season.

C) COEFFICIENT OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY

The monsoon is noted for its different types of variability‟s in

respect of time and space and these are no fewer problems than the origin

of the south-west monsoon itself (E. Ahmad, 1981, pp.31).The study of

variability of rainfall is essential for the agricultural planning and

irrigation development. It is because most of the agricultural hazards are

associated with the variability of rainfall. Variability refers to variation of

rainfall both sides of the average. The negative variability or failure of

rains is not of much account in areas of heavy of low rainfall. Because in

the heavy rainfall areas, there is always sufficient water available for

growing some crops and the areas of low rainfall there is either provision

of irrigation of farmers raise drought-resistant crops. However, to study

the rainfall variability is great economic importance for Nanded district,

45

where most of the rainfall is concentrated only in rainy season and

farmers are largely depending on rainfall for cultivation. The following

formula is utilized to calculate the coefficient of rainfall variability,

which is-

C.V.= δ

X 100 m

C.V. - Coefficient of rainfall variability

δ - Standard deviation

m - Mean rainfall of the station

The details of the mean annual rainfall and rainfall coefficient of

variation are presented in the table 2.3. In general the variability is high,

where the rainfall is less (Das,1969). The record of the rainfall in the

study region is considered from 1992 to 2010 for the study of rainfall

variability of the district.

Table:2.3: Nanded District :Mean Annual Rainfall and Coefficient of

Rainfall Variability (1992 to 2012)

S.No. Tahsil Mean Annual R.F. Coefficient of Variability (%)

1 Kinwat 991.00 25.00

2 Hadgaon 745.00 33.10

3 Nanded 669.28 35.14

4 Bhokar 867.64 28.42

5 Biloli 540.20 38.54

6 Loha 758.42 34.01

7 Kandhar 777.23 31.80

8 Mukhed 719.54 33.90

9 Deglur 749.00 33.00

(Sources: Computed by Author)

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It is noticed from table 2.3 that coefficient of rainfall variability ranges

from 25% to 38% in the district. The highest coefficient of rainfall

variability was registered in Biloli (38.54%) tehsil and lowest in Kinwat

(25%) tehsil during the period of investigation.

Fig.2.6 shown that the coefficient of rainfall variability of an

selected stations are recorded above 30% except Kinwat and Bhokar

tahsils. However, these two tahsils namely Kinwat and Bhokar come

under jurisdiction of below 30% rainfall variability. Out of nine tahsils

seven tahsil‟s rainfall variability is recorded above 30% during the period

of investigation. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, if

the seasonal coefficient of variability is 30% or more, the rainfall is said

to be of an erratic nature and the region classified as drought-prone

therefore, Nanded, Hadgaon, Biloli, Kandhar, Deglur, Mukhed are falls in

drought-prone-region. It can be concluded from the table 2.3 that the

zones of usually heavy rainfall are the zones of least variability and the

zones of lowest rainfall are the zones of higher variability.

III) OTHER PHENOMENA

A) HUMIDITY

It is one of the prominent elements of weather from the farmer‟s

point of view and plays a significant role in changing agro-climatic

condition from place to place. During the south-west monsoon period, the

air is highly humid, particularly from June to September, when it

recorded more than 70% at 8.30 a.m. and above 65% at 5.30 p.m. During

the rest of the year the humidity is below 25% on the average in the

afternoon. The driest part of the year in the summer season, particularly

April and May, when the humidity is below 15%.

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B) CLOUDINESS

During the rainy season starting from June till September, the skies

are heavily clouded of overcast. Skies are generally clear or lightly

clouded during November to March. Thereafter, cloudiness increases

progressively from May onwards. During the month of January and

February, bright sunshine is experienced in the study region, which is

about 8 to 9 hours. Pale sunshine is observed during August, increases

plant disease particularly vegetables.

C) WINDS

Winds are light to moderate in force with some strengthen during

the period May and August. In the south-west monsoon season, winds are

mainly from direction between south-west to north-east. During the

period of October to December winds blow from north-east to south-west

direction. In the next four months, winds are variable in direction. In the

month of May winds are mostly blowing from west to east direction.

During summer season, dust storms occur occasionally. Thunder-storms

occur during March to October, the highest incidence being in June and

October.

2.6 DRAINAGE PATTERN

Among the physical factors drainage system is one of the important

physical component, which affects directly and indirectly on agricultural

development (Chouhan,T.S.,1987). It combined results of climate,

insolation, precipitation, wind-direction, humidity, rock-types, soils and

human activities etc. An availability of water depends on the nature of

drainage system and climate. The Godavari, the Penganga, the Manjara

and the Manyad are the main rivers of the district.(Fig.2.7)

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50

A) THE GODAVARI RIVER

The river Godavari is the significant river of the district. The

Godavai has its source in the Sahyadri range near Tryambakeshwar in

Nashik district. It enters in the district from western side and flows

towards the south-east from north-east for a distance of about 140 km.

through the study region. After leaving the Nanded district, it enters into

Andhra Pradesh state. The banks and bed of the Godavari are often rocky,

but more frequently the banks are covered with alluvium and the bed

sometimes contains sand to a great depth. The River Godavari is the main

source of irrigation of the district. Irrigation facilities have been

developed in Nanded, Mukhed, Biloli, Loha and Deglur tahsils of the

district. The Asna, the Siddha, the Sita are important left bank tributaries

of the Godavari. The Asna runs for about 20 km. through the district and

joins the Godavari about 8 km. east of Nanded city. The Sita River runs

for a distance of about 12 km. through the district and joins Godavari to

the east of Asna.

B) THE MANJARA RIVER

The Manjara is the most important right bank tributary of the

Godavari. The river Manjara forms district boundary to the south-east of

the district about 40 km. upto its confluence with Godavari. The Manar

and Lendi are important tributaries of the Manjara. The Manyad rises

near Dharmpuri in Beed district and it enters in Nanded district flowing

towards the north-east direction. To the south of Kandhar it flows in a

south-east direction and joins the Manjara. Lendi along with its tributary

Tiru flows in southern part of the district in Mukhed tahsil in west-east

direction. It flows upto few distance in southern boundary of district and

turn to north direction in Deglur tehsil and lastly it confluence with the

Manjara. Maharashtra and Andhra state combine built an irrigation

51

project on this river. The irrigation project is built near Gonegaon in

Mukhed tehsil. The main objective of this project was too brought about

15710 hectares of cultivated land under irrigation in Mukhed and Deglur

tahsils.

C) THE PENGANGA RIVER

The Penganga River rises in the Ajantha range a little to the south-

west of Buldhana town. It is a major tributary of the Wardha drainage

system and drains the northern part of the district. The river is deeply

entrenched and has a meandering course. The Penganga forms the

northern district boundary throughout its long sinuous course. The river

changes twice from one longitudinal valleys to a parallel longitudinal

valley northwards by making big „S‟ shaped curves. The Kayadhu River

enters in the district from the north-west. It flows towards north-east and

joins the Penganga.

The Penganga is the largest river (286.40 km.) of the district,

followed by the Godavari (140.98 km.) and the Manyad (122.69 km.)

rivers. The Sita runs only 12.87 km. distance in the district. The Lendi,

the Manjara and the Asna also run shorter distance in the study region.

2.7 SOILS

Soil is the significant physical aspect, affecting on agriculture and

the structure of farming system. The main functions of the soils, from an

agricultural point of view, are to give mechanical support to plant and

store and supply the required nutrients and water for plant growth. These

functions of the soils depend on its physical, chemical and biological

characteristics. Among physical properties texture and structure are very

important which determining such characteristics of soil as water

absorbing and retentive capacity and movement of air and water,

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chemical and biological properties determine its fertility status. All these

properties vary with parent rocks, relief, state of development of soils etc.

There are wide variations in all these elements, various soil groups are

found in the district. Among them following are significant from the point

of view of their areal extent.

The geographical investigation of soils characteristics is of great

significance to agricultural geographers. Soil plays a significant a

significant role in the economy of region. Soil constitutes the physical

base for any agricultural activity. Farming is a business and good soil is a

part of the farmer‟s stock in trade (Singh and Dhillon, 1987). Good soils

are good to the extent that man makes judicious use of them, man gets

nearly all of his food from the soils, less than one percent of what he eats

being fish (Pearson and Harper, 1945).

The soil characteristics, particularly the physical help us to know

about the crops and selection of soils for specific crops, this may be

called the selective rather than the prohibitive influence of soils. The soils

of a region are mostly derived from the „Deccan Trap‟ which is the

predominant rock formation of the study region. The calcium carbonate

and clay elements of the soils are high but show wide variation. The soils

of the study region can be classified as (Fig.2.8)

i) Coarse Shallow Soil

ii) Medium Deep Black Soil

iii) Deep Black Soil

I) COARSE SHALLOW SOIL

In the hilly regions of soils are shallow and not very much

agriculturally fertile. Such types are soils are observed in Hadgaon,

Bhokar, Kinwat, Kandhar, Mukhed, and Deglur tahsils. This soil is

inferior in quality. They are sandy-loam and underlay with murmur sub-

soil is quickly reached, they are also called murbad. Its depth is found

53

upto 23.5 cm. The colour of the soil is light brown to reddish. This type

of soil is alkane in character. The moisture containing capacity of this soil

is very less. This soil is used mostly for the cultivation of kharif crops.

II) MEDIUM DEEP BLACK SOIL

Medium Deep Black Soil covers most of the areas of the district. It

is found in Nanded, Biloli, Mukhed, Deglur, Bhokar, Hadgaon and north-

western part of Kinwat tahsils. The depth of soils ranges between 23.5

cm. to 45.00 cm. and the colour of the soil is dark brown to black.

Whereas, the texture of this soil varies from silty loam to clay loam.

Kharif as well as rabi crops are cultivated in the soils.

III) DEEP BLACK SOIL

Deep black soils are confined to the valleys of rivers and streams.

The best black soils are found in a narrow strip of land on the banks of

the Godavari and its tributaries. The soils of Nanded tehsil is mainly rich,

black, fertile, alluvial soil. Rice, cotton, bananas, chilies and jowar are the

main crops grown here. In Biloli tahsil fertile soil is found along the

banks of the Godavari, Manjara, and Manar rivers. The soil in Hadagaon

tehsil is deep and fertile especially along the river bank. The depth of the

soil is more than 45 cm. Both kharif and rabi crops are cultivated in this

type of soil. Irrigation is found developed in the areas of deep soil.

Agricultural productivity is also more in this type of soil.

Overall, the farming factors, topography shows a dominating

influence on soil variation in the district. The spatial pattern of the soils in

the district is very complex, due to the uneven relief structure and number

of streams and rivers flowing through the district.

54

55

2.8 NATURAL VEGETATIONS

The vegetation of any region is composed of a collection of

number of plants belong to few or many different species. The natural

vegetation is commonly used to describe the natural plant‟s growth as

distinct from the cultivated plants growth. The distinct is characterized by

variation in elevation, temperature and rainfall, thereafter; there is

variation in the types of natural vegetation in the region. Much of the

forest cover in this region has been depleted due to the growing pressure

of population, some forest lands were converted into agricultural land and

some were denuded of vegetation and soil. However, some valuable

forest has been conserved in Kinwat and Bhokar tahsils of the district.

The district has two types of forests, namely-

i) Reserved forests

ii) Protected forests

Various types of forests cover about 81748 hectares of area, which

constitutes about 7.91 %( 2012) of the total area of the district.

Ordinarily, one third to one fourth of the total area should be under

forests. Forest plays vital role to keep the environmental balance and

provides wood for making farm implements. Roots of the trees absorb

much of rain water and use it slowly during dry season. The cover of

natural vegetation acts as rain holder and rain banker. It plays an

important role in the prevention and control of soil erosion by water and

wind. The fallen leaves of trees provide humus to soils after their

decomposing. In this way natural vegetation helps in increasing the

fertility of soils.

The important species in the study region are teak, khair, bamboo,

dhavada, salai and tembhurni etc., whereas, number of mix trees are

noticed in lowland cultivated area, such as neem, pipal, babhul, mango

etc. Apart from this scrub vegetation occurs over extensive areas.

56

Scattered patches of forests are noticed in Nanded, Bhokar, Hadgaon and

Kandhar tahsils. Woods obtained from the forest s mainly used for

making agricultural implements.

Out of the total geographical area of the district about 8.97%

(92700 hectares) area was under forest during 1991-92, as against 7.91%

(81748 hectares) in the year 2011-12. Whereas, 1.06% of decrease was

registered under forest area from 1991-92 to 2011-12. Wherein

Maharashtra area under forest was marked 17.46% to total geographical

area in same period. The review of changes in forest area in study region

during the period of investigation is briefly presented in table 2.4.

Table 2.4 reveals the tehsil-wise distribution of forest area in the

district during the period 1991-92 and 2011-12. Tahsil-wise distribution

of forest area is marked uneven during the period of investigation. During

the 1991-92, the highest percent of area is under forest was found in

Kinwat (28.47%) tahsil and lowest in Biloli (0.94%) tahsil. Out of the

total geographical area below district average (8.97%) are under forest

was observed in seven tahsils, namely Hadgaon(7.79%), Nanded(1.9%),

Biloli(0.94%), Loha(1.60%), Kandhar(1.97%), Mukhed(3.53%), and

Deglur(1.33%) tahsils, whereas, above district average forest area was

noticed in Kinwat and Bhokar tahsil in the same year.

In the year 2011-12, Kinwat tahsil (26.56%) again ranks first and

Deglur tahsil (1.38%) ranks last in area under forest. While Hadgaon,

Nanded, Bhokar, Biloli, Loha, Kandhar, Mukhed tahsils were marked

7.22%, 1.86%, 12.17%, 2.28%, 2.77%, 3.46%, 3.05% area under forest

respectively. Negative average in forest area was experienced in five

tahsils, namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Nanded, Bhokar and Mukhed tahsils

from 1991-92 and 2011-12, whereas, positive change in forest area was

noticed in Loha, Biloli, Kandhar, and Deglur tahsils in the same period.

57

Table:2.4: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Change in Forest area

(From-1991-92 and 2011-12)

Sr.

No.

Name of

tahsil

Area under Forest

Volume of

change in (%)

1991-92 2011-12

Hectare % Hectare %

1 Kinwat 57300 28.47 53460 26.56 -1.91

2 Hadgaon 11900 7.79 11028 7.22 -0.57

3 Nanded 1900 1.90 1868 1.86 -0.04

4 Bhokar 13795 12.75 13171 12.17 -0.58

5 Biloli 1385 0.94 3378 2.28 1.34

6 Loha 1300 1.60 2254 2.77 1.17

7 Kandhar 1600 1.91 2806 3.46 1.49

8 Mukhed 3300 3.53 2852 3.05 -0.48

9 Deglur 900 1.33 931 1.38 0.05

District

Total

92700 8.97 81748 7.91 -1.06

(Sources: Computed by the Researcher from Socio-economic Review of

Nanded District)

(B) NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE

The role of non-physical factors in agricultural development is very

significant. There are numerous non-physical factors such as socio-

cultural, economic, political, technological and infrastructural which also

determine the agricultural land use, cropping pattern and agricultural

process. Of these factors population growth, density of population, land

tenancy, system of ownership, size of holding, capital, level of

technological development, accessibility to market etc., have a close

impact on agricultural activities. To understand the pattern of agricultural

development in the study region, the following non-physical determinants

are considered by researcher.

58

2.9 POPULATION

Man gets nearly all his food from the soil, less than 1% of what he

eats being fish (Pearson and Harper,1945). Thus landuse gets modified

based on the needs of population. Population growth and literacy are

instrumental in bringing about agricultural change in agrarian society.

Hunger makes men willing to work and new ideas give them incentive for

action. The physical attributes of an area became resources, only when it

people are able to use them. The relationship between population and

landuse is close. Therefore, growth of population, density of population

etc., are considered in the context of agriculture in the district.

I) GROWTH OF POPULATION

The growth of population may be approached just by taking into

consideration the next growth of population over the basic year. The

growth of population has been taken into consideration for the last five

decades that is for 1951-2011.

GROWTH RATE

The actual growth rate of specific decade is obtained by dividing

the difference between the population of two decades and multiplying it

with 100 as under-Formula;

R = Pn-Po

X 100 Po

Where,

R - Growth rate

Pn - Population of current year

Po - population of base year

100 - is for percentage value

59

60

Table 2.5 reveals that the trend of general, rural and urban population

growth rates vary from rural to urban area during the span of 60 years

(1951-2011). The trend of general population growth rate and rural

population growth rate by and large are lower than the urban growth rate,

(Fig.2.9) except during 1951-61 periods. But there are remarkable ups

and downs in the urban population growth rates since 1951-2011.

The general Population growth rate and rural population growth

rates have been gradually increasing upto the year 1991. Only 1971-81

and 1991-2011 decades showed reverse trends. The trend of general

population growth was increased by 7.27% during the decade of 1961-71,

during 1971-81, it was decreased by 4.26%, wherein 1981-91, it was

increased by 8.02% and it was decreased by 9.64% in 2001.

Rural population was decreased by 5.08% during 1971-81. It was

increased in 1991 by 6.73% as compared to 199. Urban population

growth was low in 1951 (12.23%). The highest urban population growth

rate was noticed in 1991 and it was 54.57. The growth rate of urban

population was decreased by 18.68% in 2001 as compared to 1991. The

growth rate of urban population was marked 39.20% and 18.70%

respectively in 2011.

Table 2.6 shows that district had 64.45% of growth rate of

population from 1991-2011. Thus, spatial pattern of growth rate of

population varies enormously within the district. Nanded tahsil

(104.89%) registered highest growth rate, while Bhokar tahsil (42.66%)

marked lowest population growth rate during 1991-2011. The rate of

growth in Nanded tahsil is above the district average and remaining all

tahsils had below district average growth rate. Population growth of

Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, Kandhar, Mukhed and Deglur tahsils

were 49.45%, 50.61%,42.66%, 51.41%, 56.79%,54.79% and 54.32%

respectively.

61

Table: 2.5: Nanded District :The Growth Rate of Population

(From 1951 to 2011)

Sr.No. Decade Population Growth rate (%)

General Rural Urban

1 1951-1961 22.17 24.03 12.23

2 1961-1971 29.44 26.62 46.15

3 1971-1981 25.18 21.54 43.86

4 1981-1991 33.20 28.27 54.57

5 1991-2001 23.56 19.90 35.89

6 2001-2011 22.10 18.70 30.20

(Source: Compiled by the Researcher)

II) SPATIAL PATTERN OF POPULATION GROWTH.

Fig.2.10 indicates that below 50% growth rate of population was

found in three tahsils namely, Hadgaon (50.00%), Kinwat(49.45%), and

Bhokar(42.66%) tahsils during the period under consideration. All these

three tahsils are located in north-eastern side of the district. About 50% to

60% growth rate of population was experienced in Kandhar(56.79%),

Mukhed(54.79%), Deglur(54.32%) and Biloli(51.45%) tahsils. These

four tahsils were located extreme south of the study region. Above 60%

population growth rate was marked only in Nanded tahsil during 1981-

2001.

III) SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The density of population follows the pattern of rainfall and

irrigation facilities, which are two major determining factors in the

agricultural landscape. The term density of population refers to a ratio

between population and land area. Thus, it is measure of the degree of

population concentration.

62

63

Generally, it is expressed in term of number of persons per unit of area.

However, the density of population is expressed in different ways to

understand the population resource relationship. These ratios have been

designated as rural, crude, physiological, agricultural and caloric density.

For district as a whole and tahsil level varies density of population

calculated for the decadal years of 1991 and 2011. It is represented in the

table 2.7.

Table:2.6:Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Population Growth-rate During

1991-2011.

Sr.No. Tahsil Growth rate in Percentage

1 Kinwat 49.45

2 Hadgaon 50.00

3 Nanded 104.89

4 Bhokar 42.66

5 Biloli 51.43

6 Loha N.A.

7 Kandhar 56.79

8 Mukhed 54.79

9 Deglur 54.32

District Total 64.45

(Sources: Socio-economic Abstract of Nanded District (1981-2001)

N.A.- Data Not available

A) RURAL DENSITY

Rural density is calculated on the basis of the total rural land and

rural population, irrespective of the land‟s suitability for agriculture, is of

limited value. Rural density of population is calculated with the help of

following formula-

Rural Density = Total Rural Population

X 100 Total Rural Land

64

The rural density of population for the year 1991 was 177 persons per

sq.km., which is much lower than the total density of the district as a

whole. The lowest rural density was noticed in Kinwat(107) tahsil and

highest in Nanded(257) tahsil. Fig.2.11A reveals that below 175 rural

density per sq.km. was registered in three tahsils namely, Kinwat(107),

Hadgaon(161) and Bhokar(163) tahsils. About 175 to 225 rural density

per sq.km. was found in Deglur(201), Mukhed(220), and Kandhar(198)

tahsils during 1991. Above 225 rural density per sq.km.(Table:2.7) was

experienced in Nanded(257), and Biloli(213) tehsil during the same

period.

Table-2.7: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Different Types of Densities

(1991-2011.)

S.

N.

Name

of Tahsil

Different Densities

Rural density Crude density Physiological

density

1991 2011 1991 2011 1991 2011

1 Kinwat 107 138 117 149 277 263

2 Hadgaon 161 188 169 203 236 278

3 Nanded 257 760 567 770 719 1094

4 Bhokar 163 178 170 188 234 277

5 Biloli 213 234 234 267 280 366

6 Loha N.A 233 N.A 252 N.A 385

7 Kandhar 198 233 216 252 474 357

8 Mukhed 220 237 234 256 293 353

9 Deglur 201 220 251 290 320 369

District

Average

177 212 222 273 322 400

Continued….

65

Table-2.7: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Different Types of Densities

(1991-2011.)

S.

N.

Name

of Tahsil

Different Densities

Agricultural density Caloric density

1991 2011 1991 2011

1 Kinwat 88 85 205 243

2 Hadgaon 98 95 203 230

3 Nanded 172 126 298 334

4 Bhokar 87 83 194 220

5 Biloli 100 101 246 286

6 Loha N.A 104 N.A 265

7 Kandhar 122 98 244 284

8 Mukhed 100 96 343 157

9 Deglur 102 80 215 238

District

Average

108 96 234 264

(Sources: computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of Nanded

District, 1991 and 2011),N.A.=Data Not Available.

In the year 2011, the rural density of population for district as

whole was 212 persons per sq.km. It was highest in the Nanded (760)

tehsil and lowest in Kinwat(138) tehsil. During the year 2011, three

tahsils consists of Kinwat, Hadgaon and Bhokar tahsils have shown rural

density of population are below the district (212), whereas, remaining

tahsils have recorded rural density above the district as a whole

(Fig.2.11B). The agricultural prosperity and other economic allied

economic activities are responsible for the high rural density of

population for different tahsils of the Nanded District.

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67

B) CRUDE DENSITY

Crude density is nothing but it is man and land ratio and expressed

as number of persons per sq.km. It is computed by dividing total

population by total geographical area. Therefore, for the present study of

crude density following form was fitted-

Crude Density = Total Population of the Region

X 100 Total Geographical area of the region

The highest crude density was recorded in Nanded(567) tahsil and

lowest in Kinwat(117) tehsil in the year 1991. The average district crude

density was marked 222 persons per sq.km. during the same year.

Fig.2.12A depicts that below 175 persons per sq.km. was observed in

Kinwat(117), Hadgaon(169) and Bhokar(170) tahsils. About 175 to 250

persons per sq.km. was experienced in Biloli(234), kandhar(210), and

Mukhed(204) tahsils during 1991. Above 250 persons per sq.km. was

found in Deglur(251), and Nanded(267) tahsils during the same decade.

In the year 2011, below 200 persons per sq.km. was experienced in

Kinwat(149), and Bhokar(188) tehsil, while 200 to 250 persons per

sq.km. was registered in six tahsils namely, Hadgaon(203), Loha(252),

kandhar(252), Mukhed(256), and Deglur(290) tahsils during the same

decade. Above 250 persons per sq.km. was marked only in Nanded(770)

tehsil(Fig.2.12B).

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69

C) PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY

Physiological density of population was worked out by dividing

total population by five years average of net sown area. This density is

calculated by following formula-

Physiological

Density =

Total Population of the Region X 100

Five year average of Net Sown Area

Fig.2.13A revealed that physiological density of district was 322

persons per sq.km. during the year 1991. Hadgaon(236), and Bhokar(234)

are found in the rage under 250. While the range 250 to 350 is observed

in Kinwat(277), Biloli(280), Deglur(320) and Mukhed(293) tahsils in the

year 1991. Whereas, the range of 350 and above comprised in

Kandhar(474), and Nanded(719) tahsils (see table-2.7)

In the year 2011, two tahsils have changed their range. Kinwat

tahsil changed range from 250 to 300, while Kandhar tehsil shifted from

350 and above to 300-400. Fig.2.13B depicts that below 300 persons per

sq.km. was found in KInwat(263), Hadgaon(278) and Bhokar(277)

tahsils, while 300 to 400 persons per sq.km. was registered in

Deglur(369), Mukhed(353), Kandhar(357) and Loha(385) tahsils in the

year 2011. Above 400 persons per sq.km. was found in Nanded(1094)

tahsil during the same year.

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71

D) AGRICULTURAL DENSITY

Agricultural density is nothing but it is the ratio between

agricultural population and net sown area or total cultivated area. It is

calculated with the help of following formula-

Agricultural

Density =

Agricultural labour + Cultivators X 100

Five year average of Net Sown Area

According to the table 2.7, average district agricultural density per

sq.km. was 108 in 1991 and it was decreased upto 96 persons per

sq.km.in 2011. The Nanded tehsil represents the highest value of

agricultural density due to relatively low percentage of people engaged in

the cultivation. Table 2.7 shows that the tahsils which show higher

agricultural density than the district average are Nanded and Kandhar etc.

tahsils. This clearly shows that in such tahsils, the ratio between man and

land is higher due to enough availability of land for agriculture. Besides,

the region showing lower agricultural density than the district average,

where the proportion of the agricultural land due to physical constrain is

relatively low, such tahsils Kinwat Deglur, etc.

Fig.2.14A shows that below 100 persons per sq.km. was registered

in five tahsils namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, and Mukhed

tahsils in 1991. About 100 to 120 persons per sq.km. was marked only in

Deglur tehsil, where above 120 persons per sq.km. was registered in

Kandhar and Nanded tahsils during the same year.

Change in agricultural density during two decade is depicted in the

adjoining fig.2.14B. It is noticed that below 90 persons per sq. km. was

recorded in Deglur, Bhokar and Kinwat tahsils while about 90 to 100

persons per sq. km. was marked in Mukhed, Kandhar and Hadgaon

tahsils in 2011. Above 100 persons per sq.km. was registered in Loha and

Nanded tahsils during the same period.

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E) CALORIC DENSITY

Caloric density means the ratio between rural population and total

food cropped area. The caloric density is calculated with the help of

following formula-

Caloric Density = Total Rural population of the Region

X 100 Five year average of Cropped Area

Fig.2.15A shows that there was 234 persons per sq.km. in the study

area(1991). Below 225 persons per sq.km. was recorded in Bhokar,

Hadgaon and Kinwat tahsils and about 225 to 250 persons per sq.km. was

registered in Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils in the year 1991. Above 250

persons per sq.km. was experienced in Mukhed and Nanded tahsils

during the same year.

Fig.2.15B depicts that below 250 persons per sq.km. was marked

in Deglur, Mukhed, Kinwat and Hadgaon tahsils in 2011. About 250 to

300 persons per sq.km. was found in Kandhar and Loha tahsils and

above 300 persons per sq.km. was marked only in Nanded tahsil during

the same year.

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2.10 LITERACY

Literacy is many times considered as a fairly relevant index of the

agricultural development of the region. But there is no evident

relationship between education and agricultural development. The role of

education of farmers influencing their innovative allocates and in

assessing the needs of modernizing the agriculture cannot be overlooked.

The education plays a vital role in the building up of knowledge and

diffusion of agricultural innovations.

The percentage of literates‟ total rural population in the district has

gone up from 42.49% in 1991 to 65.28% in 2011 (see table 2.8). There is

wide spatial variation in proportion of literate people in rural area. It is as

high as 46.69% in Hadgaon and as low as 38.17% in Bhokar tehsil in

1991. Literacy lower than the district average was registered in Bhokar,

Biloli, Mukhed, and Deglur tahsils(Fig.2.16A).

Table:2.8: Nanded District :Rural Literacy Rate (1991-2011)

Sr.No. Name of Tahsil Rural Literacy Rate (%) Volume of

change 1991 2001

1 Kinwat 43.23 68.79 25.56

2 Hadgaon 46.69 65.26 18.57

3 Nanded 44.12 65.22 21.10

4 Bhokar 38.17 62.29 24.12

5 Biloli 39.97 61.23 21.26

6 Loha N.A. 67.21 67.21

7 Kandhar 43.65 66.76 23.11

8 Mukhed 41.24 65.65 24.41

9 Deglur 40.43 62.36 21.93

District 42.49 65.28 22.79

(Source: Computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of

Nanded District, 1991 and 2011)

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These are determined either by scheduled tribes of scheduled castes, who

have lowest literacy. The average literacy for the district was 65.28% for

the year 2011, being highest for the Kinwat(68.79%) tehsil, while lowest

was for Biloli (61.23%) tehsil. There are only four tahsils that shows

higher percentage of literates than the district average, these are Kinwat,

Kandhar, Loha, and Mukhed. Rest of other tahsils represents low

percentage of literates than the district average in the year

2011(Fig.2.16B). All tahsils are marked positive change in all literacy

rate of the study region.

On the whole, the prevalence of illiteracy not only narrows the

outlook of the people, but also restricts the tendency of interaction and

diffusion and has created cultural diversities.

2.11 PATTERNS OF OWNERSHIP

Land ownership influence the mode of development in several

ways (L.Symons,1968,pp-65-66), such as the incentives for planning for

development and period of occurring benefit from them, right of

utilization of soils, capital, access to credit, loan and many more

opportunities, nature and amount of capital investment and after an right

of transfer of land depend on nature of regime of ownership.

The position of a person in rural social organization is directly

related with the amount of land in his possession. Size and ownership of

operational holdings determine the use of inputs and efficiency of farms.

Several yield raising technologies have been made available, but they are

not neutral to size and hence they are not within reach of every peasant.

Being capital intensive the use of these technologies and inputs depends

with other things, on the capacity of farmers. In turn, this capacity

depends on size of holdings.

78

Size distribution of ownership holdings is furnished in table 2.9.

Tendency status of farmers is closely associated with holding size

categories. Thus, size of class below one hectare holdings are mostly of

labourers. The size of class ranges from one hectare to ten and above ten

hectares are occupied by who according to farmers are normally small

owners tilling their own land themselves, most of the large holding to

proprietor, who either cultivate his own land by engaging labours.

The nature and intensity of land use differ appreciable with size

distribution of ownership holdings. Table 2.9 shows that 1992-93, the

lowest group (owning upto 0.5 hectare of land) consisting of 8.33% of

households, accounted for only 1.18% of area owned. In 2011-12, the

same group consisting of 6.70% of households, account for 1.34% share

of land, which indicates that marginal (less than 1.0 hectare) farmers

share in number of holding has decreased but their relative share in area

has slightly increase in the year 2011-12.

The small holding farmers (1.0 to 2.0) hectare) group consisting of

35.04% of households and accounted about 24.88% of area owned during

1992-93. On the contrary, in 2011-12 the same groups consisting of

28.18% households and are decreased and their share in area has

increased during the period of investigation. The small holdings farmers

have impossible to do improvement of land and soil fertility, because

such farmers neither can save surplus not have access to institutional

credit and it is fact also (J.Harriss,1979) that “Green Revolution”

benefited the rich pleasantry with large holdings.

79

Table: 2.9: Nanded District :Size Distribution of Ownership Holdings

(1991-92 and 2011-12)

Size Class of

Ownership Holdings

(hectares)

% of Households % of Area Owned

1991-1992 2011-2012 1991-1992 2011-2012

Upto 0.5 8.33 6.70 1.18 1.34

0.5 to 1.0 18.14 14.59 6.43 7.27

1.0 to 2.0 35.04 28.18 24.28 27.44

2.0 to 5.0 31.85 44.94 44.55 37.36

5.0 to 10.0 6.23 5.01 19.26 21.76

10.0 to 20.0 0.65 0.52 3.83 4.33

Above 20 0.03 0.02 0.43 0.48

Continued….

Table: 2.9: Nanded District :Size Distribution of Ownership Holdings

(1991-92 and 2011-12)

Size Class of

Ownership Holdings

(hectares)

Cumulative % of

Households

Cumulative % of area

owned

1991-1992 2011-2012 1991-1992 2011-2012

Upto 0.5 8.33 6.70 1.18 1.34

0.5 to 1.0 26.47 21.29 7.61 8.61

1.0 to 2.0 61.51 49.47 31.89 36.05

2.0 to 5.0 93.36 94.41 76.44 73.41

5.0 to 10.0 99.32 99.42 95.70 95.17

10.0 to 20.0 99.97 99.98 99.57 99.52

Above 20 100 100 100 100

(Source: Computed by Author)

The largest group owning more than 10 hectares accounting for

0.68% of households in 1991-92, claimed 4.23% of land owned. In 2011-

12, the same group 0.54% of households clamed 4.81% of owned land,

which shows that over the period, largest group‟s share in number of

80

holdings has decreased but their relative share in area has increased

during the period of investigation.

Although, it is difficult to find out, how far the changes in land

distribution across size classes shown in table :2.9 were due to land

reform measures or due sub-divisions of land among family members,

either due to inheritance or due to circumventing of land ceiling laws, the

fact of matter is that the relative position of large farmers in rural

economy of study area has slightly declined somewhat, relative share in

area has slightly improved, whereas, leaving some more area of land in

the hand as small and medium(4-10 hectares size of land.) land holders.

2.12 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND FINANCE

Credit agencies or societies play an important role in the provision

of finance to farmers. Majority of the villages in Nanded district have co-

operative credit societies. All the farmers make their decisions on the

basis of capital available to them. The market oriented crops require more

capital for getting higher returns. Whereas, in past money lenders were

the primary sources of agricultural finance and they were either land lords

or village business man. Where the interest rates were high and the

farmers were always in debt. However, 1951 co-operative movement has

spread and hold of money lenders has declined. The co-operative

movement has constructed a network of co-operative societies in the

district. Table 2.10 shows the position of agricultural credit societies in

the district, as on 31st of March 1992 and 2012. It is noticed that numbers

of agricultural credit societies are increasing gradually in recent time.

81

Table: 2.10: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Distribution of Agricultural

Co-operative Credit Societies (As on 31st March 1992 and 2012.)

Name of

Tahsil

No. of Agr.

Credit

Societies

Total Member of

Agr. Credit

Societies

Loan Advances

outstanding

in Rs. (000)

1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012

Kinwat

%

119

12.47

121

12.22

89429

14.36

69926

13.43

22556

3.57

119732

7.68

Hadgaon

%

96

10.06

99

10.00

50640

12.14

63258

12.15

93980

14.91

191405

12.29

Nanded

%

124

12.99

128

12.92

50102

12.11

66172

12.71

109427

17.36

177305

11.38

Bhokar

%

108

11.32

112

11.11

51020

12.33

60170

11.56

46220

7.33

183200

11.76

Biloli

%

164

17.99

169

17.07

50337

12.16

84992

16.33

95884

15.21

209681

13.46

Loha

%

90

9.43

94

9.49

35663

8.62

42874

8.24

102746

16.30

180041

11.56

Kandhar

%

77

8.01

82

8.28

34536

8.34

36.86

6.93

76651

12.16

166750

10.70

Mukhed

%

95

9.95

100

10.10

39901

9.64

41752

8.02

45419

7.20

122681

14.61

Deglur

%

81

8.49

85

8.58

47072

11.37

55072

10.58

37272

5.91

100970

6.48

District

%

954

100

990

100

413700

100

520302

100

630160

100

1557195

100

(Source: Computed by Author) Continued…

Table: 2.10 : Nanded District Tahsil-wise Distribution of Agricultural Co-

operative Credit Societies (As on 31st march 1992 and 2012.)

Name of Tahsil Loan Advances in Rs. (000) Recovery in (%)

1992 2012 1992 2012

Kinwat

%

30152

3.04

216965

8.60

74.8

-

55.2

-

Hadgaon

%

106341

10.15

410166

16.26

88.4

-

46.7

-

Nanded

%

351630

35.54

352815

13.99

31.1

-

50.5

-

Bhokar

%

60145

6.08

320309

12.70

76.8

-

57.2

-

82

Biloli

%

101954

10.30

465320

18.45

94.1

-

45.1

-

Loha

%

115842

11.71

276897

10.37

88.7

-

65.1

-

Kandhar

%

97352

9.84

167576

6.64

78.7

-

99.5

-

Mukhed

%

52508

5.30

288111

4.86

86.5

-

53. 8

-

Deglur

%

73279

7.40

189151

7.50

50.9

-

53.4

-

District

%

989203

100

2521880

100

63.7

-

61.7

-

(Source: Computed by Author)

However, there is increasing trend in respect of their memberships. It is

however, discouraging to note that with increased advances over 2012 to

1992, the amount of overdue is also increasing year by year for farmers.

Table 2.10 reveals that the tahsil-wise variations are not uniform in

the district. Number of agricultural credit societies are more in Biloli

tahsil (164 in 1992 and 169 in 2012) and lowest in Kandhar (77 in 1992

and 82 in 2012) tahsil during the period of investigation. However, their

membership are more in Kinwat(13.43%) and Biloli(16.33%) tahsils in

the year 1992 and 2012 respectively. Whereas, lowest number of

members are recorded in Kandhar (8.34%) during the same period.

In loan advances Biloli tahsil(18.45%) is ranking first, whereas,

Mukhed(4.86%) tehsil is least in 2010. In the year 1992, Nanded(35.54%)

tahsil is ranking first and Kinwat(3.04%) tahsil is last. Highest loan

recovery is experienced in Biloli(94.04%) tehsil in 1992, as against

Kandhar(99.50%) tahsil in the year 2012. Whereas, in Nanded(31.11%)

and Biloli(45.06%) tahsils are noticed lowest loan recovery during the

year 1992 and 2012 respectively. On the whole, the district as whole,

63.70% and 61.74% recovery is registered during the period of

investigation.

83

2.13 TRANSPORTION

Transport facilities have great impact on the location and intensity

of farming systems (Duckham and Masefield, 1971), whatever, a farmer

produce at his farm he has to sell a certain portion of his produce in the

market to obtain a fair remuneration. These are needed for an efficient

transport system so that, goods may be speedily transported from

producer to buyer. Dairy and market gardening commodity demands

cheap, efficient and quick transport facilities, changes in transport costs

have resulted in changes in enterprise location of fruits farming (Stamp,

1943). It has brought about an extension of the margins of cultivation

together with a tendency towards greater regional specialization

(Chisholm, 1962)

The district has a road length of 95 kms. per 100 sq.km. in the year

2011-12. Among the various means of transportation facilities, the road

network plays a vital role, since it provides door to door service. While

other means of transportation such as railways etc. don‟t serve this

purpose. Table 3.11 shows that total length of transport system was 8262

kms. in 1992. Of which highest share was noticed under village road

(42.01%) during 1992.

During 1992 the share of various transport system was registered

as National highways0.63%, State highways15.38%, Major district

roads19.66%, other district roads9.68%, village roads 42.01%, while

other village roads and railways have 10.13% and 2.51% share

respectively.

In the year 2012, it is found that total length of transport system of

district was increased about 1789 kms. from 1992 to 2012. From table

2.11 it is observed that village road marked highest share (41.96%),

followed by major district roads (20.92%), other district roads (12.08%),

State highways (11.49%), and other village roads (10.50%).

84

Table-2.11: Nanded District: Transportation System

(1991-92 to 2011-2012)

Sr.

No

Types of

Transportation

Length in Kilometers

1991

-92 Total

2011

-12

% to

total

Volume of

change (%)

1 Railways 208 2.51 208 2.06 -0.45

2 National Highways 50 0.63 96.00 0.95 0.32

3 State Highways 1271 15.38 1155 11.49 -3.89

4 Major District Roads 1625 19.66 2103 20.92 1.26

5 Other District Roads 800 9.68 1215 12.08 2.4

6 Village Roads 3471 42.01 4218 41.96 -0.05

7 Other Village Roads 837 10.13 1056 10.50 0.31

8 Total Length 8262 100 10051 100 -

(Source: Socio-economic Review of Nanded District)

Both positive and negative changes were noticed in the length of

transport system of district. Highest positive change in road length was

recorded under other district road (2.4%), while lowest positive change

was registered under national highways (0.32%). Whereas, highest

negative change in the length of transport system of study area was

marked under state highways (3.89%), on the other hand lowest negative

change was recorded under village roads (0.05). Total length of railways

route was 208 kms. with the broad gauge route, Nanded city is connected

with other major cities in the country.

2.14 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and consists of

cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, and poultry. It plays a pivotal role in the

agricultural economy of the district. Most of the agricultural operations,

85

such as ploughing harrowing, transport, etc. are carried out with the help

of draught animals. Cows and she buffaloes are the sources of milk,

besides this the animal husbandry provide much of organic manure, used

in the farms. Therefore, in addition of crops draught and milch stock are

raised and maintained by individual farmers. They are the constant

companion in the field by day and live beside his house or even under the

roof at night (Singh,J. 1974,pp113).

I) DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LIVESTOCK

With the modernization of agriculture farmers raised the

importance of livestock in the agrarian economy of the district. There

were made the programme of improving the cattle wealth in the study

region. Livestock became a component of farming in the district. Only

food grains and commercial crops oriented farming is not profitable,

whereas, it became very necessary to keep milch animals i.e. cow, she-

buffaloes etc.

Cattles are overwhelmingly the most important livestock in the

district, accounting for a major share of the total livestock unit in the

study region. Their number varies in accordance with the availability of

grassland, other fodder and physiography. Cattles are indispensable for

the rural economy, as they provide the required motive power for various

agricultural operations.

It is observed from the table 2.12 that total number of livestock is

marked 18.48 lakhs during 1991-92 as against 22.62 lakhs during the year

2012. There is recorded 22.36% increase in total number of livestock

during the period of investigation. There was noticed up and down trends

in the growth of livestock during the same period. The growth rate of

different categories of domestic animals is not uniform. The highest

number of cattle is registered 9.79 lakhs during 2011-12 and lowest 7.11

86

lakhs during 1991-92. During 1999-2000 and 2005-06 the number of

livestock is marked 7.51 lakhs and 7.31 lakhs respectively.

Table:2.12: Nanded District: Livestock Categories

Sr.

No.

Livestock

Categories 1991-92 1999-2000 2005-06 2011-12

1 Cattle 711254 751283 731282 979081

2 Buffaloes 238479 259441 197295 289915

3 Sheep 46901 50170 50170 53015

4 Goat 361279 356413 356413 378760

5 Poultry 433922 522279 520866 491092

6 Other livestock 57122 89850 88860 70473

Total 1848957 2029436 1944886 2262395

(Sources: Socio-economic Review of Nanded District

1991-92, 1999-2000, 2005-06 and 2011-12)

There were about 2.38 lakhs buffaloes in the district during 1991-

92 in the district, where its number were reached upto 2.89 lakhs in 2011-

12. There was constant growth in the population of buffaloes except the

year 2005-06 sheep and goats are economically valuable yielding milk,

meat and skin. Total sheep and goat‟s population were marked o.46 lakhs

and 3.61 lakhs in 1991-92 as against 0.53 and 3.68 lakhs during 1991-92

and 2011-12 respectively. The growth rate of sheep and goats were

recorded 15.21% and 1.93% respectively during the period of

investigation. Besides this number of other animals were marked positive

growth rate during the same period. Whereas, poultry was recorded

remarkable increase from 1991-92 to 2011-12.

II) SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK

In Nanded district, the livestock population is already high and has

shown a further increase during the period of investigation. In 2011-12

there were more than 17 lakhs domestic animals in the district. There was

87

constant growth in the population of cattle, whereas, the number of

buffaloes, sheep, goats and other animals during the period 1991-92 to

2011-12 (see table 2.13) has really decreased by 0.23%, 0.27%, 3.15%

and 1.55% respectively. The different growth rate of domestic animal is

an indication of changing emphasis of cattle and livestock in the rural

economy in the Nanded district.

A. CATTLE

The percentage of contribution of cattle to total livestock

population was worked out for each tehsil and district as a whole and

grouped into three different categories namely low, moderate and high.

Percentage share of cattle to total population has increased from 49.48%

in 1991-92 to 55.27% in 2011-12. The low category (below-45%) was

recorded in Deglur(37.63%) and Biloli(44.94%) tahsils during the year

1991-92. Moderate category (45% to 55%) was registered in six tahsils

namely, Hadgaon (55.88%), Nanded (47.36%), Loha (52.00%), Kandhar

(46.87%), Bhokar (53.89%) and Mukhed (49.56%) tahsils during the

same year. Whereas, high category was recorded only in Kinwat

(57.04%) tahsil (Fig.2.17A).

During 2011-12 three tahsils namely Hadgaon, Bhokar, and Biloli

indicated change in higher categories. This might be due to availability of

fodder and farmers raised the significance of cattle in rural economy of

the district.no one tahsils indicated change in lower level of category.

While no change in category was make only in Deglur tehsil (Fig.2.17B).

88

89

Table :2.13: Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Distribution of Livestock

(1991-92 to 2011-12.)

S.

N.

Name of

Tahsil Year

Types of livestock in percentage

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Other

animals

1 Kinwat 1991-92 57.04 9.78 1.48 26.93 4.77

2011-12 65.64 4.64 1.13 36.37 2.22

2 Hadgaon 1991-92 54.88 12.26 0.04 27.58 5.24

2011-12 63.37 9.72 0.21 22.89 3.81

3 Nanded 1991-92 47.36 21.93 1.74 21.16 7.81

2011-12 49.90 22.89 1.74 19.24 6.23

4 Bhokar 1991-92 53.89 14.36 1.25 24.86 5.64

2011-12 58.18 10.00 1.68 25.19 4.95

5 Biloli 1991-92 44.94 16.09 6.95 25.72 6.30

2011-12 56.25 14.63 7.18 19.16 2.78

6 Loha 1991-92 52.00 12.96 2.56 25.92 6.56

2011-12 52.64 22.44 3.22 18.61 3.06

7 Kandhar 1991-92 46.87 25.02 1.43 21.71 4.97

2011-12 51.59 22.79 1.17 20.58 3.87

8 Mukhed 1991-92 49.56 20.10 2.82 26.74 0.78

2011-12 46.14 29.25 1.98 18.35 4.28

9 Deglur 1991-92 37.63 18.10 11.34 25.96 6.97

2011-12 43.91 17.55 11.10 21.29 6.15

District

Average

1991-92 49.48 16.59 3.26 25.13 5.54

2011-12 55.27 16.36 2.99 21.58 4.00

(Sources: Compiled by Author from Socio-economic Review of

Nanded District, 1991-92 and 2011-12)

90

B. BUFFALOES

The percent contribution of buffaloes to total livestock population

was 16.59% and 16.36% during the year 1991-92 and 2011-12

respectively. Low category (below-15%) was found in three tahsils

namely, in Bhokar (14.36%), Hadgaon (12.26%), and Kinwat (9.78%)

during the year 1991-92. While moderate category (15% to 20%) was

noticed in Deglur (18.10%) and Biloli (16.09%) tahsils during the same

year. High category (above 20%) was marked in Mukhed (20.10%),

Kandhar (25.02%) and Nanded (21.93%) tahsils (Fig.2.18A.)

During 2011-12 two tahsils changed in new category. Loha and

Biloli registered high and low change in categories respectively.

Whereas, seven tahsils namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Kandhar,

Mukhed, and Nanded tahsils were marked no change in the level of

categories during the period of investigation. (Fig.2.18B).

C. SHEEP

It is revealed (Table 2.12) that district have 3.26% and 2.99%

contribution of sheep to the total livestock population during the year

1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively. Low category (Below 2%) was

experienced in Kandhar (1.43%), Nanded (1.74%), Bhokar (1.25%),

Hadgaon (…%), and Kinwat (1.48%) tahsils whereas, moderate category

(2% to 4%) was registered in Mukhed (2.82%), and Loha (2.56%) tahsils

during the year 1991-92. High category (above 4%) was experienced in

deglur (11.34%), and Biloli (6.95%) tahsils during the same year

(Fig.2.19A).

During 2011-12, only one tehsil namely, Mukhed has changed the

category. Mukhed tehsil registered lower shift in category. While

remaining all tahsils were marked no change in the level of category

during the period of investigation. (Fig.2.19B).

91

92

93

D. GOAT

It is pointed out that district have 25.13% and 21.38% share of goat

in total livestock population during 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.

Figure 2.20A depicts that low category (below 22%) was found in

Kandhar (21.71%) and Nanded (21.16%) tahsils during the year 1991-92.

Moderate (22% to 25%) category comprises only Bhokar tehsil, while

high (above 25%) category was marked in six tahsils namely, Kinwat,

Hadgaon, Loha, Biloli, Mukhed and Deglur during the same year. During

the year 2011-12 five tahsils, registered change in categories. These

tahsils namely, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Loha, Mukhed and Deglur registered

lower shift in category (Fig.2.20.B). Whereas, no change in the level of

category was noticed in Kinwat, Nanded, kKandhar, and Biloli tahsils

during the same year.

E. OTHER ANIMALS

The share of the other animals (see table 2.12) is declined in all

tahsils except Mukhed, tehsil in 2011-12 as compared to 1991-92. It is

revealed that percent contribution of other livestock to total livestock

population was 5.54% and 4.00% during the year 1991-92 and 2009-10

respectively. Other livestock includes horses, pigs, dogs, donkeys. There

are less significant as compared to the large animals. Low category was

found in Kinwat, Mukhed, and Kandhar tahsils during the year 1991-92.

Moderate category comprised Hadgaon, Bhokar, tahsils during the same

year. Whereas, high category was registered in Nanded, Biloli, Loha and

Deglur tahsils during the year 1991-92.

During the year 2011-12, eight tahsils namely, Kinwat, Hadgaon,

Nanded, Loha, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur and Kandhar registered lower shift

In categories.

94

95

III) DENSITY OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LIVESTOCK

Table 2.13 depicted the density of various livestock per 100

hectares of net are sown in the study region.

I) CATTLE

The proportion of cattle population varies from tehsil to tehsil,

ranging from 81 to 106 cattle per 100 hectares of net area sown in 1991-

92 as against 83 to 150 cattle per 100 hectare in 2011-12. The average

cattle density for district as a whole was marked 98 cattle per 100

hectares net sown area during the year 1991-92, as against 133 cattle per

100 hectares of net sown area during 2011-12. During the year 1991-92,

the highest density of cattle per 100 hectares of net sown area was

recorded in Kinwat, (106), tahsil and lowest in Hadgaon (81) tahsil.

Whereas, the cattle density is below district average (98 cattle per 100

hectares of net sown area) was recorded In Hadgaon, (81), Bhokar (94),

Loha (95), Kandhar (90), and Deglur (85) tahsils while Kinwat (106),

Nanded (123), Biloli (103) and Mukhed (106) tahsils were registered

above district average cattle density per 100 hectares of net sown area

during the same period. Below 85 cattle per 100 hectares net sown area

was found in Deglur and Hadgaon tahsils, whereas, about 85 to 100 cattle

per 100 hectares of net sown area were recorded in Kandhar, Loha, and

Bhokar tahsils during the same period. Above 100 cattle per 100 hectares

of net sown area was experienced in four tahsils namely, Kinwat,

Nanded, Biloli, and Mukhed (Fig.2.21A).

Figure 2.21B depicts the spatial distribution of cattle per 100

hectares of net sown area in the district during 2011-12. Below 100 cattle

population per 100 hectares of net sown area was registered in Deglur,

Kandhar, and Loha tahsils and about 100 to 130 cattle numbers per 100

hectares of net sown area was recorded in Mukhed and Hadgaon tahsils

during the same period.

96

97

Above 130 cattle population per 100 hectares of net sown area was

noticed in four tahsils namely, Kinwat, Nanded, Bhokar and Biloli

(Fig.2.21B). Although the district possesses a large number of cattle, yet

the productivity value of cattle is not comparable to its size, because of

the poor quality.

II) COWS

The average density of cows per 100 hectares of net sown area was

recorded only 16 during the year 1991-92, as against 77 during 2011-12.

Because during the last few years, the State Government had paid

maximum attention on Dairy Development Schemes in the district. Below

15 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered in Loha and

Kinwat tahsils, whereas, about 15 to 20 cows per 100 hectares of net

sown area were experienced in six tahsils namely, Deglur, Mukhed,

Kandhar, Biloli, Bhokar, and Hadgaon during the year 1991-92.

Table:2.14 : Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Density of Livestock

(1991-92 and 2011-12)

S.

N.

Name of

Tahsil Year

Different classes of Livestock

(Density per 100 hectares of net area sown)

Cattle Cows Bullocks Buffalo

1 Kinwat 1991-92 106 12 38 18

2011-12 140 79 34 09

2 Hadgaon 1991-92 81 13 33 18

2011-12 128 74 36 13

3 Nanded 1991-92 123 23 44 57

2011-12 150 93 41 44

4 Bhokar

1991-92 94 15 34 25

2011-12 133 75 33

11

98

5 Biloli 1991-92 103 19 36 37

2011-12 136 78 30 22

6 Loha 1991-92 95 10 35 20

2011-12 94 94 31 41

7 Kandhar 1991-92 90 19 33 40

2011-12 83 84 24 37

8 Mukhed 1991-92 106 16 33 43

2011-12 120 70 23 58

9 Deglur 1991-92 85 16 30 41

2011-12 92 54 22 24

District

Average

1991-92 98 16 35 33

2011-12 133 77 31 26

Continued…..

Table: 2.14 : Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Density of Livestock

(1991-92 and 2011-12)

S.

N.

Name of

Tahsil Year

Different classes of Livestock

(Density per 100 hectares of net area sown)

Sheep Goat Other animals

1 Kinwat 1991-92 03 56 09

2011-12 02 20 05

2 Hadgaon 1991-92 - 41 08

2011-12 - 48 07

3 Nanded 1991-92 05 55 20

2011-12 05 61 18

4 Bhokar 1991-92 02 43 10

2011-12 04 58 11

5 Biloli

1991-92 06 59 14

2011-12 36 46

04

99

6 Loha 1991-92 03 15 07

2011-12 09 55 09

7 Kandhar 1991-92 04 48 11

2011-12 03 55 09

8 Mukhed 1991-92 06 57 15

2011-12 05 48 07

9 Deglur 1991-92 26 59 16

2011-12 23 45 18

District

Average

1991-92 06 50 12

2011-12 05 52 08

(Sources: Computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of Nanded

District, 1991-92 and 2011-12.)

Above 20 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered only in

Nanded tehsil (Fig.2.22A). During the year 2011-12 below 75 cows per

100 hectares of net sown area were found in Deglur, Mukhed,Bhokar and

Hadgaon tahsils. About 75 to 85 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area

were observed in Kinwat, Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils and above 85 cows

per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in Nanded and Loha

tahsils (Fig.2.22B) due to high demand for milk from urban centre.

III) BULLOCKS

Bullocks are the main source of motive power in agricultural

operations, bullock draught force constitute a major share in the total

draught force of some tahsils of Nanded district. The average density per

100 hectares of net sown area was 35 bullocks during the year 1991-92,

as against 31 bullocks in the year 2011-12. It is observed that total

number of bullocks is decreased during the period of investigation.

100

101

Agricultural mechanization and small size of holdings are responsible for

this situation. It became impossible to farmers to keep pair of bullocks.

Below 33 bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in

Deglur, Mukhed, Kandhar, Loha and Hadgaon tahsils, whereas about 33

to 38 bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered in Biloli,

Bhokar, and Kinwat tahsils. Above 38 bullocks per 100 hectares of net

sown area were recorded only in Nanded tehsil during the year 1991-92

(Fig.2.23A).

During the year 2011-12 below 25 bullocks per 100 hectares of net

sown area were found in Deglur, Mukhe, Kandhar tahsils. About 25 to 35

bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were noticed in four tahsils

namely, Kinwat, Bhokar, Loha and Biloli during the same year. Above 35

bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in Nanded and

Hadgaon tahsils (Fig.2.23B).

IV) BUFFALOES

Average district density of buffaloes was marked 33 and 26 per

100 hectares of net sown area during the year 1991-92 and 2011-12

respectively. The density of buffaloes is usually determined by the

availability of fodder for stall feeding and the demand for milk by the

rural and urban population. Density of buffaloes below 20 per 100

hectares of net sown area were marked in Kinwat, Hadgaon and Loha

tahsils and about 20 to 40 density per 100 hectares of net sown area were

registered in three tahsils namely, Biloli, Bhokar and Kandhar during the

year 1991-92. Above 40 densities of buffaloes per 100 hectares of net

sown area was experienced in Deglur, Mukhed and Nanded tahsils during

the same period (Fig.2.24A).

102

103

104

During the year 2011-12 below 20 density of buffaloes per 100 hectares

of net sown area was observed in three tahsils namely, Kinwat, hadgaon

and Bhokar tahsils. About 20 to 40 densities per 100 hectares of net sown

area of buffaloes were marked in Deglur, Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils

during the same year. Above 40 densities of buffaloes was registered in

Mukhed, and Nanded tahsils in 2011-12. (Table 2.12 and fig.2.24B). It

may be due to demand of milk from urban centres.

V) SHEEP

Density of sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area was declined

from 6 to 5 sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area during the year 1991-

92 and 2011-12 respectively. Below 3 density of sheep per 100 hectares

of net sown area (fig.2.25A) was recorded in four tahsils namely, Kinwat,

Hadgaon, Bhokar and Loha. About 3 to 6 density per 100 hectares of net

sown area was registered in Biloli, Mukhed, Kandhar, and Nanded tahsils

in the year 1991-92. Above 6 densities per 100 hectares of net sown area

was examined only in Deglur tehsil.

After the span of 18 years, the change in the density of sheep was

noticed in the district. Below 3 density of sheep per 100 hectares of net

sown area was found in Kinwat, Kandhar, Hadgaon, while about 3 to 6

densities were noticed in Nanded, Bhokar and Mukhed tahsils during the

year 2011-12. Above 6 density of sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area

was registered in Deglur and Biloli tahsils during same year (fig.2.25B).

105

106

VI) GOATS

The goat is the major supplier of meat in the study area; in

addition, it yields milk and valuable sources of leather. Therefore, the

average density of goats per 100 hectares of net sown area was marked

increase from 50 to 52 during the period of investigation. During the year

1991-92 below 50 density of goats per 100 hectares of net sown area was

experienced in Hadgaon, Loha, Kandhar and Bhokar tahsils and about 50

to 55 densities per 100 hectares of net sown area was recorded only in

Nanded tehsil during the same year. Above 55 density per 100 hectares of

net sown area was registered in Deglur, Mukhed, Biloli and Kinwat

tahsils during the year 1991-92 (Fig.2.26A).

Figure 2.26B exhibited the distribution of goats in the district in

2011-12. Below 50 density per 100 hectares of net sown area was noticed

in Deglur, Mukhed, Biloli, Hadgaon and Kinwat tahsils during the same

year. About 50 to 55 density per 100 hectares of net sown area was

marked in Kandhar, and Loha tahsils , whereas, above 55 density per 100

hectares net sown area was found in Nanded and Bhokar tahsils in the

year 2011-12 (Fig.2.26B)

VII) OTHER LIVESTOCK

Density of the other livestock involve horses, donkeys, dogs etc.,

which numbers are decreased during the period of investigation. (see

table2.13). These animals are largely associated with low class landless

population, to which these animals particularly horses and donkeys are

largely associated as means of earning live hood. But in the ileitis period

of auto mobilization, these animals are becoming out dated.

107

108

2.15 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

One of the major technical developments of the post-independence

period has been application of mechanical power in agriculture. Although

mechanization in Nanded district and elsewhere in state or country,

simply means the use of tractors power operated pump-sets, threshers

etc., their impact on improving farm production, farm performance per

unit of agricultural land has been considerable some agricultural

implements have been critically examined here.

I. IRON PLOUGH

Iron plough is an implement upon the wooden plough and farmer

use it. During 1991-92, density of iron ploughs various from 7 per

thousand hectors in Deglur to 20 in Mukhed tehsil. The mean for the

district was 15. There are four tahsils namely Hadgaon (17), Nanded (19),

Loha (18) and Mukhed (20) tahsils in all with higher density of plough

per thousand hectares than the mean (15) for the district. Below 10

density of iron plough per thousand hectare of cropped area was noticed

in Deglur(07) and Kinwat (09) tahsils, while 10 to 15 density was marked

in Kandhar (14), Biloli (14) and Bhokar (13) tahsils in 1991-92. Above

15 densities per thousand hectare of cropped area was registered in

Mukhed (20), Hadgaon (17), and Nanded (19) tahsils during the same

year.

The average density of iron plough per thousand hectares in district

was 23 during 2011-12. Below 10 density of iron plough was found in

Deglur (03), Mukhed (07), and Kandar (09) tahsils. About 10 to 20

density of iron plough per thousand hectares of G.C.A. was experienced

in two tahsils namely Biloli (17) and Bhokar (14) tahsils and above 20

density of iron plough per thousand hectares of G.C.A. was marked in

Loha (26), Nanded (78), Hadgaon (25) and Kinwat (30) tahsils during

2011-12.

109

II. BULLOCK CART

The density of bullock cart per thousand hectares was 43 during

1991-92. Below 30 densities of carts per thousand of cropped area was

recorded in Deglur (28), and Kandar (20) tahsils. About 30 to 50 density

of carts per thousand hectares of cropped area was marked in Mukhed

(44), Biloli (46), Nanded (43), and Hadgaon (39) tahsils. Above 50

densities of carts were experienced in Bhokar (62), and Kinwat (51)

tahsils during 2011-12.

The density of carts per thousand hectares was 54 during the year

2011-12. Below 30 densities of carts per thousand hectares was noticed in

Deglur (26), Mukhed (19), and Kandar (16) tahsils. About 30 to 70

densities of carts were recorded in Biloli (59), Kinwat (61) tahsils and

above 70 densities of carts per thousand hectares of cropped area were

registered in Nanded (80), Hadgaon (82), and Bhokar (70) tahsils during

2011-12.

III ELECTRIC PUMP-SET

The district average density of electric pump-set are marked 24

during 1991-92, as against 44 during 2011-12. Out of the nine tahsils only

three tahsils with higher density than the mean of district, namely

Hadgaon (30), Nanded (57), and Bhokar (26) during the year 1991-92.

Below 10 density of electric pump-set per thousand hectares of cropped

area was registered in Loha (07), and Kandar (05) tahsils and about 10 to

20 density per thousand hectares was marked in Biloli (15), Deglur (15),

and Kinwat (16) tahsils in 1991-92. Above 20 densities was recorded in

four tahsils namely, Hadgaon (30), Nanded (57), Bhokar (26) and

Mukhed (21) tahsils during the same year.

After the span of 20 years the change in the density of electric

pumps is noticed in the district. Below 25 densities per thousand hectares

110

of cropped area was recorded in Deglur (10), Mukhed (19), Kandar (20)

tahsils. About 25 to 50 density per thousand hectares of cropped area was

found in Kinwat (29), Hadgaon (47) and Bhokar (48) tahsils in 2011-12.

Above 50 density of electric pump per thousand hectares of cropped area

was experienced in Nanded (110), and Biloli (60) tahsils

Table-2.15 : Nanded District: Tahsils-wise Density of Agricultural

Implements in 1991-92 and 2011-12

S.

N.

Density of Agricultural Implements per-1000 Hect. of G.C.A.

Name of

Tahsils

Iron-plough Bullock-cart Electric-pumps 1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12

1 Kinwat 09 30 51 61 16 29

2 Hadgaon 17 25 39 82 30 47

3 Nanded 19 78 43 80 57 110

4 Bhokar 13 14 62 78 26 48

5 Biloli 14 17 46 59 15 60

6 Loha 18 26 33 57 07 55

7 Kandar 14 09 20 16 05 19

8 Mukhed 20 07 44 19 21 20

9 Deglur 07 03 28 26 15 10

District

Average

15 23 43 54 24 44

Continued…..

S.

N.

Density of Agricultural Implements per-1000 Hect. of G.C.A.

Name of

Tahsils

Diesel Oil Engine pumps Tractors

1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12

1 Kinwat 02 01 0.20 01

2 Hadgaon 02 01 0.31 02

3 Nanded 01 0.70 02 06

4 Bhokar 01 0 0.30 0.76

5 Biloli 02 02 0.35 05

6 Loha 01 01 0.40 04

7 Kandar 01 0 0.30 01

8 Mukhed 03 0.10 0.05 0.01

9 Deglur 0 0.16 0.26 0.34

District

Average

2.0 01 0.49 2.0

(Sources- Compiled by Author.)

111

IV DIESEL OIL PUMPS

An average there were two and one oil pumps per thousand

hectares of cropped area in the 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.

V TRACTORS

Density of tractors per thousand hectares varies from 0.05 in

Mukhed to 0.04 in Loha tahsils in 1991-92 as against 0.01 in Mukhed to 6

in Nanded tahsils in 2011-12. The mean of the district figure are marked

0.49 and 2 in 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.

2.16 IMPROVED SEEDS

Of all the methods of improving agricultural production one has

brought about such progress as the improvement of seeds through

selection and cross breeding. Quite a large number of improved varieties

of high yielding seeds have been evolved which have helped in boosting

of the production of food grains as well as cash crops.

The role of modern inputs for accelerating the production and

productivity of agriculture, HYVs known as miracle seeds, accepted as

the role of green revolution. Knowledge and adoption of the high yielding

varieties of seeds depend on a host of factors. The perception and

acceptance of HYVs is the result of interaction between man‟s his culture

and ecological conditions. Along with this it involves capital and current

technical knowledge. Consequently, use of HYVs is also conditioned by

socio-economic factors.

Improved seeds have shown better performance than local varieties

of seeds in the district. The production of improved seeds programme in

the Nanded district has changed the traditional cropping pattern to certain

extent and marked the beginning of agricultural development.

Improved varieties of rice generally used in the district are IR8,

IR12, Jaya, VIjaya, Jamuna, K-14-7 and Ratna etc. of Jowar CSH1,

CSH2, CSH6, CSH5, CSV15, CSH13, AC126, Maldandi 35.1, of wheat

112

Sonalika, Kalyan sona, Moti, N-5439, N-59, HD1982, HD1999, HD2189,

147, of Bajra HB1, HB-2, HB-4, Mh-179, Mh-169, of Groundnut K-4,11,

M-13, C-148, KG-61, 120 and Cotton Ajit-11, Nanded-44, F216, F-231,

H-4, S-726, and L-147. The table 2.15 depicts that during 1991-92 about

13589 quintals high yield varieties seeds were used in Nanded district, it

was 24095 quintals in 2004-05 and it has reached upto 39754 quintals in

2011-12, recording 192.54% increase between 1991-92 to 2011-12.

Table-2.16: Nanded District :Distribution of High Yield Variety Seeds

Sr.No. Name of Seeds 1991-92 2003-04 2011-12

1 Rice 1057 982 707

2 Jowar 9140 11482 15670

3 Bajara 60 250 290

4 Wheat 1450 3678 3910

5 Cotton (Hybrid seeds) 36 49 55

6 Cotton(Improved seeds) 15 180 300

7 Total Pulses 556 5024 9722

8 Total Oil seeds 1215 2450 9100

(Sources: Agricultural Department, Z.P. Nanded.) (Fig. are in quintals)

Out of the total seeds 82.15% share was acquired by cereals in 1991-92,

where in 2011-12 it was 51.76%. Rice has shown decrease in its

distribution of HYVs seeds from 1057 quintals to 707 quintals in the

district from 1991-92 and 2011-12. Seeds like jowar, bajara, wheat,

cotton hybrid seeds and cotton improved seeds, total pulses and total oil

seeds have been used the large proportion during the period of

investigation.

2.17 CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

A fertilizer refers to a material added to the soils in order to supply

chemical elements needed for plant nutrition and improve soils fertility.

Modern agriculture relies adequate and timely supplies of inputs.

Fertilizer a key input, directly effects agricultural production and

development of rural areas. Fertilizers had been recognized as the

113

Kingpin for intensive agricultural development which is the main element

of our national economy. Three types of chemical fertilizers used viz.

phosphate, nitrogenous, potassium and calcium.

Table 2.17 shows that in 1991-92 the highest share of consumption

of chemical fertilizer was noticed in Nanded tehsil (16.07%), whereas the

lowest share of consumption of chemical fertilizer was registered in

Kandar (7.22%). The shares of other tahsils like Kinwat, Hadgaon,

Bhokar, Biloli, Loha, Mukhed and Deglur were 13.06%, 14.75%, 8.82%,

14.60%, 7.93%, 8.71% and 8.80% respectively during the same year.

Table-2.17: Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Utilization of Chemical

Fertilizers During 1991-92 and 2011-12.

S.N. Name of

Tahsils

1991-92 2011-12 Use of chem. Fertilizers Use of chem. Fertilizers

M.T. % to Total M.T. % to Total

1 Kinwat 7932 13.06 30817 10.80

2 Hadgaon 8957 14.75 36689 12.86

3 Nanded 9760 16.07 65600 23.00

4 Bhokar 5355 8.82 19765 6.93

5 Biloli 8868 14.60 52660 18.46

6 Loha 4820 7.93 19544 6.85

7 Kandar 4386 7.22 18994 6.66

8 Mukhed 5289 8.71 20915 7.33

9 Deglur 5343 8.8 20165 7.07

District Total 60710 100 285149 100

(Sources: Agricultural Department Officer, Z.P. Nanded.)

During 2011-12 the highest share of consumption of chemical

fertilizer was observed in Nanded tehsil (23%), the lowest in Kandar

(6.66%). The share of other tahsils such as, Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar,

Biloli, Loha, Mukhed, and Deglur were 10.80%, 12.86%, 6.93%,

(18.46%), (6.85%), (7.33%) and 7.07% respectively during 2011-12. Use

of chemical fertilizer increased by 4.69times during the period of

investigation .

114

2.18 REFERENCES

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Reports and Publication

1. District Census Hand-book of Nanded (1991to 2001)

2. Gazetteer of India, Maharashtra, State, Nanded District, pp.30-40

3. The Report of National Commission of Agriculture, Vol. X pp.48

4 Socio-economic Abstract of Nanded District, 1991 to 2009-10.