Chapter two Chapter two ArthrologyArthrology

Department of AnatomyDepartment of Anatomy张正洪 张正洪 博士博士 // 副教授副教授

ClassificationClassification There are two major types of articulaThere are two major types of articula

tions tions （（ or jointsor joints ）） .. Continuous joints/immovable jointsContinuous joints/immovable joints

Fibrous joints : bones are united Fibrous joints : bones are united by fibrous connective tissue by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous joints : bones are uCartilaginous joints : bones are united by cartilagenited by cartilage

SynosteosisSynosteosis Discontinuous joints Discontinuous joints －－ synovial joisynovial joi

ntsnts

Synovial jointsSynovial joints Basic structuresBasic structures Articular surfaceArticular surface: : covered covered

byby articular cartilagearticular cartilage Articular capsuleArticular capsule

Fibrous membraneFibrous membrane Synovial membraneSynovial membrane

Articular cavityArticular cavity: : containincontaining a trace of synovial fluid; sg a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in ubatmospheric pressure in itit

Accessory structurAccessory structureses

LigamentsLigaments(lig.)(lig.): : extrextra- and intracapsular a- and intracapsular ligamentsligaments

Articular discArticular disc and and ararticular labrumticular labrum

Synovial fold Synovial fold andand sysynovial bursanovial bursa

Movements of jointsMovements of joints Translation Translation Flexion and extension Flexion and extension Adduction and abductiAdduction and abducti

on on Rotation Rotation

Medial and lateral rotMedial and lateral rotation ation

Pronation and supinaPronation and supinationtion

Circumduction Circumduction

Classification of synovial jointsClassification of synovial joints

Uniaxial jointsUniaxial joints

Biaxial jointsBiaxial joints

Multiaxial jointMultiaxial jointss

Articulations of Bones of Articulations of Bones of TrunkTrunk

The The vertebral vertebral

column consistscolumn consists

of of 24 vertebrae24 vertebrae, ,

the the sacrumsacrum, and , and

the the coccyxcoccyx..

Joints of the vertebral Joints of the vertebral bodiesbodies Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs

between bodies of adbetween bodies of adjacent vertebrae, cojacent vertebrae, composedmposed of:of:

Nucleus pulposusNucleus pulposus, , aan inner soft, pulpy, hn inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structurighly elastic structure (gelatinous core )e (gelatinous core )

Annulus fibrosusAnnulus fibrosus

an outer fibrous ring an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocaconsisting of fibrocartilagertilage

Hemination of nucleus pulposHemination of nucleus pulposusus

髓核脱出髓核脱出

Anterior longitudinal Anterior longitudinal ligamentligament

Maintains stability of the intervertMaintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperexteebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnnsion of the vertebral column

Posterior longitudinal ligamPosterior longitudinal ligamentent

Prevents hyperflexion of the vertePrevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusbral column and posterior protrusion of the discsion of the discs

Joints of the vertebral Joints of the vertebral archesarches

Ligamenta flavaLigamenta flava ― ― elastic ligament, unelastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and cent vertebrae, and complete the posteriomplete the posterior wall of vertebral or wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevecanal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of tnt hyperflexion of the vertebral columhe vertebral columnn

Interspinal ligament Interspinal ligament Supraspinal ligamenSupraspinal ligamen

t t Ligamentum nuchaeLigamentum nuchae Intertansverse ligamIntertansverse ligam

ent ent Zygapophysial jointZygapophysial joint

Atlantooccipital joint Atlantooccipital joint Between superior arBetween superior ar

ticulating surfaces oticulating surfaces of atlas and occipital f atlas and occipital condylescondyles

Supported by membSupported by membrances and ligamentrances and ligaments that join occipital bs that join occipital bone and atlasone and atlas

Action ― nodding of Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting ohead, lateral tilting of headf head

Atlantoaxial joint Atlantoaxial joint

Three synovial joiThree synovial joints between atlas ants between atlas and axisnd axis

Supported by ligaSupported by ligaments ments

Action ― allow atlAction ― allow atlas (and head) to pias (and head) to pivot on the axis and vot on the axis and vertebral columnvertebral column

Cervical curvature Cervical curvature Thoracic curvatureThoracic curvature Lumbar curvatureLumbar curvature Sacral curvatureSacral curvature

View of bertebral column as a whole Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view:

Movement of the Movement of the vertebral columnvertebral column

flexion flexion extensionextension lateral flexion lateral flexion RotationRotation circumductioncircumduction

Thoracic cageThoracic cage (thorax) (thorax)

CompositionCompositionBonesBones ― ― consists oconsists o

f twelve thoracic f twelve thoracic vertebraes, twelvvertebraes, twelve pairs of ribs ane pairs of ribs and costal cartilaged costal cartilages, and sternums, and sternum

JointsJoints

Costovertebral jointsCostovertebral joints Joints of costal head Joints of costal head Costotransverse jointCostotransverse joint

ss

Sternocostal jointsSternocostal joints Sternocostal synchSternocostal synch

ondrosis of first riondrosis of first ribb

Sternocostal joints Sternocostal joints Interchondral joinInterchondral join

ts: between costal ts: between costal cartilages 8, 9, and cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the 10 to form the costcostal archal arch

General features of General features of thoracic cagethoracic cage

Roughly cone-shape, Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and bronarrow above and broad below, flattened frad below, flattened from before-backwards,om before-backwards, longer behind than in longer behind than in frontfront

Inlet of thoraxInlet of thorax Outlet of thoraxOutlet of thorax Infrasternal angleInfrasternal angle Intercostal spacesIntercostal spaces

Function:Function:

protects the organs in the thoracic cavity protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; and upper abdominal cavity;

plays a vital role in the process of plays a vital role in the process of breathingbreathing

Inspiration Expiration

Joints of skullJoints of skull

Continuous jointContinuous joints: sutures, synchs: sutures, synchondrosis or synoondrosis or synosteosissteosis

Temporomandibular jointTemporomandibular joint

Articular surfacesArticular surfaces CapsuleCapsule: : thin and lax in fthin and lax in f

ront and behind; strengtront and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligahened by the lateral ligamentment

Articular discArticular disc MovementMovement