chapter ten & eleven
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Chapter Ten & Eleven. Pricing: Understanding and Capturing Customer Value. What Is a Price?. Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. It is the sum of all the values that consumers give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 10- slide 1Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Ten & Eleven
Pricing:Understanding and Capturing
Customer Value
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Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. It is the sum of all the values that consumers give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service.
What Is a Price?
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Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue; all other elements represent costs
What Is a Price?
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Understanding how much value consumers place on the benefits they receive from the product and setting a price that captures that value
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Value-based pricing uses the buyers’ perceptions of value, not the sellers cost, as the key to pricing. Price is considered before the marketing program is set.
Value-based pricing is customer driven Cost-based pricing is product driven
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Value-based pricing
Good-value pricing
Value-added pricing
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Good-value pricing offers the right combination of quality and good service to fair price
Existing brands are being redesigned to offer more quality for a given price or the same quality for less price
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Everyday low pricing (EDLP) involves charging a constant everyday low price with few or no temporary price discounts
High-low pricing involves charging higher prices on an everyday basis but running frequent promotions to lower prices temporarily on selected items
Customer Perceptions of Value
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Cost-based pricing involves setting prices based on the costs for producing, distributing, and selling the product plus a fair rate of return for its effort and risk
Company and Product Costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Cost-based pricing adds a standard markup to the cost of the product
Company and Product Costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
Company and Product CostsTypes of costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Fixed costs are the costs that do not vary with production or sales level
Rent Heat Interest Executive salaries
Company and Product Costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Variable costs are the costs that vary with the level of production
Packaging Raw materials
Company and Product Costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Total costs are the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of production
Average cost is the cost associated with a given level of output
Company and Product Costs
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Costs at Different Levels of Production
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Experience or learning curve is when average cost falls as production increases because fixed costs are spread over more units
Costs as a Function of Production Experience
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Cost-plus pricing adds a standard markup to the cost of the product
BenefitsSellers are certain about costsPrices are similar in industry and price competition is
minimizedConsumers feel it is fair
DisadvantagesIgnores demand and competitor prices
Cost-Plus Pricing
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Break-even pricing is the price at which total costs are equal to total revenue and there is no profit
Target profit pricing is the price at which the firm will break even or make the profit it’s seeking
Break-Even Analysis and Target Profit Pricing
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Break-Even Analysis and Target Profit Pricing
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
The demand curve shows the number of units the market will buy in a given period at different prices
Normally, demand and price are inversely related Higher price = lower demand For prestige (luxury) goods, higher price can equal higher
demand when consumers perceive higher prices as higher quality
Other Internal and External Considerations Affecting Price
Decisions
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Factors to Consider When Setting Prices
Other Internal and External Considerations Affecting Price Decisions
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New-Product Pricing Strategies
Market-skimming pricing
Market- penetration pricing
Pricing Strategies
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New-Product Pricing Strategies
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the priceBuyers must want the product at the priceCosts of producing the product in small volume should
not cancel the advantage of higher pricesCompetitors should not be able to enter the market
easily
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New-Product Pricing Strategies
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price sensitive marketInverse relationship of production and
distribution cost to sales growthLow prices must keep competition out of the
market
Pricing Strategies
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Product Mix Pricing StrategiesPricing Strategies
Product line pricing
Optional- product pricing
Captive- product pricing
By-product pricing
Product bundle pricing
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Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Product line pricing takes into account the cost differences between products in the line, customer evaluation of their features, and competitors’ prices
Optional-product pricing takes into account optional or accessory products along with the main product
Pricing Strategies
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Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Captive-product pricing involves products that
must be used along with the main product
Two-part pricing involves breaking the price into: Fixed fee Variable usage fee
Pricing Strategies
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Price Mix Pricing Strategies
By-product pricing refers to products with little or no value produced as a result of the main product. Producers will seek little or no profit other than the cost to cover storage and delivery.
Pricing Strategies
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Price Mix Pricing Strategies
Product bundle pricing combines several products at a reduced price
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Discount and allowance
pricing
Segmented pricing
Psychological pricing
Promotional pricing
Geographicpricing
Dynamic pricing
International pricing
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Discount and allowance pricing reduces prices to reward customer responses such as paying early or promoting the product
Discounts Allowances
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Segmented pricing is used when a company sells a product at two or more prices even though the difference is not based on cost
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
To be effective:Market must be segmentableSegments must show different degrees of demandWatching the market cannot exceed the extra revenue
obtained from the price differenceMust be legal
Pricing StrategiesSegmented Pricing
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Psychological pricing occurs when sellers consider the psychology of prices and not simply the economics
Reference prices are prices that buyers carry in their minds and refer to when looking at a given product Noting current prices Remembering past prices Assessing the buying situations
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Promotional pricing is when prices are temporarily priced below list price or cost to increase demand
Loss leadersSpecial event pricingCash rebatesLow-interest financingLonger warranteesFree maintenance
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Risks of promotional pricingUsed too frequently, and copies by competitors can
create “deal-prone” customers who will wait for promotions and avoid buying at regular price
Creates price wars
Pricing Strategies
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Price-Adjustment Strategies
Dynamic pricing is when prices are adjusted continually to meet the characteristics and needs of the individual customer and situations
Pricing Strategies