chapter overview what research is and isn’t a model of scientific inquiry different types of...
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
• What Research Is and Isn’t• A Model of Scientific Inquiry• Different Types of Research• What Method to Use When• Applied and Basic Research
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WHAT IS RESEARCH ALL ABOUT, ANYWAY?
Increasing our understanding of how and why we behave the way
we do!!
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A THEORY
• Organizes information• Helps explain past events• Predicts new events
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RESEARCH IS BASED ON THE WORK OF OTHERS• Past research
guides new research
• Research is NOT copying the work of others
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RESEARCH CAN BE REPLICATED• Repeatability is a
sign of credible science
• Replication guides future research
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RESEARCH IS GENERALIZABLE
• Research should apply to situations outside of the study setting
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RESEARCH IS NOT DONE IN INTELLECTUAL ISOLATION
• It is based on some logical rationale
• It is tied to theory
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RESEARCH IS “DOABLE”
• Good research questions can be translated into projects that can be done!
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RESEARCH IS ONGOING• Research
generates new questions
• Research is incremental
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RESEARCH IS APOLITICAL
• Research should have the betterment of society as its ultimate goal
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• A shared philosophical approach to understanding the world
• A standard sequence of steps in formulating and answering questions
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The steps in the research process
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QUESTIONS
• Asking a question• Identifying a need
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IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT FACTORS
• Not fully investigated• Advance understanding• Can be investigated• Are interesting• Lead to more questions
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FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS
• “If…then” statements• Objective extension of the original
question• In a testable form
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COLLECTING RELEVANT INFORMATION
• Hypotheses posit a relationship between different factors
• Data are collected that will confirm or refute the hypothesis
• Hypotheses are testable (not provable)
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TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
• Inferential statistics – Separate effects of factors from
effects of chance– Assign a probability level to obtained
data
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WORKING WITH THE HYPOTHESIS
• If the hypothesis is confirmed– Plan new research
• If the hypothesis is refuted– Try to understand what other factors
might be important
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RECONSIDERING THE THEORY
• Theories can be modified• Leading to new questions
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Nature of question asked• Method used to answer question• Degree of precision of method
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NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Describe relationships between variables
• Cannot test cause-and-effect relationships
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Describes characteristics of existing phenomena
• Provides a broad picture• Serves as basis for other types of
research
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HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Describes past events in the context of other past or current events
• Primary and secondary sources of data
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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Asks what several events have in common
• Asks whether knowing one event can allow prediction of another event
• Does not imply causation
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Examines behavior in natural social, cultural, and political contexts
• Usually results in non-quantitative data
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Tries to discover causal relationships
• Two types– True experimental research– Quasi-experimental research
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TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Participants assigned to groups• Treatment variable is controlled by
researcher• Control of potential causes of
behavior
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QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Participants are preassigned to groups
• Useful when researcher cannot manipulate variables
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WHAT METHOD TO USE WHEN?Differences
between groups?
CorrelationalHistorical research
Descriptive research
Are you studying
events that occurred in
the past?
Are you studying
events that primarily occur in
the present?
Are you studying the relationship
between variables (but not the effects
of one on the other)?
Are the participants preassigned to groups?
YesNo
NoYes
Experimental Research
YesNo
Yes
No
Yes
Non-experimental Research
True experimental
Quasi-experimental
Time to reconsider the question
No
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APPLIED VS. BASIC RESEARCH
• Basic research has no immediate application
• Applied research has immediate applications