chapter one tweaked lecture

Chapter 1 Scientific Study of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom

Section 1.1Biology is the scientific study of life. The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1Cells are the basic units of life. Every organism, or living individual, consists of one or more cells. The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1Cells use DNA to produce proteins. The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1How do we know this boy is alive, and this rock is not alive? The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics. The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization

The Characteristics of LifeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom; Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA: SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1

Figure 1.2ATOMThe smallest chemicalunit of a type of puresubstance (element).Example: Carbon atomThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2MOLECULEA group of joined atoms.Example: DNAThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1

Figure 1.2ORGANELLEA membrane-boundedstructure that has a specificfunction within a cell.Example: ChloroplastThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2CELLThe fundamentalunit of life.Example: Leaf cellThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2TISSUEA collection of specializedcells that function in acoordinated fashion.Example: Epidermis of leafThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2ORGANA structure consistingof tissues organized tointeract and carryout specific functions.Example: LeafThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2ORGAN SYSTEMOrgans connectedphysically or chemicallythat function together.Example: Abovegroundpart of a plantThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2ORGANISMA single living individual.Example: One acacia treeThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Figure 1.2POPULATIONA group of the same species of organismliving in the same place and time.Example: Multiple acacia treesThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers

Section 1.1

Figure 1.2COMMUNITYAll populations that occupythe same region.Example: All populationsin a savannaThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont

Section 1.1

Figure 1.2ECOSYSTEMThe living and nonlivingcomponents of an area.Example: The savannaThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont; Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Section 1.1

The Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedFigure 1.2BIOSPHEREThe global ecosystem;the parts of the planetand its atmospherewhere life is possible.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Population: Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont; Ecosystem: Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Biosphere: Corbis (RF)

EndothelialcellSheet ofendothelialcellsCapillaryEndothelialcellRed bloodcellThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedEmergent properties arise at each level of biological organization. Section 1.1Figure 1.3Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

EndothelialcellSheet ofendothelialcellsCapillaryEndothelialcellRed bloodcellThe Characteristics of LifeLife is organizedThe capillary has properties that its components alone lack. Section 1.1Figure 1.3Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clicker Question #1Which of the following statements is false?

Organs consist of tissues. Populations consist of organisms. Molecules consist of cells. Organisms consist of atoms. Organelles consist of molecules. 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clicker Question #2Which is the best example of emergent properties?

Wearing glasses gives you better vision. Welding metal together makes an office building. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer. Stacking cups on top of each other makes a plastic pyramid. Tying strings together makes a longer string. 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization


Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy

Producers extract energyand nutrients from thenonliving environment.EnergyfromsunlightFigure 1.4Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


EnergyfromsunlightHeatConsumers obtainenergy and nutrients byeating other organisms.Figure 1.4Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


EnergyfromsunlightHeatDecomposers are consumersthat obtain nutrients from deadorganisms and organic wastes.HeatHeatFigure 1.4Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


EnergyfromsunlightHeatHeatHeatHeat is lost every time energy is transferred. HeatFigure 1.4Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use


Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancyFigure 23.8Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or organism maintains equilibrium. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancyFigure 23.8A thermostat is an analogy for how life maintains internal constancy. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancyHumans have an internal thermostat that helps maintain temperature homeostasis. This woman shivers and adds clothing when she feels cold. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancyHomeostasis is not just about temperature though. For example, organisms also fluctuate around their optimal nutrient, salt, and water balances. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy


Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy- Reproduction, growth, and development


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsReproduction is either asexual or sexual.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

SEM: Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; Palm: Brand X Pictures/Getty Images (RF); Deer: Corbis Animals in Action CD

Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsOffspring of asexually reproducing organisms are identical to their single parent. Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsFungi sometimes reproduce asexually. Each of these orange cells might become a new organism.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsAsexual reproduction is a successful strategy in unchanging environments. Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsOffspring of sexually reproducing organisms receive genetic material from two parents.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsMost plants and animals reproduce sexually. Both the seedling and the fawn received genetic material from two parents.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsSexual reproduction is successful in changing environments, since offspring are unlike either parent.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Section 1.1The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and developsThis fawn started as a single cell and has grown and developed into a multicellular organism.Figure 1.5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


Clicker Question #3Which of the following statements is true about reproduction?

Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among organisms. Sexual reproduction is most successful in unchanging environments. Most plants reproduce only asexually. Asexual organisms do not actually reproduce. None of these is true. 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy- Reproduction, growth, and development


Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy- Reproduction, growth, and development - Evolution


The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesHow is it that so many organisms seem perfectly suited to their environment? Section 1.1Figure 1.6Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesThis snake blends into the sand.Section 1.1Figure 1.6Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesSnakes that blend in best catch the most prey, likely survive the longest, and reproduce the most. Section 1.1Figure 1.6Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Co-EvolutionHow do you think that the prey item could co-evolve to survive? Does this happen in the individual, or in the population?

The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesBacteria evolve quickly.Section 1.1Figure 1.7Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesBacteria evolve quickly.Section 1.1Figure 1.7TimeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Characteristics of LifeLife evolvesAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are most successful.TimeAntibiotic presentTimeReproductionandSelectionSection 1.1Figure 1.7Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.1All life shares five characteristics.- Organization - Energy use - Maintenance of internal constancy- Reproduction, growth, and development - Evolution


1.1 Mastering ConceptsWhat are the roles of natural selection and mutations in evolution? 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.2The Tree of Life Includes Three Main BranchesTaxonomy is the scientific study of naming and classifying organisms.Figure 1.8Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.2The Tree of Life Includes Three Main BranchesSpecies are broadly categorized into one of three domains.Figure 1.8Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.2The Tree of Life Includes Three Main BranchesEach domain includes one or more kingdoms. Figure 1.8Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.2The Tree of Life Includes Three Main BranchesFigure 1.8Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Bacteria: Kwangshin Kim/Photo Researchers; Archaea: Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

Section 1.2The Tree of Life Includes Three Main BranchesFigure 1.8Organisms in Domain Eukarya have cells with nuclei. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Amoeba: Melba Photo Agency/PunchStock (RF)


Bee: Courtesy of The National Human Genome Research Institute


Mushroom: Corbis (RF)


Leaf: Photo by Keith Weller/USDA

Clicker Question #4How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes are always multicellular. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs. Only eukaryotes are living organisms. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes. 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.2 Mastering ConceptsWhich kingdoms contain eukaryotic organisms? 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.3The Scientific MethodFigure 1.9In general, all scientific inquiry follows a standard process.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Scientific MethodFigure 1.9Section 1.3Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Section 1.3The Scientific MethodFigure 1.9Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of ScienceFigure 1.10Scientists test their hypotheses with discovery science or controlled experiments.Section 1.3Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Birdwatcher: U.S. fish & Wildlife Service/J&K Hollingsworth; Coffee tasters: Corbis (RF)

Section 1.3Components of ExperimentsFigure 1.10Independent variable: what is manipulated (e.g., dose of vaccine)Dependent variable: what is measured (e.g., number of rotavirus-infected children)Standardized variable: held constant for all subjects in an experiment (e.g., age of children) Well-designed experiments include independent, dependent, and standardized variables. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Coffee tasters: Corbis (RF)

What is the dependent variable in the experiment outlined in this table?

Clicker Question #5ABCFigure 1.11 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.3 Mastering ConceptsWhat are the components of scientific inquiry? 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sections 1.3 & 1.4Scientific Theories Help Explain ObservationsFigure 1.12When Charles Darwin saw the nectar tubes on these orchids he predicted that a moth had an equally long tongue. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Orchid: Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com

Sections 1.3 & 1.4Scientific Theories Help Explain ObservationsFigure 1.12He based this prediction on his theory of evolution. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Orchid: Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com

Sections 1.3 & 1.4Scientific Theories Help Explain ObservationsFigure 1.13Thirty years later, the moth was discovered. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.4 Mastering ConceptsWhat observations led Darwin and Wallace to predict the existence of a long-tongued moth in Madagascar? 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RFCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter OneExtra Credit Questions:Page 18: Write It Out1-8, 12Pull It Together #4

chapter one tweaked lecture

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