chapter iv socio-economic profile of the...
TRANSCRIPT
84
CHAPTER – IV
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR
ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES AND INVOLVEMENT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship in an innovative and dynamic process whereby a new enterprise
is created. An entrepreneur is a catalytic agent of change, who generates employment
opportunities for others. The emergence of entrepreneurs in a society depends to great
extent on the economic, social, religious, cultural and psychological factors prevailing in
the society. Entrepreneurship amongst women is a recent phenomenon. When an
enterprise is established and controlled by women, it not only boosts economic growth
but also has many desirable outcomes. The first prime minister of India Jawahar Lal
Nehru has remarked."When a woman moves forward, the family moves, the village
moves and the nation moves1”. Self Help Groups encourage women to participate in
entrepreneurial activity. It aims to enable members with no educational and industrial or
entrepreneurial background to become independent and self reliant.
In this chapter the profile of the respondents, their involvement in SHG activities
and their competencies are studied.
4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
In the present study, the profile variables are confined to the length of their
membership in the SHG, social status, age, level of education, marital status, family size,
number of earning respondents‟ in a family, occupational background, personal income,
savings per month, availing of loan and their material possession.
85
4.2.1 Duration of Membership among the Respondents
The duration of membership represents the years of experience among the
respondents as a member of their SHG. The Thoothukudi district consists of twelve
blocks, namely Thoothukudi, Srivaikundam, Karunkulam, Tiruchendur,
Alwarthirunagari, Udankudi, Ottapidaram, Kovilpatti, Sathankulam, Vilathikulam,
Kayathar and Pudur. The length of membership among the respondents is confined to two
year (Group-I), 2 to 4 years (Group-II), 4 to 6 years (Group-III) and above 6 years
(Group-IV). The distribution of respondents on the basis of their duration of membership
is illustrated in Table 4.1.
TABLE 4.1
Duration of Group Formation among the Respondents
Sl.No. Duration Number of
respondents Per cent to the Total
1. 2 year (Group-I) 46 9.09
2. 2–4 years (Group-II) 79 15.61
3. 4–6 years (Group-III) 149 29.45
4. Above 6 years (Group-IV) 232 45.85
Total 506 100.00
The respondents with the duration of two years is categorised as Group-I
respondents, whereas the respondents with the duration of 2 to 4 years is Group-II
respondents. The respondents with the duration of 4 to 6 years is Group-III respondents
and the respondents with the duration of above 6 years is Group-IV respondents. The
dominant group of respondents is Group-IV which constitutes 45.85, which is followed
86
by Group-III respondents which constitutes 29.45 per cent to the total. The Group-I and
II respondents constitute 15.61 and 9.09 per cent to the total respectively.
4.2.2 Religion of the Respondents
Religion is one of the important profiles of the respondents which may have its
own influence on the level of involvement in SHG activities and the enterprising spirit.
Hence, it is included as one of the profile variables. The present study confines the
religion to Hindu, Muslim and Christian. The distribution of respondents on the basis of
their religion is given in Table 4.2.
Table: 4.2
Religion of the Respondents
Religion Number of Respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
Hindu 36
(78.26)
54
(68.35)
114
(76.51)
177
(76.29)
381
(75.30)
Muslim 2
(4.35)
6
(7.59)
7
(4.70)
9
(3.88)
24
(4.74)
Christian 8
(17.39)
19
(24.05)
28
(18.79)
46
(19.83)
101
(19.96)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most frequent religion among the respondents is Hinduism which constitutes
75.30 per cent to the total which is followed by the Christianity which constitutes 19.96
per cent to the total. The most frequent religion in Group I and II respondents is
Hinduism which constitutes 78.26 and 68.35 per cent to its total respectively. Among the
87
Group III and IV respondents, also it is Hinduism which constitutes 76.51 and 76.29 per
cent to its total respectively. The analysis infers that the most common religion among
the respondents is Hinduism.
4.2.3 Social Status of the Respondents
The community of the respondents represents their class graded by the Government of
Tamilnadu. The classes are grouped into Scheduled Caste/Tribe, Most Backward and
Backward. Since community is one of the important profiles of the respondents, it is
included in the present study. The social classes of the respondents among Group-I,
Group-II, Group-III and Group-IV respondents are given in Table 4.3.
Table: 4.3
Community wise Distribution of Respondents
Community Number of Respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
Scheduled Caste/Tribe 18
(39.13)
30
(37.97)
53
(35.57)
75
(32.33)
176
(34.78)
Most Backward 15
(32.61)
17
(21.52)
39
(26.17)
58
(25.00)
129
(25.49)
Backward 13
(28.26)
32
(40.51)
57
(38.26)
99
(42.67)
201
(39.72)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most common community among the respondents is Backward Class which
constitutes 39.72 per cent to the total. It is followed by the SC/ST and Most Backward
which constitute 34.78 and 25.49 per cent to the total respectively. Among Group-II, III
and IV respondents, the most common caste is again Backward whereas in Group-I, it is
SC/ST. The analysis reveals most of the respondents belong to Backward Classes.
88
4.2.4 Age of the Respondents
This table represents the age of the SHG respondents selected for the present
study. Since the age of the respondents have its own influence on the level of awareness,
knowledge, involvement in any activities, it is included as one of the profile variables.
The age among the respondents is classified as below 25 years, 25 to 35 years, 36 to 45
years, 46 to 55 years and above 55 years. The distribution of respondents on the basis of
their age is analysed in Table 4.4.
Table: 4.4
Age of the Respondents
Age
(in years)
Number of Respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
Below 25 11
(23.91)
17
(21.52)
41
(27.52)
54
(23.28)
123
(24.31)
25-35 23
(50.00)
21
(26.58)
46
(30.87)
88
(37.93)
178
(35.18)
36-45 6
(13.04)
21
(26.58)
33
(22.15)
51
(21.98)
111
(21.94)
46-55 5
(10.87)
13
(16.46)
20
(13.420
26
(11.21)
64
(12.65)
Above 55 1
(2.17)
7
(8.86)
9
(6.04)
13
(5.60)
30
(5.93)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most common age groups among the respondents are below 25 years and 25
to 35 years which constitute 24.31and 35.18 per cent to the total respectively. The
respondents within the age of 36-45 years constitute 21.94 per cent to the total. Among
the Group-I respondents, the most common age of respondents is 25 -35 years which
constitutes 50 per cent to the total whereas in Group-II, 25-35 and 36-45 years constitute
26.58 per cent each to the total. Among the Group-III and Group-IV respondents, the age
89
of 25-35 constitutes 30.87 and 37.93 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis
reveals that most of the respondents in the present study are youngsters.
4.2.5 Level of Education of the Respondents
The level of education is one of the important profile variables which influences
the level of awareness, knowledge and involvement in any activity. Among the SHG
respondents, the level of education may be associated with their entrepreneurial
performance and empowerment. The level of education among the respondents is
categorized as illiterate, primary school, middle school, high school, higher secondary
and; graduate and diploma. The distribution of respondents on the basis of their level of
education is shown in Table 4.5.
Table: 4.5
Level of Education of the Respondents
Level of Education Number of respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
Illiterate – – 2
(1.34)
9
(3.88)
11
(2.17)
Primary School 12
(26.09)
19
(24.05)
7
(4.70)
50
(21.55)
88
(17.39)
Middle School 11
(23.91)
15
(18.99)
34
(22.82)
58
(25.00)
118
(23.32)
High School 12
(26.09)
23
(29.11)
52
(34.90)
61
(26.29)
148
(29.25)
Higher Secondary 8
(17.39)
15
(18.99)
41
(27.52)
45
(19.40)
109
(21.54)
Graduate and Diploma 3
(6.52)
7
(8.86)
13
(8.72)
9
(3.88)
32
(6.32)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most common level of education among the respondents is high school and
middle school which constitute 29.25 and 23.32 per cent to the total respectively. The
number of respondents with the higher secondary level of education constitutes 21.54 per
90
cent to the total. The most frequent level of education among the Group-I and Group-II
respondents is high school level which constitutes 26.09 and 29.11 per cent to its total
respectively. Among the Group-III and Group-IV respondents, it is also high school level
which constitutes 34.90 and 26.29 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis reveals
that the level of education among the respondents is moderate.
4.2.6 Marital Status of the Respondents
Since the marital status of the respondents determines the financial requirement,
drive to earn and expectation of empowerment, it is included as one of the profile
variables. The level of financial requirement among the married respondents may differ
from that of the unmarried respondents. At the same time, the level of empowerment
expected by the widows and separated individuals are usually higher than that of others.
In the present study, the marital status of the respondents is classified as unmarried,
married, widows and divorces.
Table: 4.6
Marital Status of the Respondents
Marital Status Number Respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
Unmarried 17
(36.96)
19
(24.05)
31
(20.81)
58
(25.00)
125
(24.70)
Married 23
(50.00)
49
(62.03)
109
(73.15)
164
(70.69)
345
(68.18)
Widows – 4
(5.06)
4
(2.68)
5
(2.16)
13
(2.57)
Divorces 6
(13.04)
7
(8.86)
5
(3.36)
5
(2.16)
23
(4.55)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
91
Table 4.6 explains the distribution of respondents on the basis of their marital
status. The important common marital status among them are married and unmarried
which constitute 68.18 and 24.70 per cent to the total. The most common marital status in
Group-I is „married‟ which constitutes 50 per cent to the total, whereas among Group-II
respondents, it is „Married‟ which constitutes 62.03 per cent to the total. Among the
Group-III respondents, also it is married, which constitutes 73.15 per cent to the total and
among the Group-IV respondents also it is „married‟ who constitutes 70.69 per cent to the
total. The analysis infers that the most common marital status among the respondents is
„married‟.
4.2.7 Family Type among the Respondents
The family type of the respondents is the nature of family system in the respondents
live. Since the family type may support the enterprising activities of the respondents and
also generates financial burden among the respondents, it is included as one of the profile
variables. The family type is classified into joint and nuclear family types. The
distribution of respondents on the basis of family type is illustrated in Table 4.7.
Table: 4.7
Family Type among the Respondents
Sl.No. Family type Number Respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
1. Joint 16
(34.78)
23
(29.11)
41
(27.52
63
(27.16)
143
(28.26)
2. Nuclear 30
(65.22)
56
(70.89)
108
(74.28)
169
(72.84)
363
(71.74)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
92
The most common family type among the respondents is nuclear which
constitutes 71.74 per cent to the total. The most important family type among Group-I
and II respondents also is nuclear which constitutes 65.22 and 70.89 per cent to the total
respectively. Among the Group III and IV respondents, also it is the nuclear type which
constitutes 72.48 and 72.84 per cent to the total respectively.
4.2.8 Family Size of the Respondents
The family size of respondents indicates the number of persons living along with
the respondents since, the family size of respondents is one of the important variables that
determine the standard of living and financial background of the respondents, it is
included as one of the profile variables. A higher family size which includes more
dependent members may affect the financial position of the respondents. The family size
of the respondents in the present study is confined to less than 3 members, 3 to 5, 6 to 8
and above 8 members.
Table: 4.8
Family Size of the Respondents
Sl.No. Family Size Number Respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 3 9
(19.57)
6
(7.59)
33
(22.15)
57
(24.57)
105
(20.75)
2. 3-5 17
(36.96)
34
(43.04)
51
(34.23)
96
(41.38)
198
(39.13)
3. 6-8 12
(26.09)
30
(37.97)
49
(32.89)
59
(25.43)
150
(29.64)
5. Above 8 8
(17.39)
9
(11.39)
16
(10.74)
20
(8.62)
53
(10.47)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
Table 4.8 illustrates the distribution of respondents on the basis of their family
size. The most common family size among the respondents is 3 to 5 and 6 to 8 members
which constitute 39.13 and 29.64 per cent to the total respectively. The number of
93
respondents with the family size of less than three constitutes 20.75 per cent to the total.
The most common family size among the Group-I and Group-II respondents is 3 to 5
members which constitutes 36.96 and 43.04 per cent to the total respectively. Among the
Group-III and Group-IV respondents, also it is 3 to 5 members and they constitute 34.23
and 41.38 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis reveals that the most common
family size among the respondents from 3 to 5 members per family.
4.2.9 Number of Children per Family among the Respondents
Even though, the number of children per family is a social wealth of the family. It
may also generate financial commitments in the family income. The children are the
dependent population. This may have its own influence on the performance of the
respondents in their ventures. The number of children per family in the present study is
classified as one, two, three, four, five and above. The distribution of respondents on the
basis of the number of children is given in Table 4.9.
Table: 4.9
Number of Children in the Family among the Respondents
Sl.No. Number of
children
Number Respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. One 11
(23.91)
23
(29.11)
40
(26.85)
23
(9.91)
97
(19.17)
2. Two 13
(28.26)
29
(36.71)
71
(47.65)
128
(55.17)
241
(47.63)
3. Three 12
(26.09)
19
(24.05)
26
(17.45)
49
(21.12)
106
(20.95)
4. Four 7
(15.22)
6
(7.59)
8
(5.37)
24
(10.34)
45
(8.89)
5. Five and above 3
(6.52)
2
(2.53)
4
(2.68)
8
(3.45)
17
(3.36)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
94
The most frequent number of children per family among the respondents is two
and three which constitute 47.63 and 20.95 per cent to the total respectively. The most
common number of children per family among the Group-I and II respondents is two
which constitutes 28.26 and 36.71 per cent to the total respectively. Among the Group III
and IV respondents, also this is two which constitutes 47.65 and 55.17 per cent to the
total respectively. The analysis infers that the most frequent number of children per
family among the respondents in the study area is two.
4.2.10 Occupational Background of the Respondents
The occupational background reveals the occupation of the parents or spouse of
the SHG respondents. Since the occupational background plays an important role in the
promotion and maintenance of the micro enterprises among the respondents; it is
included as one of the profile variables. Usually, the respondents forms a business
background are better manager and perform better in their micro enterprises. The
occupational background in the study is classified into agri-labour, daily wage earner,
private service, self employed, no employment and not-applicable.
95
Table: 4.10
Occupational Background of the Respondents
Sl.No. Occupational
background
Number of Respondents in Group
Total I II III IV
1. Agri-Labour 9
(19.57)
17
(21.52)
24
(16.11)
48
(20.69)
98
(19.37)
2. Daily wage 12
(26.09)
11
(13.92)
41
(27.52)
54
(23.28)
118
(23.32)
3. Private service 5
(10.87)
6
(7.59)
27
(18.12)
33
(14.22)
71
(14.03)
4. Self employed 9
(19.57)
23
(29.11)
20
(13.42)
38
(16.38)
90
(17.79)
5. Un employed 9
(19.57)
15
(18.99)
30
(20.13)
57
(24.57)
111
(21.94)
6. Not applicable 2
(4.35)
7
(8.86)
7
(4.70)
2
(0.86)
18
(3.56)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
Table 4.10 explains the occupational background of the respondents. The
important occupational background among the respondents is daily wages earner and
unemployed which constitute 23.32 and 21.94 per cent to the total respectively. The
respondents with self-employment background constitute 17.79 per cent to the total. The
most common occupational background among the Group-I respondents is daily wage
earner since it constitutes 26.09 per cent to the total whereas among the Group-II
respondents, it is self-employed which constitutes 29.11 per cent to it he total. Among the
Group-III and Group-IV respondents, it is daily wage earner and unemployed which
constitute 27.52 and 24.57 per cent to the total respectively.
4.2.11 Availing of loan by the Respondents
The loan indicates the liability of the members which is borrowed from Self help
groups. The loan amount represents the total loan amount borrowed from the SHG at the
96
time of interview. The total loan amount borrowed by the SHG respondents is cslassified
as less than Rs.10,000; Rs.10,000 to 20,000; Rs.20,001 to 30,000; Rs.30,000-40,000 and
above Rs.40,000. The distribution of members on the basis of their loan amount is
presented in Table 4.11.
Table: 4.11
Availment of loan by the Respondents
Sl.No. Loan Amount
(in Rs.)
Number of respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than
Rs.10000
3
(6.52)
7
(8.86)
10
(6.71)
6
(2.59)
26
(5.14)
2. 10000–20000 12
(26.09)
15
(18.99)
35
(23.49)
70
(30.17)
132
(26.09)
3. 20001-30000 8
(17.39)
17
(21.52)
31
(20.81)
45
(19.40)
101
(19.96)
4. 30001-40000 14
(30.43)
23
(29.11)
41
(27.52)
64
(27.59)
142
(28.06)
5. Above 40000 9
(19.57)
17
(21.52)
32
(21.48)
47
(20.26)
105
(20.75)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most frequent loan amount borrowed by the members is Rs.30,001- 40,000
and Rs.10000 – 20000 which constitute 28.06 and 26.09 per cent to the total respectively.
The number of members who have borrowed to above Rs.40,000 constitute 20.75 per
cent to the total. The most frequent loan amount borrowed by Group-I and Group-II
members is Rs.30, 001 to 40,000 which constitutes 30.43 and 29.11 per cent to the total
respectively. Among the Group-III and Group-IV members, also it is Rs.30, 001 to
40,000 which constitutes 27.52 and 27.59 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis
reveals that most common loan amount among the respondents is Rs.30,001 to 40,000.
97
4.2.12 Years of IGA
The year of activities represents the years of experience in income generating
activities among the respondents. Since the years of experience may influence the
performance of the activities, it is included as one of the variables in the present study.
The years of activities in the present study is classified as to less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years,
3 to 5 years and above 5 years. The distribution of respondents on the basis of their years
of activities is given in Table 4.12.
Table: 4.12
Years of Activities
Sl.No. Years of
activities
Number of respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 1 year 46
(100.00)
27
(34.18)
22
(14.77)
3
(1.29)
98
(19.37)
2. 1 – 3 0 52
(65.82)
38
(25.50)
18
(7.76)
108
(21.34)
3. 3 – 5 0 0 89
(59.73)
43
(18.53)
112
(26.09)
4. Above 5 0 0 0 168
(72.41)
168
(32.20)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most frequent years of activity among the respondents is above 5 years and 3
to 5 years which constitutes 33.20 and 26.09 per cent to the total. The number of
respondents with less than 1 year experience constitutes 19.37 per cent to the total. The
most common year of activities among Groups I and II is less than 1 year and 1 to 3 years
which constitute 100.00 and 65.82 per cent to its total respectively. Among Group III and
IV respondents, these are 3 to 5 years and above 5 years which constitute 59.73 and 72.41
98
per cent to the total respectively. The years of activity among Group IV and III
respondents is higher than that the Group II and I respondents.
4.2.13 Nature of Activity among the Respondents
The nature of income generating activity among the respondents may be
permanent or seasonal or causal. Since the nature of activity may have its own influence
on the level of income generated, it is included as one of the profile variables. The nature
of activity among the respondents in the present study is classified as permanent, seasonal
and casual. The distribution of respondents on the basis of the nature of activity is given
in Table 4.13.
Table: 4.13
Nature of Activity among the Respondents
Sl.
No.
Nature of Activity Number of respondents in Group
Total
I II III IV
1. Permanent 8
(17.39)
17
(21.52)
62
(41.61)
129
(55.60)
216
(42.69)
2. Seasonal 21
(45.65)
36
(45.57)
51
(34.23)
81
(34.91)
189
(37.35)
3. Casual 17
(36.96)
26
(32.91)
36
(24.16)
22
(9.48)
101
(19.96)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most common nature of activity among the respondents are permanent and
seasonal which constitute 42.69 and 37.35 per cent to the total respectively. The most
common nature of activity among Groups I and II respondents is seasonal which
constitutes 45.65 and 45.57 per cent to the total respectively. In the case of Groups III
and IV respondents, it is permanent, which among the respondents constitutes 41.61 and
99
55.60 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis infers that the year of activity
changes the nature of activity from seasonal and casual to permanent.
4.2.14 Structure of Enterprise among the Respondents
This indicates the structure of the venture done by the respondents. The SHG
members may produce their products for sale either individually or collectively. Since the
structure of the enterprise is one of the important profiles of the respondents, it is
included in the present study. The structure is classified as individual production and
group production. The distribution of respondents on the basis of the structure of their
enterprise is given in Table 4.14.
Table: 4.14
Structure of the Enterprise among the Respondents
Sl.
No. Structure
Number of respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Individual production 18
(39.13)
52
(65.82)
108
(72.48)
169
(72.84)
347
(68.58)
2. Group production 28
(60.87)
27
(34.18)
41
(27.52)
63
(27.16)
159
(31.42)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
In total, maximum of the respondents i.e. 68.58 percent are engaged in individual
production. The most common structure of enterprise among Groups I and II respondents
are both group production and individual production which constitutes 60.87 and 65.82
per cent to the total respectively. Among Groups III and IV respondents, individual
production constitutes 72.48 and 72.84 per cent to the total respectively. The analysis
reveals that individual productions is commonly done by the experienced respondents
whereas group production is undertaken by the less experienced respondents.
100
4.2.15 Method of Marketing the Product Among the Respondents
The method of marketing represents the way in which the respondents are
marketing their products. Even though the methods of marketing are several, the present
study is confined to five methods. The respondents were asked to mention anyone of the
methods of marketing they follow to sell their products. The analysis is presented in
Table 4.15.
TABLE 4.15
Methods of Marketing among the Respondents
Sl.
No.
Methods of Marketing Number of respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Home delivery 6
(13.04)
8
(10.13)
23
(15.44)
32
(13.79)
69
(13.64)
2. Street vending 11
(23.91)
12
(15.19)
38
(25.50)
43
(18.53)
104
(20.55)
3. Home delivery & Street vending
(both)
16
(34.78)
33
(41.77)
38
(25.50)
58
(25.00)
145
(28.66)
4. Given to selected shops 6
(13.04)
16
(20.52)
32
(21.48)
59
(25.43)
113
(22.33)
5. Trade fair and government
sponsored stalls
7
(15.2)
10
(12.65)
18
(12.08)
40
(12.24)
75
(14.82)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most common method of marketing the product by the respondents is both
home delivery and street vending and given to select shops since they constitute 28.66
and 22.33 per cent to the total respectively. The most common method of marketing
among Groups I and II respondents is home delivery and street vending since they
constitute 34.78 and 41.77 per cent to the total respectively. Among Group III
respondents, these are street vending and home delivery and street vending which
constitute 25.00 to total in each. Among Group IV respondents, these are giving to
101
selected shops and home delivery and street vending since they constitutes 25.43 and
25.00 per cent to the total respectively.
4.2.16 Number of Respondent Attended Various Training
Training programmes are conducted by Mahalir thittam and NGOs in order to
enrich the entrepreneurship and empowerment among the respondents. The training
programmes are aimed at SHG orientation, Income Generating Activity (IGA), and
Social Awareness Programme. The respondents are asked whether they attended a type of
programme or not. The distribution of members on the basis of their attendance in a
training programme is given in Table 4.16.
TABLE 4.16
Participation in the Training Programme among the Respondents
Sl.No. Training
Programme
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Total
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. SHG
orientation
29
(63.04)
17
(36.96)
64
(81.01)
15
(18.99)
128
(85.91)
21
(14.09)
209
(90.09)
23
(9.91)
430
(84.98)
76
(15.02)
2. Income
generating
activities
13
(28.26)
33
(71.74)
29
(36.71)
50
(63.29)
47
(31.54)
102
(68.46)
98
(42.24)
134
(57.76)
187
(36.96)
319
(63.04)
3. Social
Awareness
programe
6
(13.04)
40
(86.96)
32
(40.51)
47
(59.49)
59
(39.60)
90
(60.40)
138
(59.48)
94
(40.52)
235
(46.44)
271
(53.56)
The highly attended programme among the respondents is SHG orientation since
it constitutes 84.98 per cent to the total. It is followed by social awareness programe
which constitutes 46.44 per cent to the total. The highly attended programme among the
four groups of respondents is SHG orientation. The next most attended programme
102
among Groups I and group II respondents are Income Generating Activity and awareness
training respectively .Among Groups III and IV respondents, it is awareness training.
4.2.17 Perception of the Respondent about the Usefulness of Training Programmes
The feedback on the training programmes is highly essential for enrichment of the
programmes in future. An attempt has been made to measure the perception of the
respondents about the training programmes they have attended so far, i.e. very useful,
somewhat useful, useful and not useful. The distribution of respondents on the basis of
their perception about the training programmes is illustrated in Table 4.17.
Table: 4.17
Attitude on Usefulness of Training Programmes
Sl.
No. Attitude
Number of respondents in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Very useful 10
(21.74)
14
(17.72)
17
(11.41)
54
(23.28)
95
(18.77)
2. Somewhat useful 16
(34.78)
18
(22.78)
51
(34.23)
68
(29.31)
153
(30.24)
3. Useful 13
(28.26)
26
(32.91)
49
(32.89)
69
(29.74)
157
(31.03)
4. Not-useful 7
(15.22)
21
(26.58)
32
(21.48)
41
(17.67)
101
(19.96)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
In total, 31.03 per cent of the total respondents consider that these programmes
are useful to them. It is followed by „somewhat useful‟ which constitutes 30.24 per cent
to the total. The respondents who view the programmes as not useful constitute 19.96 per
cent to the total. The most common perception among Group I and II respondents are
somewhat useful and useful since they constitute 34.78 and 32.91 per cent to the total
respectively. Among Groups III and IV respondents, these are somewhat useful and
103
useful since they constitute 34.23 and 29.74 per cent to the total respectively. The
analysis reveals that majority of the respondents consider the training programmes useful
to them.
4.2.18 Pre and Post IGA Period scenario of the Respondents
The members have joined SHGs with some expectation like improving their
standard of living, empowerment, savings, asset creation etc. The present study have
examined level of respondents change in personal income savings and material position
after involving IGA
4.2.18.1 Personal Income of the Members at Pre IGA Period
The personal income indicates the income earned by the SHG members at the pre
IGA period during a month. Since the personal income reveals the earning capacity and
also the economic empowerment of the members, it is included as one of the profile
variables. The personal income per month in the present study is classified to less than
Rs.500, Rs.500 to 1000, Rs.1001 to 1500, Rs.1501 to 2000 and above Rs.2000. The
distribution of members on the basis of their personal income at pre IGA period is given
in Table 4.18.
104
Table: 4.18
Personal Income of the Members at Pre IGA period
Sl.No. Personal income
per month (in
Rs.)
Number of Members in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 500 6
(13.04)
32
(40.51)
49
(32.89)
105
(45.26)
192
(37.94)
2. 500-1000 18
(39.13)
21
(26.58)
43
(28.86)
54
(23.28)
136
(26.88)
3. 1001-1500 12
(26.09)
13
(16.46)
31
(20.81)
36
(15.52)
92
(18.18)
4. 1501-2000 6
(13.04)
4
(5.06)
21
(14.09)
24
(10.34)
55
(10.87)
5. Above 2000 4
(8.70)
9
(11.39)
5
(3.36)
13
(5.60)
31
(6.13)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The common monthly incomes among the members at the pre IGA period is less
than Rs.500 and Rs.500 to 1000 which constitute 37.94 and 26.88 per cent to the total
respectively. The members earning a monthly income of above Rs.2000 constitutes 6.13
per cent to the total. The most common monthly income among the members in Group-I
is Rs.500 to 1000 which constitute 39.13 percent and in Group II it is less than Rs. 500
which constitutes 40.51 per cent tothe total respectively. Among the Group-III and
Group-IV members, it is less than Rs.500 which \constitutes 32.89 and 45.26 per cent to
the total respectively. This reveals that the personal income among the members at pre
SHG period has been very poor.
4.2.18.2 Income Generated by the Members at Post IGA Period
Micro enterprises would generate some income which is an addition to the previous
income of the members at pre IGA period. The viability of the micro enterprises is tested
by the income generated by the units. Hence, the present study has made an attempt to
105
analyse the monthly income earned by the members at the post IGA period also. The
post IGA monthly incomes in the present study are classified as below Rs.1000, Rs.1000
to 2000, Rs.2001 to 3000, Rs.3001 to 4000 and above Rs.4000. The income generation
level among the members at post IGA period is illustrated in Table 4.19.
Table: 4.19
Income Generated by the Members at Post IGA Period
Sl.No. Monthly income Number of Members in Group
Total I II III IV
1. Below Rs.1000 10
(21.74)
19
(24.05)
24
(16.11)
43
(18.53)
96
(18.97)
2. 1000-2000 9
(19.57)
15
(18.99)
23
(15.44)
54
(23.28)
101
(19.96)
3. 2001-3000 10
(21.74)
17
(21.52)
43
(28.86)
68
(29.31)
138
(27.27)
4. 3001-4000 9
(19.57)
15
(18.99)
41
(27.52)
44
(18.97)
109
(21.54)
5. Above 4000 8
(17.39)
13
(16.46)
18
(12.08)
23
(9.91)
62
(12.25)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The common monthly incomes generated by the respondents at post IGA period
are Rs.2001 to 3000 and Rs.3001 to 4000 which constitute 27.27 and 21.54 per cent to
the total respectively. The number of members with an income of above Rs.4000
constitutes 12.25 per cent to the total. The common income levels among Group-I
members are below Rs.1000 and Rs.2001 to 3000 which constitute 21.74 and 21.74 per
cent to the total respectively. Among Group-II members, these are below Rs.1000 and
Rs.2001 to 3000 which constitute 24.05 and 21.52 per cent to the total respectively. The
most common income levels among Group-III members are Rs.2001 to 3000 and
106
Rs.3001 to 4000 which constitute 28.86 and 27.52 per cent to the total respectively.
Among Group-IV members also it is Rs.2001 to 3000 and Rs.1000 to 2000 which
constitutes 29.31 per cent and 23-28 percent to the total respectively.
4.2.18.3 Changes in Personal Income
The study has made an attempt to analyse the changes in the personal income of
the members during the pre and the post IGA period. The„t‟ test has been administered to
find out the significant changes in the personal income. In order to find out the
association between the duration of the membership and the changes in the personal
income, the mean of personal incomes of the Group-I, II, III and IV members have been
computed separately. The results are given in Table 4.20.
Table: 4.20
Increase in Personal Income
Sl.No. Groups
Average income at Mean of
Incremental
Income
„t‟
statistics Pre IGA period Post IGA
period
1. I 1206.04 1869.24 663.20 1.1456
2. II 1175.67 2609.34 1433.98 2.6687*
3. III 1775.13 2904.17 1129.04 2.3089*
4. IV 1233.73 3118.83 1885.10 3.1081*
Overall 1412.73 2862.48 1449.75 2.9691*
* Significant at five per cent level.
The highest change in the personal income have been identified in Group-II and
Group IV members since their respective mean of incremental incomes during the pre
and post IGA period are Rs.1433.98 and Rs.1885.10 respectively. Significant changes in
the personal income have been noticed between these two periods, have been identified
among Groups-II, III and IV members since their respective„t‟ statistics are significant at
five per cent level. Even though there is a slight increase in the personal income among
107
Group-I members, the change are not statistically significant. This analysis reveals that
the increase in the duration of the membership leads to an increase in their personal
income.
4.2.18.4 Savings of the Members at Pre IGA Period
Savings is an outcome of excess income over the expenditure among the
members. Savings is determined by the ability and willingness to save. In the present
study, the ability to save has been measured. Since the savings of the members may be
utilized for asset creation or for income generation, it is included as one of the important
profiles of the members. The savings per month among the members is categories as nil,
less than Rs.50, Rs.51 to 100, Rs.101 to 150, Rs.151 to 200, Rs.201 to 250 and above
Rs.250. The distribution of the members on the basis of their monthly savings at pre IGA
period is given in Table 4.21.
Table: 4.21
Savings of the Members at Pre IGA Period
Sl.
No.
Savings per
Month (in Rs.)
Number of Members in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Nil 13
(28.26)
29
(36.71)
28
(18.79)
58
(25.00)
128
(25.30)
2. Less than 50 11
(23.91)
16
(20.25)
48
(32.21)
65
(28.02)
140
(27.67)
3. 51 – 100 6
(13.04)
13
(16.46)
39
(26.17)
36
(15.52)
94
(18.58)
4. 101 – 150 6
(13.04)
8
(10.13)
20
(13.42)
28
(12.07)
62
(12.25)
5. 151 – 200 6
(13.04)
6
(7.59)
8
(5.37)
23
(9.91)
43
(8.50)
6. 201 – 250 4
(8.70)
4
(5.06)
6
(4.03)
14
(6.03)
28
(5.53)
7. Above 250 0
(0.00)
3
(3.80)
0
(0.00)
8
(3.45)
11
(2.17)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
108
Table 4.31 reveals that in total, 27.67 per cent of the members had a saving of less
than Rs.50 at pre IGA period since their ability and willingness to save were very less.
The other common savings level among them are Rs.51 to 100 and Rs.101 to 150 which
constitute 18.58 and 12.25 per cent to the total respectively. The most common saving
level among Group-I and Group-II members was Nil since it constitutes 28.26 and 36.71
per cent to the total respectively. Among Group-III and Group-IV members, the most
common saving level at pre IGA period is less than Rs.50 which constitutes 32.21 and
28.02 per cent to the total respectively.
4.2.18.5 Savings of the Members at Post IGA Period
One of the primary objectives of promoting SHGs is to increase the thrift habit
among the members. It is imperative to analyse whether that purpose has been fulfilled or
not. The present analysis has made an attempt to analyse the savings of the SHG
members per month at the post IGA period. The savings per month among the members
is classified as Rs.50, Rs.51 to 100, Rs.101 to 150, Rs.151 to 200, Rs.201 to 250, Rs.251
to 300 and above Rs.300. The distribution of members on the basis of their savings at the
post IGA period is given in Table 4.22.
109
Table: 4.22
Savings of the Members at Post IGA Period
Sl.No. Savings per
month
(in Rs.)
Number of Members in Group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 50 6
(12.12)
5
(8.00)
9
(4.95)
40
(12.64)
60
(9.78)
2. 50–100 6
(12.12)
8
(10.00)
3
(6.93)
35
(14.94)
64
(11.73)
3. 101–100 5
(15.15)
10
(12.00)
6
(7.92)
29
(16.09)
60
(13.13)
4. 150–200 7
(21.21)
11
(14.00)
28
(21.78)
22
(11.49)
69
(15.64)
5. 201–250 6
(18.18)
17
(20.00)
27
(30.69)
39
(18.97)
91
(22.35)
6. 251–300 6
(12.12)
16
(24.00)
29
(25.74)
36
(15.52)
87
(19.27)
7. Above 300 5
(9.09)
12
(12.00)
27
(21.78)
31
(10.34)
75
(13.69)
Total 33
(100)
50
(100)
121
(100)
174
(100)
378
(100)
The common level of savings of the members per month at the post IGA period
are Rs.201 to 250 and Rs.251 to 300 which constitute 22.35 and 19.27 per cent to the
total respectively. The number of members with savings of above Rs.300 per month
constitutes 13.69 per cent to the total. The most common level saving among Group-I and
Group-II members are Rs.150 to 200 and Rs.251 to 300 which constitute 21.21 and 24
per cent to the total respectively. Among Group-III and Group-IV members, these are
Rs.201 to 250 and Rs.201 to 250 which constitute 30.69 and 18.97 per cent to the total
respectively.
110
4.2.18.6 Changes in Savings
The habit of savings among the members is enforced by their SHGs. Apart from
this, the group members are motivated to save more for their further development also. In
order to analyse the effect of the group activities on the savings, the present analysis
compares the savings per month among the four groups of members at the pre and the
post IGA periods. To find out the significant differences at these two periods regarding
the savings, the„t‟ test has been administered. The results are presented in Table 4.23.
Table: 4.23
Changes in Savings
Sl.No. Groups Average Savings at Mean of
Incremental
Savings
„t‟
statistics Pre IGA period Post IGA
period
1. I 58.33 163.69 105.36 2.1414*
2. II 56.76 204.31 147.55 2.6692*
3. III 52.48 237.08 184.60 2.9675*
4. IV 56.09 276.89 220.80 3.2108*
Overall 53.11 244.08 190.97 2.8736*
* Significant at five per cent level
There is a growth in savings per month among the four groups of members. It is
identified as higher among Group-IV members, followed by Group-III members since
their means of incremental savings are Rs.220.80 and Rs.184.60 respectively. Regarding
the savings per month, significant differences between the pre and the post IGA periods
have been noticed among all the four groups of members since their respective„t‟
statistics are significant at five per cent level. The analysis reveals positive changes in the
111
savings per month among the members. It is also identified in Group-I and II members
because of the compulsory savings schemes in their self help groups.
4.2.18.7 Material possession of respondents at pre IGA period
The material possession represents the total value of material and assets owned by
the respondents. It has been measured to compare the material possession of respondents
at pre and post IGA periods. The material possession is classified as Nil, less than
Rs.10,000, 10,000 to 20,000, 20,001 to 30,000, 30,001 to 40,000 and above 40,000. The
distribution of all the four groups of respondents on the basis of their material possession
is given in Table 4.24.
TABLE 4.24
Material Possession of Members at pre-IGA period
Sl.No. Material possession
Number of members in group Total
I II III IV
1. Nil
20
(13.47)
38
(48.19)
68
(45.63)
86
(37.06)
212
(41.89)
2. less than 10,000
8
(17.39)
12
(15.18)
34
(22.81)
47
(20.25)
101
(19.96)
3. 10,000 – 20,000
6
(13.04)
10
(12.65)
17
(11.40)
39
(16.81)
72
(14.22)
4. 20,001 – 30,000
4
(8.69)
8
(10.12)
14
(9.39)
23
(9.91)
49
(9.68)
5. 30,001 – 40,000
4
(8.69)
5
(6.32)
8
(5.37)
21
(9.05)
38
(7.50)
6. Above 40,000
4
(8.69)
6
(7.59)
8
(5.37)
16
(6.89)
34
(6.72)
Total
46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The most widespread material possession categories among the respondents are
nil and less than Rs.10, 000 which constitute 41.89 and 19.96 per cent to the total
112
respectively. The respondents with material possession of above Rs.40, 000 constitute
6.72 per cent to the total. The common material possession level among Group I and II
respondents is nil which constitutes 43.47 and 48.10 per cent to the total respectively.
Among Groups III and IV respondents, also it is nil and constitutes 45.63 and 37.07 per
cent to the total respectively. The analysis reveals that majority of respondents had no
material possession at the pre IGA period.
4.2.18.8 Material possession of respondents at post IGA period
The material possession at post IGA period has also been measured to find out
whether there has been any positive improvement in the post IGA period with regard to
the material possession of the respondents. The material possession is classified as less
than Rs.10, 000, Rs.10, 000 to 30,000, Rs.30, 001 to 50,000, Rs.50, 001 to 70,000, Rs.70,
001 to 90,000 and above 90,000. The distribution of respondents on the basis of their
material possession is given in Table 4.25.
TABLE 4.25
Material Possession of Members at Post-IGA period
Sl.No. Material possession
(Rs.)
Number of members in group Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 10,000
11
(23.91)
23
(29.11)
31
(20.80)
22
(9.48)
87
(17.19)
2. 10,000 – 30,000
10
(21.73)
8
(10.12)
22
(14.76)
24
(10.37)
64
(12.64)
3. 30,001 – 50,000
9
(19.56)
10
(12.66)
19
(12.75)
65
(28.01)
103
(20.36)
4. 50,001 – 70,000
8
(17.39)
14
(17.72)
26
(17.44)
41
(17.67)
89
(17.58)
5. 70,001 to 90,000
7
(15.21)
11
(13.92)
23
(15.43)
46
(19.82)
87
(17.19)
6. Above 90,000
1
(2.17)
13
(16.45)
28
(18.79)
34
(14.65)
76
(15.01)
Total
46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
113
The most common material possession values among the respondents at post IGA
period is Rs.30, 000 to 50,000 and Rs.50, 001 to 70,000 which constitute 20.36 and 17.58
per cent to the total respectively. The respondents with material possession of above
Rs.90,000 constitute 15.02 per cent to the total. The important most common worth of
possession among Groups I and II respondents is less than 10000 which constitutes 23.91
and 29.11 per cent to the total respectively. Among Groups III and IV respondents, it is
less than Rs10, 000 and Rs.30,001 to 50,000 which constitute 20.80 and 28.01 per cent to
its total respectively. The material possession value of Group IV respondents is higher
than the material possession value of Groups III, II.
4.2.18.9 Changes in value of Material Possession among the Respondents
The changes in material possession value of all the four groups of respondents
have been computed by the difference in the value between the material possession of
respondents at pre and post period. It has been computed for all four groups of
respondents. The „t‟ test has been administered to find out the significant difference
among the mean of material possession value at pre and post IGA periods. The results are
given in Table 4.26.
TABLE4.26
Changes in value of material possession among the respondents
Sl.No. Groups Average material possession at Mean of
increment
„t‟ statistics
Pre IGA
period
Post IGA
period
1. I 11956.50 24897.63 12941.13 2.0091*
2. II 10822.78 36772.65 25949.87 2.5969*
3. III 9496.64 47368.03 37871.39 3.8089*
4. IV 12284.48 55499.84 43215.36 4.1788*
Overall 11205.53 47376.54 36171.01 3.7342*
* Significant at five per cent level.
114
The higher mean of material possession value is noticed among Group IV
respondents at pre IGA period and post IGA period. The higher mean of increment in the
material possession value is seen among Group IV respondents since its mean of
increment is Rs.43215.36. It is followed by Group III and Group II respondents with the
mean increment of Rs.37871.39 and Rs.25949.87 respectively. The significant difference
among the material possession at pre and post IGA periods is identified among the four
Groups of respondents since„t‟ statistics are significant at five per cent level. This reveals
there is a significant change in material possession value of all the Groups of
respondents, and it is higher in Group IV respondents compared to the other three Groups
of respondents.
4.3 Level of Involvement in SHG Activities
The involvement in the SHG activities reveals the level of participation and
activities among the respondents of the SHG. It is highly required for the success of
micro enterprises and also for the women empowerment. Hence, the present study has
made an attempt to measure the level of involvement in the SHG activities among the
respondents with the help of eleven important variables. The respondents were asked to
rate the 11 variables at five point scale from very high to very low. The assigned scores
on these scales are from 5 to 1 respectively.
The mean score of each variable among the four groups of respondents has been
computed separately to show the level of involvement of the respondents in the SHG
activities. The one way analysis of variance has been executed to find out the significant
difference among the four groups of respondents regarding their level of involvement in
the SHG activities.
115
Table: 4.27
Level of Involvement in SHG Activities
Sl.No. Variables Mean score among respondents in groups
F-
Statistics I II III IV
1. Contribution to
groups
2.6817 2.8233 3.4562 3.8968 3.8186*
2. Time devoted to
meeting
3.3866 3.1144 3.2661 3.5031 1.2304
3. Arrangement of
meeting
3.4081 3.5023 3.1144 3.3334 0.9169
4. Mobilization of
respondents
3.2149 3.0889 3.2962 3.5146 0.5739
5. Providing
support to
programmes
2.6603 2.9194 3.0818 3.4027 2.7231*
6. Co-ordinating the
activities
3.4147 3.5086 3.6114 3.3863 0.7144
7. Motivating the
respondents
3.2114 3.0817 3.3446 3.9461 2.8609*
8. Publicizing
programme
3.5186 3.2162 3.0861 3.4541 0.7086
9. Assistance to get
official
formalities
3.4028 3.3444 3.5082 3.1142 1.0332
10. Helping in
record keeping
3.6861 3.4081 3.6624 3.5021 0.7169
11. Monitoring the
activities
3.5108 3.7233 3.3089 3.2719 0.9334
* Significant at five per cent level.
116
Table 4.27 illustrates the mean score of all the 11 variables and their respective„t‟
statistics. The highly involved activities among the Group-I respondents are helpful in
record keeping and publicizing a programme since their respective mean scores are
3.6861 and 3.5186. Among the Group-II respondents, these are monitoring the activities
and co-ordinating the activities since their mean scores are 3.7233 and 3.5086, whereas
among the Group-III respondents, these are helping in record keeping and co-ordinating
the activities since their mean scores are 3.6624 and 3.6114 respectively. Among the
Group-IV respondents, these are „motivating the respondents‟ and „contribution to
Groups‟ since its mean scores are 3.9461 and 3.8968 respectively. Regarding the level of
involvement in the SHG activities, a significant difference among the four groups of
respondents has been identified in the case of contribution to groups, providing support to
programmes and motivating the respondents, since their respective „F‟ statistics are
significant at five per cent level.
4.3.1 Reliability of the Variables Included in Level of Involvement
In order to measure the reliability and validity of the variables in measuring the
level of involvement, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) has been executed. The
one factor model has been chosen for the study. The standardized factor loading of the
variables, its „t‟ statistics and its significance, its composite reliability and fit indices are
computed and presented in Table 4.28
117
Table: 4.28
Reliability of the Variables Included in Level of Involvement among the
Respondents (CFA)
Sl.No. Variables Standardised
Factor
Loadings
t
statistics P-
Value
Composite
reliability
Average
Variance
Extracted
1. Contribution to
Groups
0.8183 9.21 0.0089
0.9247
0.6089
2. Time devoted to
meeting
0.7342 8.17 0.0177
3. Arrangement of
meeting
0.7691 7.34 0.0269
4. Mobilization of
resources
0.8503 9.47 0.0045
5. Providing support
to programmes
0.7265 6.91 0.0317
6. Co-ordinating the
activities
0.7062 6.13 0.0396
7. Motivating the
respondents
0.6969 6.02 0.0473
8. Publicizing
programme
0.8144 8.44 0.0099
9. Assistance to get
official formalities
0.8708 10.63 0.0023
10. Helping in record
keeping
0.7337 7.33 0.0296
11. Monitoring the
activities
0.7104 6.32 0.0344
t-statistics: X2=208.91(p=0.01); GFI=0.83; AGFI=0.76; RMR=0.05; CFI=0.97; NFI=0.91;
TLI=0.96.
The standardized factor loading of all the variables are greater than 0.7 and the
significance of „t‟ statistics is at five per cent level. This indicates the convergent validity
of the variables in the construct. The composite reliability also confirms the reliability of
the construct since its reliability coefficient is greater than 0.70. The average variance
118
extracted by this constant is 0.6089 which is greater than the minimum threshold of 0.5.
The fit indices also justify the validity of the instrumentation.
4.3.2 Level of Involvement Score in SHG Activities among the Respondents
It reveals the overall trend of the total involvement of the respondents in the SHG
activities. It is nothing but the summation of level of involvement in all 11 variables. It is
computed by the mean scores of the 11 variables included in the involvement in SHG
activities. It is denoted by LISS.
The LISS in the present study is categorized as less than 2.00; 2.00 to 3.00; 3.00
to 4.00 and above 4.00. The distribution of respondents on the basis of their LISS is
presented in Table 4.29.
Table: 4.29
Level of Involvement Score in SHG Activities (LISS)
Sl.No. LISS Number of Respondents in Groups in
Total
I II III IV
1. Less than 2.00 8
(17.39)
26
(32.91)
28
(18.79)
13
(5.60)
75
(14.82)
2. 2.00–3.00 23
(50.00)
19
(24.05)
21
(14.09)
40
(17.24)
103
(20.36)
3. 3.01–4.00 9
(19.57)
17
(21.52)
35
(23.49)
51
(21.98)
112
(22.13)
4. Above 4.00 6
(13.04)
17
(21.52)
65
(43.62)
128
(55.17)
216
(42.69)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
The important LISS among the respondents is above 4.00 and 3.01 to 4.00 which
constitute 42.69 and 22.13 per cent to the total respectively. The number of respondents
with the LISS of less than 2.00 constitutes 14.82 per cent to the total. The most important
119
LISS in Group-I is 2.00 to 3.00 which constitutes 50.00 per cent. Among Group II it is
less than 2.00 which constitutes 32.91 per cent to its total. Among Groups-III and IV
respondents, these two are above 4.00 which constitute 43.62 and 55.17 per cent to the
total respectively. The analysis infers that the level of involvement in the SHG activities
is identified as higher among the Groups IV and III respondents than among the Group I
and II respondents.
4.4 Entrepreneurial Competency:
The Entrepreneurial competency of a persons is crucial to make any business a
successful one. The only required aspect is to capitalize on the entrepreneurial
competency in a proper way. The potentiality of entrepreneurial competency is a pre-
requisite for any type of entrepreneur. If the entrepreneurs do not have these
competencies, it has to be built up in due course of time through entrepreneurial
development programmes. The present study has made an attempt to measure the
entrepreneurial competency of the respondents at present. The entrepreneurial
competency of the respondents indicates the entrepreneurial traits possessed by the
respondents in order to enrich their performance in enterprising (Singh, 20092). It consists
of several dimensions related to various attributes of the entrepreneurs (Gupta and
Srinivasan, 20073).
4.4.1 Important Entrepreneurial Competency among the Respondents:
In the present study, the variables related to entrepreneurial competencies of the
respondents have been measured with the help of variables drawn from the review of
previous studies (Sridevi, et al., 20124, Boaden, 2006
5, Eng, et al., 2004
6). It is measured
with the help of 40 statements such as good in networking, good in estimation and
120
budgeting, good listener, curious to learn new aspects, proactive to tasks, good at
organizing, ready to take risks, highly creative, insisting on getting factors work in a
systematic way, trying to take calculated risks, produce accurate, clear, error free working
, new ways to solve problems good at managing time, accepting new ideas and situation,
accepting challenges, working with others, consulting others when there is a problem,
good in team building, good in managing conflict, good in contact, prefer being my own,
people oriented, readly to take responsibilities, want to be economically independent,
owning up mistakes, persevere till success, take decision with in reasonable time, setting
of goals and articulating a vision, to make a mark in this life, self confidence and self-
esteem, strong need to work independently, preparing the plan of action, leaving room
from failure, self motivation and influencing others, perceive problems as opportunities,
work independently, failure is a learning, opportunity to me and good observer. The
respondents were asked to rate these statements at five point scale according to the order
of having them. The assigned scores on these scales are from 5 to 1 respectively.
The score of the statements have been included for Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA) in order to narrate these statements into important entrepreneurial competencies
(IEC) among them. Initially, the reliability of data for EFA has been tested with the help
of KMO measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett‟s Test of Sphericity. Both these
tests satisfy the validity of data for EFA. The EFA results in 7 important entrepreneurial
competencies which consist of 36 statements. The remaining 4 statements have been
excluded by the EFA because of its poor factor loading with all seven IEC. The result of
EFA is summarized in Table 4.30.
121
Table: 4.30
Important Entrepreneurial Competency (IEC) among the Respondents
Sl.No. IEC Number of
variables in
Eigen
Value
Per cent of
variation
explained
Cumulative per cent
of variation
explained
1. Active 9 4.4144 12.26 12.26
2. Self confidence 8 3.8646 10.74 23.00
3. workaholic 6 2.9887 8.30 31.30
4. Sincere 4 2.6548 7.37 38.67
5. Innovative 4 2.5891 7.19 45.86
6. Participative 3 2.0997 5.83 51.69
7. Scientific
approach
2 1.8245 5.07 56.76
KMO measure of sampling adequacy:
0.7996
Bartletts test of sphericity: Chi-square
value: 89.14*
The important entrepreneurial competencies narrated by EFA are active and self-
confidence since their eigen values are 4.4144 and 3.8646 respectively. The per cent of
variation explained by these two IEC are 12.26 and 10.74 respectively. The next two IEC
are workaholic and sincere since its eigen values are 2.9887 and 2.6548 respectively.
The other three IECs are innovative, participative and scientific, since their eigen values
are 2.5891, 2.0997 and 1.8245 respectively. The narrated seven IEC explain the 36
statements in entrepreneurial competencies to an extent of 56.76 per cent.
122
4.4.2 Reliability and Validity of Variables in IEC
Before summarizing the score of the variables (statements) in each IEC, it is imperative
to examine the reliability and validity of the variables in each IEC. It has been done with
the help of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The overall reliability has been
estimated with the help of cronbach alpha. The results are illustrated in Table 4.31.
Table: 4.31
Reliability and Validity of Variables in IEC
Sl.No. IEC Range of
standardized
factor loading
Range of
„t‟ statistics
Cronbach
alpha
Composite
reliability
Average
variance
estimated
1. Active 0.9027–0.6498 4.1788*–2.3892* 0.8042 0.7811 55.11
2. Self confidence 0.8917–0.6673 3.9442*–2.5417* 0.7966 0.7616 54.32
3. workaholic 0.8509–0.6244 3.5841*–2.1891* 0.7304 0.7144 52.29
4. Sincere 0.8771–0.6545 3.6996*–2.4098* 0.7417 0.7249 53.41
5. Innovative 0.8908–0.6331 3.9017*–2.2642* 0.7813 0.7604 54.01
6. Participative 0.9024–0.6771 4.0941*–2.6887* 0.8224 0.8017 56.89
7. Scientific
approach
0.8144–0.7276 3.3892*–2.9084* 0.7391 0.7092 51.14
*Significant at five per cent level.
The standardized factor loading of the variables in each IEC is greater than 0.60
which shows the content validity. The „t‟ statistics of the standardized factor loading of
the variables in each IEC is significant at five per cent level which reveals the convergent
validity. It is also proved by the composite reliability and average variance extracted
since these are greater than its minimum threshold of 0.50 and 50.00 per cent
respectively. The cronbach alpha of each IEC is also greater than 0.60. These results
indicate the reliability and validity of the variables in each IEC.
123
4.4.3 Level of IEC among the Respondents
The level of each IEC among the respondents has been computed by the mean
scores of all the statements included in each IEC. The mean scores of each IEC among
the four Groups of respondents have been computed separately. The one way analysis of
variance has been executed to find out the significant difference among the four Groups
of respondents regarding their level of each IEC. The results are shown in Table 4.32.
Table: 4.32
Important Entrepreneurial Competency among the Respondents
Sl.No. IEC Mean scores among respondents in Group „F‟
statistics I II III IV
1. Active 3.0145 3.3896 3.5891 3.8667 2.7884*
2. Self confidence 2.8446 3.1144 3.3896 3.7084 2.9145*
3. Workaholic 3.0226 3.1465 3.2891 3.9146 3.0845*
4. Sincere 2.6672 3.0459 3.3885 3.6562 2.9881*
5. Innovative 2.4463 2.5068 2.7311 2.6896 0.8184
6. Participative 2.6563 2.7881 2.6509 2.8148 0.4529
7. Scientific 2.3391 2.8183 3.0145 3.4089 2.7345*
Overall
entrepreneurial
competencies
2.8090 3.0698 3.2670 3.5722 2.6884*
The highly possessed IEC among the Group -I respondents is workaholic and
active since their mean scores are 3.0226 and 3.0145 respectively. Among the Group-II
respondents, these are active and workaholic since their mean scores are 3.3896 and
3.1465 respectively, whereas among the Group-III respondents, these are active and self
124
confidence since their mean scores are 3.5891 and 3.3896 respectively. Among Group IV
respondents these are workaholic and active since their mean scores are 3.9146, 3.8667
respectively. Regarding the level of IEC, a significant difference among the four group of
respondents is seen in the case of five IEC out of the seven IEC since their respective „F‟
statistics are significant at five per cent level. The overall entrepreneurial competencies
are identified as higher among Group IV and Group III respondents, compared to
Groups-I and II respondents.
4.4.4 Profile of the Respondents and Their Entrepreneurial Competencies:
To study the relationship between socio-economic background of the respondents
and their entrepreneurial competencies certain, hypotheses were made and tested.
All the tests were carried at 5 percentage level of significance. In addition to this,
mean, standard deviation and co-efficient of variance were used to measure the
consistency of variables on the entrepreneurial competencies.
Hypothesis is an assumption which may or may not be true.
There is no significant association between the profile of the respondents like
religion, caste, level of education, age, marital status, family type, family size,
occupational background of the respondents, family nature of activity, years of
experiences, enterprise involvement among the four groups and their entrepreneurial
competencies.
4.4.4.1 Religion and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
By religion, the respondents are classified into Hindus, Muslims and Christians.
The present study has made an attempt to examine the level of entrepreneurial
competencies among the respondents of these religions with the help of mean score of
125
EC. The consistency in the level of EC among them has been measured with the help of
standard deviation and co-efficient of variation. The „F‟ statistics has been computed to
show the significant differences among the respondents regarding of these religions their
level of entrepreneurial competencies.
TABLE 4.33
Religion and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
Sl.No. Religion Mean Standard
deviation
Co-efficients of variation
(in %)
„F‟ statistics
1. Hindu 2.6608 0.3149 11.83
2.4564 2. Muslim 2.4897 0.3997 16.05
3. Christian 2.7082 0.3208 11.85
Higher EC-Entrepreneurial Competencies is noticed among Christian
respondents since their mean score is 2.7082. It is followed by Hindu respondents with
the mean of 2.6608. The higher consistency in EC has been noticed among the Hindu
respondents since their co-efficients of variation is 11.83 per cent. Even though there is a
difference among the EC of all the three categories of respondents based on their religion,
the differences are not statistically significant since their respective „F‟ statistics is not
significant at five per cent level.
4.4.4.2 Community and Entrepreneurial competencies among the Respondents
Community is one of the important factors in the profile of respondents which
plays an important role in entrepreneurial competencies and enterprising among the
respondents. The present study has made an attempt to examine this aspect. The mean,
126
standard deviation and co-efficients of variation of EC have been computed among the
three categories of respondents based on their communities namely, SC/ST, Most
Backward and Backward.
TABLE 4.34
Community and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
Sl.No. Community Mean Standard
deviation
Co-efficients of
variation (in %)
F-statistics
1. SC/ST 2.6503 0.3849 14.52
2.6085
2. Most backward 2.7118 0.4217 15.55
3. Backward 2.8664 0.4309 15.03
A higher EC is identified among the backward class respondents since the mean
of EC is 2.8664, which is followed by the most backward respondents with an EC of
2.7118. The mean of EC among the SC/ST respondents is 2.6503. The higher consistency
in EC has been noticed among the SC/ST respondents since their co-efficients of
variation is 14.52 per cent. Even though there is a difference among the three categories
of the respondents regarding their EC, it is not statistically significant since the „F‟
statistics is not significant at five per cent level.
4.4.4.3 Level of education and Entrepreneurial Competencies (EC) among the
respondents
The association between the level of education among the respondents and their
entrepreneurial competencies has been examined in order to reveal the role of education
in the improvement of entrepreneurial competencies among the respondents. The mean of
EC, its standard deviation and co-efficients of variation have been computed among the
different levels of education of respondents separately.
127
TABLE 4.35
Level of Education and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
Sl.
No
Level of Education Mean Standard
deviation
Co-efficients of
variation (in %)
F-statistics
1. Illiterate 2.2458 0.3894 17.34
2.6011
2. Primary school 2.4546 0.3009 12.26
3. Middle school 2.7089 0.4565 16.85
4. High school 2.9094 0.3246 11.16
5. Higher secondary 3.1703 0.3997 12.61
6. Graduate and
diploma
2.9918 0.4228 14.13
A higher level of EC is identified among the respondents with higher secondary
education since their mean score is 3.1703. It is followed by the respondents with
graduation and diploma with the mean score of 2.1918.A higher consistency in EC is
identified among the respondents with high school education since their co-efficient of
variation is 11.16 per cent. The significance of „F‟ statistics reveals a significant
difference among the respondents regarding their level of entrepreneurial competencies.
4.4.4.4 Age and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
Since the age of the respondents may be associated with their level of
entrepreneurial competencies (EC), the present study has made an attempt to examine it
with the help of the mean, standard deviation and co-efficients of variation of EC. By
age, they are classified into below 25 years, 25 to 35, 36 to 45; 46 to 55 and above 55
years.
128
TABLE 4.36
Age and Entrepreneurial Competencies among the Respondents
Sl.No. Age Mean Standard
deviation
Co-efficients of
variation (in %)
F-statistics
1. Below 25 2.8187 0.5658 20.07
2.8184
2. 25 – 35 2.9909 0.3881 12.97
3. 36 – 45 3.3899 0.4041 11.92
4. 46 – 55 3.1780 0.5685 17.92
5. Above 55 2.5886 0.5141 19.86
A higher level of EC is identified among the respondents with the age of 36 to 45
years and 46 to 55 years since their mean of EC are 3.3899 and 3.1780 respectively. A
higher level of consistency in the level of EC is noticed among the respondents in the age
of 36 to 45 years, since its co-efficient of variation is 11.92 per cent. Regarding the level
of EC, a significant difference among the different age group of respondents have been
noticed since their respective „F‟ statistics is significant at five per cent level.
4.4.4.5 Association between the Marital Status of Respondents and their
Entrepreneurial Competencies
The association between the marital status of the respondents and their
entrepreneurial competencies have been examined by the mean score of the
entrepreneurial competencies among the unmarried, married, widows and divorced
respondents. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the entrepreneurial
competencies have been computed separately. The one way analysis of variance has
been executed to test hypothesis.
129
TABLE 4.37
Marital status of Respondents and their Entrepreneurial Competencies
S.No Marital
Status
Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation (in %)
F statistics
1 Unmarried 2.8084 0.4178 14.87
2.3886
2 Married 2.9192 0.3886 13.31
3 Widows 2.8864 0.4971 17.22
4 Divorced 3.0965 0.4042 13.05
The level of entrepreneurial competency are slightly higher among the divorced
women than the married respondents since their mean scores are 3.0965 and 2.9192
respectively. A higher consistency of entreprenerencial competencies have been
identified with divorced women since its coefficient of variation is 13.05 percent. The
null hypothesis has been accepted since the „F‟ statistics is lesser than its table value at
five percent level. This reveals that there is no association between the marital status of
the respondents and their level of entrepreneurial competencies.
4.4.4.6 Association between family type of respondents and their level of
entrepreneurial competencies
By the family types, the respondents are classified into respondents in the joint
family system and respondents in the nuclear family system. The mean and standard
deviation of the level of entrepreneurial competencies among the two types of family
respondents have been computed separately. The results are given in Table 4.38.
130
TABLE 4.38
Family type of Respondents and their Entrepreneurial Competencies
SL.
No
Family
Type
Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation
F statistics
1 Joint 2.9969 0.3842 12.82
3.0867
2 Nuclear 3.2452 0.4506 13.89
A higher level of entrepreneurial competencies has been noticed among the
respondents in nuclear family type than in the respondents in joint family type since their
respective mean scores are 3.2452 and 2.9969 respectively. A higher consistency in the
level of entrepreneurial competencies is noticed among the respondents in joint family
type since its coefficient of variation is 12.82 percent. The analysis indicates that there is
no association between the family type of respondents and their level of entrepreneurial
competencies.
4.4.4.7 Family size of the respondents and their level of entrepreneurial
competencies
The respondents are classified into four important categories namely respondents
with the family size of less than 3, 3to5, 6to8 and above 8. The present analysis has made
an attempt to measure the level of entrepreneurial competencies among the above said
four family sizes of the respondents with their coefficient of variationand one way
analysis.
131
TABLE 4.39
Family size of respondents and their level of entrepreneurial competencies
S.No Family size Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient
of variation
F statistics
1 Less than 3 3.4509 0.4073 11.80
2.8557
2 3-5 3.1173 0.5102 16.37
3 6-8 2.7381 0.4676 17.08
4 Above 8 2.5069 0.3911 15.60
A higher level of entrepreneurial competencies is noticed in the case of respondents
with a family size of less than 3. Higher consistencies in the level of entrepreneurial
competencies are identified among the respondents with the family size of less than 3,
since their coefficient of variation is 11.80. The result infers that there is an association
between the family size of respondents and their level of entrepreneurial competencies.
4.4.4.8 Nature of activity among the respondents and their level of entrepreneurial
competencies
By the nature of activity, the respondents are classified into respondents in
permanent, seasonal and casual activities. The level of entrepreneurial competencies
among the three group of respondents has been computed by its mean, standard deviation
and coefficient of variation.
Table 4.40
Nature of activity among the respondents and their entrepreneurial competencies
S.No Nature of activity Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation
F statistics
1 Permanent 3.4546 0.3052 8.83
2.8045 2 Seasonal 2.7189 0.3516 12.93
3 Causal 2.4668 0.2889 11.71
132
A higher level of entrepreneurial competencies has been noticed among the
respondents with permanent activity than among others since their mean score is 3.4546.
A higher level of consistency in the level of entrepreneurial competencies is also noticed
among the respondents with permanent activity. It reveals that there is an association
between the nature of activity of the respondents and their level of entrepreneurial
competencies.
4.4.4.9 Years of experience among the respondents and their level of entrepreneurial
competencies
By the years of experience, the respondents are classified into four categories.
experience of less than one year, 1 to 3 years, 3 to 5 years and above 5 years. The level
of entrepreneurial competencies among the four group of respondents has been computed
by its mean score, standard deviation and coeffiecient of variation. The hypotheses have
been tested with the help of one way analysis of variance. The results are given in
Table.4.41.
Table 4.41
Years of Experience of the Respondents and Their Entrepreneurial Competencies
S.No Years of experience Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation
F statistics
1 Less than 1 year 2.3089 0.2667 11.55
2.8446
2 1-3 years 2.6541 0.3089 11.64
3 3-5 years 3.2145 0.4118 12.81
4 Above 5 years 3.6887 0.3344 9.06
A higher level of entrepreneurial competencies has been noticed among the
respondents with an experience of above 5 years since its mean score is 3.6887. A high
consistency is seen in the level of entrepreneurial competencies among the respondents
133
with experience of more than five years since their coefficient of variation is 9.06
percent. It reveals that there is an association between the years of experience of the
respondents and their level of entrepreneurial competencies.
4.4.4.10 Association between Enterprise Involvement of the Respondents and their
Entrepreneurial Competencies
In order to find out the entrepreneurial competencies among the respondents with
different levels of enterprise involvement, the one way analysis of variance has been
administered. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of
entrepreneurial competencies have been computed among the different groups of
respondents with different levels of entrepreneurship involvement. The results are given
in table
Table 4.42
Enterprise involvement among respondents and their entrepreneurial competencies
S.No Level of enterprise
involvement (score) Mean
Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation (in %) F statistics
1 Less than 2.00 2.7792 0.2886 10.38
2.9108*
2 2.00-3.00 2.6501 0.3804 14.35
3 3.01-4.00 3.2991 0.4365 13.23
4 Above 4.00 3.5889 0.3731 10.39
Higher entrepreneurial competencies have been noticed among the respondents
with higher enterprise involvement since their mean score is 3.5889. A higher constancy
of entrepreneurial competencies is noticed among the respondents with low level of
enterprise involvement. A significant association between the level of enterprise
involvement and level of enterprise competencies have been identified since the „F‟
statistics is significant at five percent level.
134
4.4.5 Impact of IEC on the Net Income Generated by the Respondents
The impact of IEC of the respondents on their net income generated through the
enterprise has been examined to reveal the relative importance of IEC in the performance
of the micro enterprises. The multiple regression analysis has been administered for this
purpose. The fitted regression analysis is:
Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ……….. + b7x7 + e
Whereas
y – Net income generated by the respondents
x1 – Score on active among the respondents
x2 – Score on self-confidence among the respondents
x3 – Score on workaholic attitude among the respondents
x4 – Score on sincere among the respondents
x5 – Score on innovative among the respondents
x6 – Score on participative among the respondents
x7 – Score on scientific approach among the respondents
b1, b2,…,b7 – regression coefficient of independent variables
a – intercept and
e – error term
The impact of IEC on the income generated by the respondents in the four group
of respondents has been computed separately and also as pooled data. The results are
given in Table 4.40.
135
Table: 4.43
Impact of IEC on the Net Income Generated by the Respondents
Sl.No. IEC Regression coefficient among respondents in group Pooled
Data I II III IV
1. Active 0.1007 0.1227* 0.1448* 0.1991* 0.1418*
2. Self confidence 0.1886* 0.1446 0.1667* 0.2446* 0.1817
3. Workaholic
attitude
0.1994* 0.1908 0.1884* 0.2092* 0.1904*
4. Sincere 0.0884 0.1033 0.1401* 0.1071 0.1031
5. Innovative 0.0334 0.0887 0.0911 0.0866 0.0732
6. Participative 0.0491 0.0211 0.0455 0.0991 0.0445
7. Scientific
approach
0.0245 0.0179 0.0886 0.1044 0.0776
Constant 0.3865 0.6704 0.7311 0.8566 0.5889
R2 0.6819 0.7217 0.7509 0.7888 0.8149
„F‟ statistics 7.3844* 8.0917* 8.4506 8.9969* 9.4562*
*Significant at five per cent level.
The significantly and positively influencing IECs on the income generated by the
Group I respondents are self-confidence and workaholic attitude since their respective
regression co-efficient are significant at five per cent level. A unit increase in the above
said two IECs result in an increase in net income of the Group I respondents by 0.1886
and 0.1994 units respectively. Among the Group II respondents the influencing IEC on
the income generated is active. A unit increase in the above said IEC results in an
increase in net income generated by the respondents by 0.1227 units respectively.
136
Among the Group III respondents, a unit increase in active, self confidence,
workaholic attitude and sincere results in an increase in the net income generated by the
respondents by 0.1448, 0.1667, 0.1884 and 0.1401 units respectively. Among the Group
IV respondents, the significantly influencing IECs on the net income generated by the
respondents are active, self confidence and workaholic attitude results in an increase in
the net income generated by the respondent by 0.1991, 0.2446 and 0.2092 respectively.
The analysis of pooled data reveals the importance of active, self confidence and
workaholic attitude in the determination of the net income generated by the enterprises.
The change in the IEC explains the changes net income generated to a higher extent
among the Group IV respondents compared to the other three groups of respondents.
4.4.6 Impact of Entrepreneurial Competencies on the Savings of the Respondents
The entrepreneurial competencies of the respondents may have its own influence
on the savings of the respondents. It is imperative to examine the impact for policy
implications. The multiple regression analysis has been administered for this purpose.
The fitted regression model is:
y = a + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + ………… + b7 x7 + e
Whereas y – Savings of the respondents at post SHG period
X1 – Score on active among the respondents
X2 – Score on self confidence among the respondents
X3 – Score on workaholic attitude among the respondents
X4 – Score on sincere among the respondents
X5 – Score on innovative among the respondents
X6 – Score on participative among the respondents
X7 – Score on scientific approach among the respondents
b1, b2, …., b7 – Regression coefficient of independent variables
a – Intercept and e – Error term
137
The impact of entrepreneurial competencies on the savings of the respondents has
been measured among the four groups of respondents separately and also for pooled data.
The results are given in Table
Table 4.44
Impact of IEC on Saving of the Respondents
Sl.
No.
IEC Regression coefficient among respondents in group
I II III IV Pooled
data
1 Active 0.1884* 0.1441* 0.1082 0.1889* 0.1664*
2 Self confidence 0.1334* 0.1863* 0.2168* 0.2664* 0.1803*
3 Workaholic attitude 0.0996 0.1102 0.1866* 0.1491* 0.1317*
4 Sincere 0.1033 0.1334* 0.1033 0.1022 0.1013
5 Innovative 0.0334 0.0886 0.1447* 0.1686* 0.0969
6 Participative -0.0887 0.0708 0.1034 0.1011 0.0458
7. Scientific
approaches
0.0454 -0.0441 0.1885* 0.2996* 0.1665*
Constant 0.2765 0.4584 0.7082 0.9916 0.8417
R² 0.7038 0.7886 0.8103 0.8458 0.8642
F – statistics 7.3996* 8.3996* 8.7092* 9.1788* 9.3845*
* Significant at five per cent level.
The significantly and positively influencing important entrepreneurial
competencies on the saving for Group I respondent are active and self confidence
whereas, among Group II respondents, these are active, self confidence and sincere.
Among Group III respondents, these are self confidences workaholic attitude innovative
and scientific approach whereas among Group IV respondent the important
entrepreneurial competencies are active, self confidence, workaholic attitude innovative
and scientific approach. The changes in level of entrepreneurial competencies explain the
changes in savings at a higher extent among the groups.
138
4.4.7 Impact of IEC on the Material Possession of Respondents
The impact of IEC on the material possession of the respondents has been
measured to identify the relative importance of IES on the determination of material
possession of the respondents. The included independent variables are score on varitions
of IEC among the respondents. The included dependent variable is material possession of
the respondents. The result of multiple regression analysis is given in Table.4.45.
TABLE4.45
Impact of IEC on Material Possession of the Respondents
Sl.
No.
IEC Regression coefficient among respondents in group
I II III IV Pooled
data
1 Active 0.1303* 0.1334* 0.0997 0.1397* 0.1249*
2 Self confidence 0.1011 0.1401* 0.1589* 0.2142* 0.1676*
3 workaholic attitude 0.0899 0.0969 0.0786 0.1029 0.0731
4 Sincere -0.0454 0.1033 0.1321 0.0884 0.1024
5 Innovative 0.0738 0.0441 0.0911 0.1472* 0.0779
6 Participative -0.0233 0.0226 0.1397* 0.0549 0.0441
7. Scientific approach 0.0911 0.0519 0.1997* 0.2582* 0.1345*
Constant 0.1788 0.2948 0.5744 0.7676 0.7939
R² 0.6971 0.7337 0.7939 0.8011 0.8243
F – statistics 7.0372* 7.8441* 8.5447 8.7318* 9.0848*
* Significant at five per cent level.
The significantly influencing IEC on material possession of Group I respondents
is active, whereas among the group II respondents, these are active and self confidence.
Among the group III respondents, the significantly influencing IEC on material
possession are self confidence, participative and scientific approach whereas among
Group IV respondents, these IEC are active, self confidence, innovative and scientific
approach. The changes in the IEC explain the changes in material possession to a higher
extent among Groups IV and III respondents compared to Groups II and I respondents.
139
The analysis of pooled data reveals the importance of active, self confidence and
scientific approach the determination of material possession of the respondents.
4.5 Enterprise Involvement:
Enterprise involvement among the respondents is highly essential for their
performance in enterprising. The enterprise involvement represents the degree of
involvement of the entrepreneurs in various activities of their enterprises (Anna and
Pillai, 19907). A high level of involvement is essential for the success of any type of
enterprises (Rani, 19858). The level of enterprise involvement among the entrepreneurs
have been measured by Jyothi and Prasad (19939), Khajuria and Sinha, 2000
10, Minriti
200511
, Orhan and Don 200112
.
4.5.1 Enterprise Involvement among the Respondents:
In the present study, the variables in enterprise involvement have been drawn
from the above said reviews. These are sources of inspiration, help during setting up
stage, record keeping, revealing and analysis of the past records, role in management of
the unit, role in decision making, role in planning activities, role in controlling activities,
time spent on business activities, perceived satisfaction in business activities, training
needs, pride in being an entrepreneur, membership in associations, solving business
problems, nature of business orientation and future plans. Regarding the 16 variables,
five options were given to the respondents. The respondents were asked to select any one
among the five answers which carries its own mark. The marks vary from 1 to 5. The
mean score of each variable in enterprise involvement has been computed to find out the
nature of involvement in enterprising among the four groups of respondents. The one-
way analysis of variance has been used to find out the significant difference among the
140
four groups of respondents, regarding their involvement in each aspect of enterprising.
The results are shown in Table 4.46.
Table: 4.46
Enterprise Involvement among the Respondents
Sl.
No.
Variables in Enterprise
Involvement
Mean Score Respondents in groups F-
statistics I II III IV
1. Sources of inspiration 2.3192 2.8682 3.2145 3.5165 3.4518*
2. Help during setting up stage 2.2096 2.9172 3.3039 3.6887 3.6886*
3. Recording keeping 2.5692 2.8708 3.1447 3.4996 3.0191*
4. Revealing and analysis of the
past records
2.8261 2.9086 3.5616 3.7144 2.7314*
5. Role in management of the
unit
2.6802 2.8241 3.2191 3.4586 2.9646*
6. Role in decision making 2.5091 2.9884 3.3662 3.6672 2.6696*
7. Role in planning activities 2.4108 2.6691 2.8102 3.4082 2.7317*
8. Role in controlling activities 2.6081 2.8979 3.2992 3.6551 2.9084*
9. Time spent on business
activities
2.9163 3.0861 3.2123 3.4569 2.6788*
10. Perceived satisfaction in
business activities
2.4041 2.9904 3.2091 3.5917 3.1458*
11. Training availed 2.2331 2.4096 3.3324 3.8182 3.6696*
12. Pride in being an entrepreneur 2.6996 2.8406 2.9147 3.5085 2.8142*
13. Membership in any
association
2.7678 3.0891 3.2029 3.6646 2.9664*
14. Solving the business problems 2.8716 2.9108 3.4661 3.8142 2.8084*
15. Nature of business orientation 2.2119 2.9662 3.3038 3.7141 3.9096*
16. Future plans 2.4516 2.8616 3.3717 3.9891 4.2845*
* Significant at five per cent level.
141
Higher rates of involvement among Group I respondents is identified in „time
spent in business activities‟ and „solving business problems‟ since their mean scores are
2.9163 and 2.8716 respectively. Among Group II respondents, these are membership in
any organization and perceived satisfaction in business activities since their mean scores
are 3.0891 and 2.9904 respectively. Among Group III respondents, these are revealing
and analysing of the past records and solving business problems since their mean scores
are 3.5616 and 3.4661 respectively. Among Group IV respondents, these are future plans
and training availed since their mean scores are 3.9891 and 3.8182 respectively.
Regardings the level of enterprise involvement, significant differences among the four
groups of respondents have been noticed in all the 16 variables since their respective „F‟
statistics are significant at five per cent level.
4.5.2 Reliability and Validity of Variables in Enterprise Involvement
The score of the 16 variables among the respondents have been included to
examine the reliability and validity of the variables in EI with the help of Confirmatory
Factor Analysis. The overall reliability has been tested with the help of Cronbach alpha.
The results are shown in Table 4.47.
142
Table: 4.47
Reliability and Validity of variables in Enterprise Involvement
Sl.No. Variables in Enterprise Involvement Standardized
factor
loading
„t‟
statistics
Cronbach
alpha
Composite
reliability
Average
variance
extracted
1. Time spent on business activities 0.9218 4.1088
0.8042
0.7749
54.02
2. Pride in being an entrepreneur 0.8917 3.9908
3. Role in decision making 0.8648 3.7617
4. Solving the business problems 0.8411 3.58149
5. Recording keeping 0.8309 3.5042
6. Training availed 0.8145 3.4617
7. Role in management of the unit 0.7906 3.3088
8. Sources of inspiration 0.7882 3.2147
9. Role in controlling activities 0.7714 3.1083
10. Membership in any association 0.7504 2.9667
11. Help during setting up stage 0.7386 2.8042
12. Future plans 0.7082 2.6641
13. Revealing and analysis of the past
records
0.6945 2.5817
14. Nature of business orientation 0.6771 2.4082
15. Role in planning activities 0.6308 2.3117
16. Perceived satisfaction in business
activities
0.6145 2.1996
143
The included 16 variables in EI explain it to an extent of 80.42 per cent since its
Cronbach alpha is 0.8042. The content validity of the construct is moved since the
standardized factor loading of the variables are greater than 0.60. The convergent validity
is justified since their„t‟ statistics of the standardized factor loading of the variables are
significant at five per cent level and the composite reliability and the average variance
extracted are greater than its minimum threshold of 0.50 and 50.00 per cent respectively.
4.5.3 Enterprise Involvement Score among the Respondents
The enterprise involvement score (EIS) among the respondents have been
computed by the mean score of the variables in EI. It is classified as less than 2.00; 2.00
to 3.00; 3.01 to 4.00 and above 4.00. The distribution of respondents on the basis of their
EIS is illustrated in Table 4.48.
Table: 4.48
Enterprise Involvement Score among the Respondents
Sl.
No.
Enterprise
Involvement Score
(EIS)
Nature of Respondents in groups
Total I II III IV
1. Less than 2.0 16
(34.78)
15
(18.99)
28
(18.79)
17
(7.33)
76
(15.02)
2. 2.0 to 3.0 18
(39.13)
23
(29.11)
31
(20.81)
21
(9.05)
93
(18.38)
3. 3.01 to 4.00 6
(13.04)
27
(34.18)
43
(28.86)
96
(41.38)
172
(33.99)
4. Above 4.0 6
(13.04)
14
(17.72)
47
(31.54)
98
(42.24)
165
(32.61)
Total 46
(100)
79
(100)
149
(100)
232
(100)
506
(100)
From the above table it is seen that a maximum of 33.99 per cent of the total
respondents have an EIS of 3.01 to 4.00 followed by 32.61 per cent with an EIS of above
144
4.00. Only 15.02 per cent of the respondents have an EIS of less than 2.00. The
important EIS among Group I and II respondents are 2.00 to 3.00 and 3.01 to 4.00 which
constitute 39.13 and 34.18 per cent to the total respectively. Among Group III and IV
respondents, this is above 4.00 which constitutes 31.54 and 42.24 per cent to the total
respectively. The analysis reveals that the level of enterprise involvement among Groups
III and IV respondents is higher than among Groups I and II respondents.
4.5.4 Association between Profile Variables and their EIS
The relationship between the profile of the respondents and their EIS is studied
with the help of one-way analysis of variance. The included profile variables are
religion, caste, age, level of education, marital status, family type, family size, number of
earning members per family, occupational background, nature of activity, years of
activities and involvement score. The calculated „F‟ statistics, its table value and the
result of the test are presented in Table 4.49.
145
Table: 4.49
Profile Variables with the Level of Involvement in Enterprising Among the
Respondents
Sl.No. Profile variables „F‟
statistics
Table value of
„F‟ at five per
cent
Result
1. Religion 2.4564 3.00 Insignificant
2. Caste 2.6085 3.00 Insignificant
3. Age 2.8184 2.37 Significant
4. Level of education 2.6011 2.21 Significant
5. Marital status 2.3886 2.60 Insignificant
6. Family type 3.0867 3.84 Insignificant
7. Family size 2.8557 2.60 Significant
8. Number of saving
membership per family
2.7886 2.60 Significant
9. Occupational background 2.9194 2.21 Significant
10. Nature of activity 2.8045 3.00 Insignificant
11. Year of activities 2.8446 2.60 Insignificant
12. Involvement score 2.9108 2.68 Significant
The significantly associating profile variables with the level of involvement in
enterprising among the respondents are their age, level of education, family size, number
of earning members per family, occupational background, and involvement score since
their respective „F‟ statistics are significant at five per cent level.
146
REFERENCES
1. Dhameja. S.K. (2008) “Women Entrepreneurs - Opportunities, Performance
and Problems”, Deep & Deep Publication and Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. P -13
2. Singh, A.K., (2009), “Entrepreneurship Development and Management”, Second
Edition University Science Press, pp.3-4.
3. Gupta, C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P. (2007), “Entrepreneurial Development”, Sultan
Chand & Sons Publications, New Delhi, pp.17-20.
4. Sridevi, K., Rathna, H. and Suresh, K.P. (2012), “Constructing a valid scale for
measuring entrepreneurial skills of graduate students”, ACRM Journal of
Business and Management Research, 7(1), March, pp.7-18.
5. Boaden, R.J., (2006), “Measurement entrepreneurial competencies among the
entrepreneur in SME at Europe”, Total Quality Management, 14(1), pp.63-77.
6. Eng, Q.E., Yusolfs, S.M. and Kristensen, (2004), “Scale development on
entrepreneurial competencies: An empirical study”, Journal of small enterprises,
16(3), pp.217-226.
7. Anna, V. and Pillai, N.C. (1990), “Women entrepreneurs in Kerala”, Social
Change, 20(2), pp.11.
8. Rani, C., (1985), “An Exploratory study of women entrepreneurs among
polytechnic students”, SEDME, 12(1), pp.28-41.
9. Jyothi, V. and Prasad, G. (1993), “A profile of potential Rural Women
Entrepreneurs, SEDME, 20(1), pp.61-69.
10. Khajunia, V.M., Sinka, V., (2000), “Emerging Socio-Psychological Profile of
successor women entrepreneurs: A case of Jammu and Kashmir”, SEDME, 27(2),
pp.69-76.
11. Minniti, (2005), “Entrepreneurship and Network Externalities”, Journal of
economic behaviour and organization, 57(1), pp.1-27.
12. Orhan Muriel and Scott Don (2001), “Why women enter into entrepreneur: An
exploratory model”, Women in Managerial Review, 16(5), pp.232-247.