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Chapter-IV

Profile of Old city of Hyderabad

Location and Area:

Hyderabad District is a smaller district, area-wise, in the state. Hyderabad is also the

capital of Telangana (and Andhra Pradesh before the state bifurcation) State. During

1591AD, Hyderabad was founded by the 5th

Qutub Shahi who was the ruler of Golconda.

Muhammad Qutub Shah and even the common people used to refer to this city as

“Bhagyanagar” also. In 1978, Hyderabad district was split into Hyderabad (Urban)

District and Hyderabad (rural) and the rural part was named as Ranga Reddy district.

Later, Hyderabad Urban was renamed as Hyderabad District.

The main parts of the district consists of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad-

invested with great natural beauty; and Medieval, Indian, Saracemic, Mughal and

Colonial architecture, in exuberance and richness, which is rarely found in other parts of

the country. With a cosmopolitan population, the district of Hyderabad is famed for its

communal harmony for centuries. Today, Hyderabad is one of the important seats of

Telugu language, literature, culture and civilization.

The district located in the heart of the Deccan Plateau of the Indian sub-continent lies

approximately at the conjunction of 17 20’ northern latitude and 78 30’ eastern

longitudes. Hyderabad is 1778 feet above Mean Sea Level. It occupies an area of

217sq.kms. The district is bounded on all sides by Ranga Reddy district.

136

History of the Hyderabad District:

The history of Hyderabad district was inextricable bound up with the rise and fall of

various kingdoms which flourished in the Deccan during the medieval and modern times.

The Kakatiyas of Warangal were the first important rulers of this part of the country

(between 1150 and 1323). Muhammad bin Tughlak, who broke the Kakatiya power in

1323, held sway for some time after which the royal court of the Bahmani Sultan held the

Deccan for about two centuries. On their decline, the Barid Shahi Kingdom rose to power

which, for unknown reasons, dwindled by about 1609. Then came the famous Qutub

Shahis of Golconda (1512 – 1687), whose rule opened a glorious chapter in the annals of

Hyderabad. It was during the region of the 5th

descendent of this dynasty, Muhammad

Quli that the nucleus of Hyderabad City, renowned for its magnificent mansions, was laid

in 1589.

However, towards the close of the 17th

century, the fortress of Golconda fell to the sword

of Aurangzeb (1687) who made it a part and parcel of the Mughal Empire and nominated

Chin Kalich Khan (Asaf Jah) as Subedar of the Deccan, who in turn, made himself the

master of the Deccan after inflicting defeat on Mubariz Khan, who was secretly

instructed by the Mughal Emperor in the famous battle of Shakar Kheda fought on the

11th

Oct 1724. This battle which was renamed Fathkhera by the Nizam-ul-Mulk- marks

the establishment of the Asaf Jahi Dynasty and with it the establishment of an

autonomous Deccan. It also marks the end of the medieval period in the history of the

Deccan and the commencement of the Modern period which was identical with the end of

137

the Mughal hegemony and the definite establishment of the Asaf Jahi rule. The dynasty

so founded by Asaf Jahi had witnessed many eventful things in the evolution of the

Hyderabad State. He also instituted the title of the Nizam which became since then the

hereditary and dynastic title of the successive rulers of this state and thus, he became the

founder of the house of the Nizams (1724).

Thereafter, the district remained a part of the Nizam’s Dominions, until it became a part

of the Indian Union in 1948. It was finally merged in the enlarged State of Andhra

Pradesh on the 1st November 1956.134 The State of Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated in to

Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on 2nd

June 2014 (and all of the erstwhile Hyderabad

became the present Telangana State).

The Old City

Hyderabad was originally sited on the south side of the Musi River and built to reflect

Sultan Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah's splendour and style of governance. The city has

now spread widely in all directions - north across the river, eastwards and westwards. The

area south of the Musi, the original Hyderabad, is what is referred to as the Old City or

shehar (city) by the populance. Its nucleus is the Charminar, a famed landmark and the

symbol of the city. With its four minarets and small mosque on the roof, the Charminar is

as meaningful to the locals as perhaps the Arc de Triomphe is to the citizens of Paris.

134

Falzon,Mark Anthony. ‘Multi-sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research’.

Ashgate Publishings (2009).

138

Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the southern Indian state of Telangana (and

Andhra Pradesh currently). Occupying 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) along the banks

of the Musi River, it has a population of 6.8 million and a metropolitan population

of 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban

agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of

Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar,

predating the city's founding north of the city centre.

Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule

of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In

1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty,

also known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Hyderabad State ultimately became

a princely state during British rule, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving

as its capital. The city continued as the capital of a new Hyderabad State after joining

the Indian Union in 1948 and before attaining its current status as the focal point of

Andhra Pradesh in 1956. Hyderabad is a part of Telangana when the new state was

carved out of Andhra Pradesh.

Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today with the Charminar,

commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah himself, coming to symbolise Hyderabad.

That legacy is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi

biriyani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as

a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad

139

emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire

in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian

subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to

the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.

Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues

to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laal

Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However,

industrialisation throughout the 20th century has also attracted major Indian

manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including the Bharat Heavy Electricals

Limited, National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and

Molecular Biology. Special Economic Zones dedicated to information technology have

encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and

the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the title

of "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest

contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.

Toponymy

The name Hyderabad means "Hyder's abode" or "lion’s city", derived from

the Persian/Urdu words "haydar" or "hyder" (lion) and "abad" (city or abode). According

to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names,

Hyderabad was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as

Hyder because of his lion-like valour in battles. One popular theory suggests that

140

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhaganagar" or

"Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in

love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed

Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar,

the son of Quli Qutb Shah. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the

city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens).135

On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state

was split into three parts, and they were merged with neighbouring states to form the

modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu

and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad state that make up the Telangana region were

merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with

Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana

movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new

Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.

On 30 July 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India declared

that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form the new Telangana state, and that

Hyderabad city would be part of Telangana but it will first serve as the shared capital of

both the states for the ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the

proposed bifurcation and to made it official, this resolution passed by the Parliament of

135

Peterson,Andrew. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge Publishing (1996).

141

India. The Andhra Pradesh State remains the with Rayal Seema and Coastal Andhra

regions and the new state Telangana came in to being on 2nd

June, 2014.

Ethnic groups, language and religion

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu

speaking people with a minority of Tamil, Marathi, Kannada (including Nawayathi),

Marwari, Bengali, Malayali, Gujarati, Punjabi and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Among

the communities of foreigners, Yemeni Arabs form the majority, although African

Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present.

The foreign population declined after Hyderabad State became a part of the Indian Union,

as they lost their patronage of the Nizams. Telugu is the official language of Hyderabad

and Urdu is its second language. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called

Telangana, and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhani. English is also used. A significant

minority speak other languages including Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Bengali and

Kannnada.136

Hindus form the majority of Hyderabad's population. Muslims are present throughout the

city and predominate in and around the Old City. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain,

Buddhist and Parsi communities, and iconic temples, mosques and churches can be

seen. According to the 2001 census, Hyderabad district's religious make-up was: Hindus

136

Hindustan Times.22nd

February,2013

142

(55.41%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.43%), Jains (0.43%), Sikhs (0.29%) and

Buddhists (0.02%); 0.23% did not state any religion.

Popular Monuments

The city and its environs are dotted with mosques, tombs, temples, forts, treasuries,

armouries and caravansaries. Some of these monuments are protected by the

Archaeological Survey of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Strikingly, most

of them belong to the Qutb Shahi period. No visitor to Hyderabad should miss out on

Golconda fort and the tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans, their queens and family members

on the neighbouring plain.

There are several other attractions. A stone's throw from the Charminar is the Mecca

Masjid. This glorious mosque is probably the greatest edifice of the Qutb Shahi period. It

took 78 years to build. It is the second largest mosque in India and reputedly the seventh

largest in the world. Its enormous colonnades are monoliths, carved from single blocks of

pink granite. Mecca Masjid can accommodate 10,000 worshippers quite comfortably. But

on the days of Id-ul-Fitr and Id-ul-Zuha, very important dates of the Muslim calender, the

congregation is so large that it spills on to the main road leading to the mosque, and can

cause traffic disruption for several hours.

On top of a hillock four kilometers to the south of Charminar sits the Falaknuma Palace.

Built by Vikar-ul-Umra, a 19th century grandee, it is one of the most beautiful homes of

its time. Nothing like this has ever been built again. It cost Sir Vikar all of Rs. 40,00,000

143

in his day, and almost bankrupted him in the process. Eventually his brother-in-law,

Mehboob Ali Pasha, the sixth Nizam, bought it off the taxed nobleman. Styled in

Italianate fashion, this elegant palazzo dominates the neighbourhood and looks across the

city from its unique perch. It attracts visitors from all over the world. But entry is

restricted as the palace is private property.

Modern History

A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of

railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake. In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the later

Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-

ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to

establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, starting what came to be known as the Asif

Jahi dynasty, and named the region Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the

title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.

The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed

by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the

throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, to the throne ended

the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal

region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.137

137

Regani Sarojini,Nizam British relations!724-1857,Concept Publishing (1988)

144

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular

threats from Hyder AH, Dalwai of Mysore, Baji Rao I, Peshwa of the Maratha Empire,

and Basalam Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de

Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in

1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to

protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the

British. Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad.

With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and

east of Hussain Sagar Lake, and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was

transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground

drainage, running water, electricity, the Begumpet Airport, telecommunications,

universities and industries. The Nizams ruled the state from Hyderabad until 17

September 1948, a year after India's independence from Britain.

After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent

rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the

support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began

agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September 1948, the Indian Army took

control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat

of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing the Instrument of

Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31

October 1956.

145

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising

against the feudal lords of the Telangana region and later against the princely of

Hyderabad. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26th January 1950,

made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad City continuing

to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then

chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the

city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic

central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second

official residence and business office of the President of India.138

Geography:

Hussain Sagar Lake, built during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, was once the

source of drinking water for Hyderabad.139

Hyderabad is situated in the north-western

part of Andhra Pradesh in southeastern India. Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres (973 mi)

south of Delhi, 699 kilometres (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres (3 50

mi) north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern

part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it

one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres

(1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite,

138

Presidentofindia.nic.in(2012)

139 The Times of India, 11

th June 2012.

146

dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft). The city

has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples of these lakes include

Hussain Sagar, built in 1562 near the city centre, Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar, which

are artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi.140

As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and

834 water tanks (ponds).

Climate

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Koppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid

climate (Koppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F); monthly mean

temperatures are 21-32 °C (70-90 °F). Summers (March-June) are hot and humid, with

average highs in the mid 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104

°F) between April and June. Winter lasts for only about 2 V2 months, during which the

lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F) in December and January. May is

the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 38.8 °C (102 °F) (79-102

°F); January, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.7 to 28.6 °C (83 °F) (58-83

°F). Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally cooler because of the city's

moderate elevation.

Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and September,

supplying Hyderabad with most of its annual rainfall of 812.5 mm (32 in). The highest

140

Hyderabad Geography, JNTU, (2012).

147

total monthly rainfall, 181.5 mm (7 in), occurs in September.141

The heaviest rainfall

recorded in a 24-hour period was 241 mm (9 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest

temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 8 °C

(46 °F) on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum

daily sunlight exposure occurs in February

Local government

The Andhra Pradesh (and Telangana) State Assembly buildings house the bicameral

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Legislatures.

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure

of the city's 18 "circles", which together encompasses 150 municipal wards. Each ward is

represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor,

who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal

Commissioner, appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance

of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of

municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death

certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community

welfare services such as mother and child healthcare service, pre-school education, and

non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal

141

Hyderabad, Indian Metrological Department (2012)

148

Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga

Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi). In the 2009

municipal election, an alliance of the Indian National Congress and Majlis Ittehadul

Muslimeen formed the majority. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic

administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi), where there are

several military camps. The Osmania University campus is administered independently

by the university authority.142

Conservation

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an

assortment of plant, bird, reptile and other animal species. The forest region in and

around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are

preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru

Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari

park.

Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina

Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira

Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other

environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet

Lake, Hussain Sagar Lake, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake which

142

Exploring Urban Growth Management in Three Developing Country Cities. World Bank(2012).

149

is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the

world.

Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Indian

Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Animal

Welfare Board of India, The Blue cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.

Slums

13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted

by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7

million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed

Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban

tenements.

About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in

the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more

than 10 years. Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A

third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general

public services provided by the government.

There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools

and 528 community halls in the slum areas. According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for

Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are

150

very poor, with an income up to 20000 (US$310) per annum, 73% live below the

poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is

24000 (US$370) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual

labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate.

About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.17% work

as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child

labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are

engaged in hazardous jobs.143

Healthcare

The Andhra Pradesh (Now, Telangana) Vaidya Vidhana Parishad is the state government

department responsible for administering healthcare in Hyderabad. As of 2010–11, the

city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing

homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000; for

every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14

nurses and 6 physicians.

The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic

centres, which are preferred by many residents; an estimated 28% of the population use

government facilities, because of their distance, poor quality of care and long waiting

times, despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government

143

Survey of Child Labour in Slums of Hyderabad: A Report. Centre for good governance, 2012.

151

health insurance, 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005. As of

2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes have opened or are being built.

Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani,

Homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.144

Economy

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name, "City of Pearls" and up until the

18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds.

Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway

expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian

enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel

Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat

Electronics (BE),Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and

Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for

Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics

(CDFD), Andhra Bank(AB) and State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) were established in the

city. The city is home to the Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock

Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of Securities and Exchange Board of

India (SEBI).

144

Ayush Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh (2012).

152

The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a

traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the

1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance

and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic

activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage,

communication, real estate and retail.145

Education in Hyderabad

Schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and are

a mix of publicly and privately run institutions, which account for two-thirds of pupils,

following a "10+2+3" plan. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Urdu and

Telugu. Depending on the institution students are studying in, they are required to sit the

Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education.

After completing secondary education, students enrol in schools or junior colleges with a

higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad,

many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological

University (JNTU) or Osmania University, is through the Engineering Agricultural and

Medical Common Entrance Test(EAM-CET).

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities,

six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the

145

Economy, Population and Urban Sprawl. pp7-19(2012).

153

University of Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and

Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first

university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 it is India's second most popular institution for

international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is

the first Distance Learning Open University in India.146

Notable business and management schools in Hyderabad include the Indian School of

Business, National Institute of Rural Development, and the Institute of Chartered

Financial Analysts of India. Institutes of national importance include the Institute of

Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai

Patel National Police Academy. Hyderabad has five major medical schools Osmania

Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical

Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute Of Medical Sciences

and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a

college of Unani medicine.147

Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as

biomedical, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals; the National Institute of Pharmaceutical

Education and Research is located here. Many of India's leading technical and

engineering schools are in Hyderabad, including the International Institute of Information

Technology- Hyderabad (IIITH), the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS

146

Reddy R Ravikanth, The Hindu 3rd

may,2012.

147 The Times of India, 3

rd may, 2012.

154

Pilani-Hyderabad), the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-H) as well as agricultural

engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-

Arid Tropics and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University.

Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium

International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. In 2013, the foundation

was laid for The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H) it will offer

undergraduate and postgraduate courses from the academic year 2015.148

Apart from the broad review of Hyderabad city, its conditions, and the institutions

located in it, a systematic profile study of two Mandals is under taken. These two

Mandals are located in old city of Hyderabad, namely Charminar and Nampally. They

represent the real living conditions in the old city. Various aspects of these two Mandals

were situated, and a detailed analysis of various categories in these two Mandals is as

follows (in the next page):

148

The Times of India,11th

august,2013

155

Table- 3.1: Charminar Mandal Profile

Sl

No

Subject Details

1. Name of The Mandal

Charminar

2 Parliament Constituencies 1 Hyderabad Parliamentary

3 Assembly Constituencies (4)

1.Yakutpura

2.Chandrayangutta

3.Malakpet

4.Charminar

4 No. of Wards Three Wards( 16, 17,18)

5 Slums 38

6 No. Of Colonies 8

7 Population Details 2001 Sc St Others Total

7195 12 185073 192280

8 Literacy Rate

Male 80.40

Female 75.48

9 No. Of Households 49,500 Houses

10 Schools Govt Aided Un Aided

17 7 45

11 No. Of Colleges

Junior Colleges 4

Degree Colleges 2

Professional Colleges 1

12 Hostels Nil

Disabled Pensions/Phc 971

13 No. Of Banks 2

14 Temples/Mosques Temples: 21 Mosque: 41

15 Revenue Villages 3

1.Talab Chanchalam

2.Kaiwanja

3.Murad Mahal

(Source: Office of the District Collectorate, Hyderabad District)

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Table- 3.2: Nampally Mandal Profile

Sl

No

Subject Details

1. Name of The Mandal

Nnampally

2 Parliament

Constituencies

1 Hyderabad Parliamentary

3 Assembly Constituencies (3)

1.Nampally

2.Ghashamahal

3.Khairathabad

4 No. of Divisions 9

5 Slums 35

6 Population Details 2001 Sc St

Others Total

33,157 8,267 1,39,228 2,58,075

Minority 77,423

7 Literacy Rate 29.8% 14.9% 74.6%

Literacy Rate

Male 81.1%

Female 68.2%

Minority 26.1% ( Male:28.4%,female:23.9%)

8 Schools Primary High

school

10 8

9 No. Of Colleges 9

Junior Colleges 4

Degree Colleges 2

Professional Colleges 1

Aided Colleges 2

10 Hostels 1

11 Libraries 1 ( State Central Library)

12 Revenue Villages (3)

1.Nampally

2.Thotaguda

3.GaganVihar

Source: Office of The Collectorate Hyderabad District

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The above Table 3.1 shows that Charminar Mandal is situated in Old city of Hyderabad-

this area is under Hyderabad Parliamentary Constituency and also covers about four

Assembly constituencies of Charminar, Yakuthpura, Chandrayan gutta and Malakpet.

There are three municipal wards, eight colonies and thirty eight slum areas under this

Mandal. This Mandal also covers three revenue villages namely Thalab chanchalam,

Kaiwanja, Murad mahal. As per the census 2001, the total population of this Mandal is

1,92,280 and the literacy rate is 77%.

There are 17 Government schools, 7 Aided schools, and 45 unaided schools in this area

and there are 4 Government Junior Colleges, 2 Government degree colleges and one

professional college also functioning in this Mandal.

Finally it may be concluded that as ‘minority population is more in this Mandal but their

educational status is very poor’. There is also no hostel and library facility in this area.

The above Table 3.2 shows that Nampally Mandal area located old city of Hyderabad. As

per 2001 census report, the population of this Mandal is 2,58,075 out of which the

number of males is 1,32,134 and that of females is 1,25,941. Minority population as per

census is 77,423 (male:39,641; female:37,782), SC population is 33,157 and ST

population is 8767. Literacy rate, as per the census, is recorded as 74.6% out of which the

Minority literacy rate is 26.1%.

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There are three revenue villages located in this Mandal:

1. Nampally

2. Ghashamahal

3. Gagan Vihar.

Nampally mandal is under Hyderabad Parliamentary constituency and also shares the

area of four assembly constituencies namely 1.Nampally, 2.Ghashamahal,

3.Khairathabad. There are 9 Municipal Divisions and 35 slum areas in this Mandal. There

are Ten Government Primary Schools, Eight High Schools, Nine Government Junior

Colleges, two Government degree Colleges, one social welfare hostel and one central

library which is functioning, in this area. A Hostel is located at Monja market and library

is at Afzal gunj.

Finally it may be concluded that literacy rate is very low among the minority community

and there is no hostel facility for Muslim students (as social welfare hostel is meant for

only SC, ST students). It is clear that the education levels among Muslim Minority are

very poor as when compared to the SC and ST communities.

Summary:

Hyderabad District is a smaller district, area-wise, in the state. The district located in the

heart of the Deccan Plateau of the Indian sub-continent. Hyderabad was originally sited

on the south side of the Musi River and built to reflect Sultan Mohammed Quli Qutb

Shah's splendour and style of governance. The area south of the Musi, the original

159

Hyderabad, is what is referred to as the Old City or shehar (city) by the populance. Its

nucleus is the Charminar, a famed landmark and the symbol of the city. Hyderabad was

historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre. The Telugu dialect spoken in

Hyderabad is called Telangana, and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhani.

Even though Hyderabad and Old city has a great history and rich culture, 13% of the

population lives below the poverty line. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had

migrated from different parts of India to Hyderabad. There are 13 universities in

Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and

three central universities. As there are many educational institutions established in the

city of Hyderabad but there is no access and encouragement for the Minority people to

pursue Higher Education.