Chapter IVthe Domain of the Conscious Grammar,

the Morpheme Studies

ARRANGED BY:NOVI DYAH (113-14-037)

I’ANNATUNNISA (113-14-039)SITI MUBARRILLAH SARI (113-14-041)

Understanding the mechanism involved in

second language acquistion by adults.

STUDIES OF VALUE IN REVEALING THE DOMAIN OF ACQUIRED AND LEARNED GRAMMARS

WHEN PERFORMERS FOCUS TO CONSCIUS LEARNING AND NOT

Brown,1973

The history of morpheme studies in language acquisition that children acquiring English as first similar order show similar order of acquisition for grammatical morphemes in obligatory occasion.

The child second language order was not identical to the child first language order.

There were clear similarities among second language acquirers, it happens because of rank order of free morphemes, especially copula and auxiliary.

Natural Order?

Natural Order?

The discovery of natural order has allowed us to probe the interaction between language acquisition and language learning in adult performer.

The presence of natural order in adult performer is as a manifestation of acquired system without substantial interruption.

Adult second language acquirers showed natural order for eight (8) grammatical morphemes.

The difficulty of adult second language acquirers almost same with child second language acquirers.

NA happens because the intrusion of the conscious grammar, which caused elevation in the accuracy of reading, writing, and listening rather than third person singular and regular past morpheme.

FOCUS: pertaining to acquisition or difficulty order of certain structures, which structure for adult second language acquirers tend in early or late.

There are two kinds performers using conscious grammar:1. Monitor Free, performers focus on communication, not

form, adult errors in Engliah as second language are quite similar with children acquiring English as second language.

2. Monitor, focus on form, “natural order” is disturbed. 3. Child-like errors in Monitor-free conditions is hypothesized

to be a manifestasion of the acquired system operating in isolation, or with little influence of the Monitor.

Test to know, when the Monitor uses their conscious knowledge or not

A discrete-point test To know the capacity of grammatical Where the subject only had to

correctly inflect the verb, there might have been a great tendency to call fourth conscious spesific items.

Example:Last year he (work)..... in a factory It brings out conscious learning.

The SLOPE test It tested the effect of first language,

second vs third language acquisition, and order of presentation.

Both written and oral versions. the subject contributes the entire item/

focus the subject clearly on form Example:a.Here is a ball. b.Here are two (balls).....FLS have less access to LA and rely more on Learning.

Objections to the Natural Order

1. Is the natural order an artifact of the Bilingual Syntax Measure?2. Do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies agree?

The Answers

Several scholars have suggested that the answer from number 1: YES.

Child first language acquirers produced what appeared to be the second language acquisition order when the BSM was used.

First and second language acquisition orders are somewhat different.

There is considerable individual variation in morpheme orders, and longitudinal and cross-sectional studies do not always agree.

All monitor-free studies using adult subject.

The existence of the natural order is indeed a manifestation of the creative construction process or language acquisition.

“”

English for Foreign Language Subject

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIESS SALATIGA

Taken from: Second Language Acquistion and Second Language Learning by Stephen D Krashen (University of Southern California) Page: 6, 7, 51-63