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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This research deals with the analysis of code mixing employed in

Indonesian television program, namely Black in News. As it is previously stated,

the focuses of this research are to describe the types of code mixing applied by the

presenter of Black Spot segment of Black in News program on ANTV, to describe

how the presenter applies code mixing in the segment, and to find out the reason

why the presenter uses code mixing in the program.

This chapter consists of three main sub-chapters, namely Introduction,

Data Analysis, and Discussion. In the data analysis, the researcher presents the

types of code mixing applied by the presenter of Black Spot segment of Black in

News program ANTV. Each analysis covers the types of code mixing, the way

the presenter applies code mixing, and the reasons why the presenter employs

code mixing. The last chapter, discussion, presents the results of data analysis of

this research. The findings are put together in this chapter to answer the questions

raised in the problem statements.

In Black Spot segment of Black in News Hong Kong Special Edition

episode, the researcher finds 77 data of code mixings which are applied by the

presenter, Hilyani Hidranto. The data are classified into three types of code

mixing. The classification of data is performed as follows:

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Table 4.1

Classification of types of code mixing applied by the presenter of Black Spot

segment of Black in News program on ANTV

Types of code mixing Total (%)

Insertion 40 51.95

Alternation 22 28.57

Congruent lexicalization 15 19.48

Total 77 100

From Table 4.1 above, it can be seen that there are three types of code

mixing found in Black Spot segment of Black in News program in 77 data. The

types of code mixing are explained in detail in the following analysis. The data

are classified into three kinds of code mixing and analyzed based on each type in

which they are code mixing data found by the researcher. The classifications of

data are 40 insertions, 22 alternations, and 15 congruent lexicalizations.

B. Data Analysis

B.1 Types of Code Mixing

Muysken’s theory (2000, p. 3) classifies the types of code mixing into

three types; they are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.

Meanwhile, the researcher finds all three types of code mixing in this research. In

Black Spot segment of Black in News Hong Kong Special Edition episode, the

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researcher finds 77 data code mixing applied by the presenter of Black Spot,

Hilyani Hidranto.

The types of code mixing are explained in more detail in the following

analysis. As mentioned previously, the data analysis are analyzed based on each

type which are the code mixing data found by the researcher. The classifications

of data are 40 insertions, 22 alternations, and 15 congruent lexicalizations.

B.1.1 Insertion

Insertion is a kind of (spontaneous) lexical borrowing, which is limited to

one lexical unit. There are several considerable variations in what is or can be

inserted: in some languages this consists mostly adverbial phrases, in others

mostly in single nouns, and in yet others again determiner + noun combinations

(Muysken, 2000, p. 5). Insertion occurs when lexical items of one language are

incorporated into another. This type of code mixing is mostly found in the content

of the program. Out of 77 collected data in this research, 40 data are classified as

insertion. Only eight data are selected to be analyzed as the representative of the

data. This type of code mixing applied in Black Spot are as follows:

1. Viewers, tempat pertama yang harus lo datengin kalo lagi ada di Hong

Kong adalah Avenue of the Stars

2. Nah bentuk penghargaannya juga berbeda-beda, ada celebrity

handsprint, ada movie memorabilia dan juga ada plakat penghargaan

3. Tapi menurut gue yang menjadi main attraction disini adalah yang

dibelakang gue ini.

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4. Sekarang gue udah ada di depan Blue Butcher. Sebuah restoran yang kita

pilih dalam visit kita ke Hong Kong kali ini.

5. Alright, nanti dulu. Gue ajak lo liat-liat nanti, karena sekarang gue

pengen ngasih tau suasana di tempat ini.

6. Terus juga ada private room untuk lo yang mungkin pengen party kecil-

kecilan atau juga sebuah meeting mungkin ya.

7. Tapi yang uniknya, disini ada open kitchen dan juga bar.

8. Banyak sekali alasan kenapa Hong Kong menjadi tujuan berlibur. Salah

satunya untuk shopping.

B.1.2 Alternation

According to Muysken (2000, p. 5) in the case of alternation, there is a

true switch from one language to another, involving both grammar and lexicon.

This type of code mixing occurs when the structures of two languages are

alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and lexical level. The researcher

finds 22 data of alternation. From 22 data found, only five of them are chosen and

analyzed as the representative of the data. Alternation is identified as follows:

1. Ketika lo masuk, lo akan merasa dibawa masuk seperti dibawa lagi ke

jaman dulu karena dekorasinya antik dengan old dark railway.

2. Disini ada yang menarik, yaitu sebuah ruangan yang namanya adalah dry

aging room.

3. I’m getting hungry kalo ngomongin tentang daging, kayanya gue akan

makan steak disini.

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4. Oh my God! Bone Marrownya empuk banget, bener-bener lembut banget.

Lembut.

5. Nggak boleh minum alkohol in public.

B.1.3 Congruent Lexicalization

Congruent lexicalization refers to the situation where two languages share

grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from another

language. The researcher finds 15 data in this research, but only took four data to

be analyzed. This type of code mixing is classified as follows:

1. Karena di tahun 20-an di Amerika sempet ada loh yang memban semua

alkohol

2. Sweet breadnya keliatan dan juga ternyata veal cheeknya pas dipotong

gampang banget motongnya.

3. Nah kalo ini ternyata pesenannya juga ada limitnya

4. White Cod tapi disebutnya steak juga karena di-grill

B.2 The way of the presenter applies code mixing in Black Spot segment

B.2.1 Insertion

Datum 01/BS BIN HKG/CM/I

Viewers, tempat pertama yang harus lo datengin kalo lagi ada di Hong

Kong adalah Avenue of the Stars

The datum above is considered as a code mixing in the form of insertion

because it can be seen that the presenter inserts an English word in the beginning

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of an Indonesian sentence. It is clearly seen that she mixes English and Indonesian

language. She prefers to use ‘viewers’ than penonton to address the audiences of

Black in News program in order to show the viewers that Black in News is an

upper class program, differentiating it from other Indonesian programs that are

targeted for the lower class people. Therefore, it is more suitable for Black in

News presenter to use English ‘viewers’ to address their audience.

From the datum above, it can be seen that Hilyani Hidranto uses informal

English and informal Indonesian language. By using informal language, the

presenter tries to get closer with the audience. This type of code mixing

mentioned occurs in the opening of the segment. The presenter informs the

viewers about the first place that should be visited in Hong Kong.


Nah bentuk penghargaannya juga berbeda-beda, ada celebrity

handsprint, ada movie memorabilia dan juga ada plakat penghargaan.

The datum above occurs in the opening of the segment. The presenter

explains about the Avenue of Stars, one of popular places in Hong Kong. It is a

place established by the government of Hong Kong as a form of appreciation for

Hong Kong artists or celebrities who are widely known in the world since Hong

Kong is popular as “Hollywood of the East”. The datum above is considered as

code mixing in the form of insertion because the presenter mixes Indonesian and

English in presenting the program. She inserts two English phrases within

Indonesian sentence. She uses English phrases ‘celebrity handsprint’ which means

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cap tangan selebritis and ‘movie memorabilia’ which means ‘tanda untuk

mengenang film’ in Indonesian language and mixes it within Indonesian sentence.

It is clearly seen that the presenter is more comfortable to use that English phrases

in explaining the place. In another word, some words are best to be said in

English. In the datum above, the presenter uses informal Indonesian language that

can be seen from the word ‘nah’ in the beginning of the sentence.


Tapi menurut gue yang menjadi main attraction disini adalah yang

dibelakang gue ini.

The datum above is considered as code mixing in form of insertion in the

level of phrase. The presenter mixes English with Indonesian language. She

inserts an English phrase ‘main attraction’ within Indonesian sentence. From the

datum above, it can be seen that Hilyani Hidranto uses informal Indonesian

language. The insertion of foreign language here is identified as informal form

Indonesian language. The use of English phrase here triggers code mixing

phenomena. Hilyani prefers to use English phrase ‘main attraction’ than ‘daya

tarik utama’ in Indonesian language because it is commonly used by her.

This type of code mixing occurrs in the opening of the segment. In the

datum above, the presenter informs the viewers about the most attractive spot in

the Avenue of Stars, which is the statue of Bruce Lee, a kungfu legend from Hong

Kong.

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Sekarang gue udah ada di depan Blue Butcher. Sebuah restoran yang kita

pilih dalam visit kita ke Hong Kong kali ini.

The data above is considered as insertion in the level of word. It is clearly

seen that the presenter mixes English and Indonesian language. She inserts an

English word ‘visit’ within Indonesian sentence. From the data above, it can be

seen that Hilyani uses informal Indonesian language. It can be seen from the use

of gue which is derived from Jakarta dialect. The insertion of foreign language in

Indonesian language is a kind of informal form Indonesian language. She prefers

to use ‘visit’ instead of ‘kunjungan’ in Bahasa Indonesia because the word ‘visit’

is commonly used by her. Besides, the word ‘kunjungan’ is a too formal for

youngsters television program.

The code mixing above occurrs in the content of the program. Here,

Hilyani introduces Blue Butcher, a restaurant that is chosen by Black in News in

their special episode of Hong Kong.


Alright, nanti dulu. Gue ajak lo liat-liat nanti, karena sekarang gue

pengen ngasih tau suasana di tempat ini.

The datum above is taken in Blue Butcher restaurant, one restaurant in

Hong Kong that will be reviewed by Black Spot later. The datum above is

considered as insertion because the presenter mixes English and Indonesian

language. The presenter inserts an English word ‘Alright’ as exclamation in the

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beginning of Indonesian sentence. She prefers to use ‘Alright’ than ‘baiklah’ in

Indonesian language because it is commonly used by her. In Black Spot segment,

Hilyani Hidranto intentionally mentiones ‘Alright’ eight times. The word

‘Alright’ here is functioned to change the topic. In the datum above, Hilyani gives

early information about the concept of Blue Butcher restaurant, which is both a

restaurant and a bar; however she wants to tell the viewers about the ambience of

the place first. Therefore, she uses ‘Alright’ as a confirmation before changing to

the next topic.

From the datum above, it can be seen that Hilyani Hidranto uses informal

English and Indonesian language. The insertion of English word into Indonesian

sentence is kind of informal form of Indonesian language. The code mixing above

occurs in the content part of Black Spot. The similar data can be seen in the datum

11/BS BIN HKG/CM/I, datum 19/BS BIN HKG/CM/I, datum 20/BS BIN

HKG/CM/I, datum 36/BS BIN HKG/CM/I.


Terus juga ada private room untuk lo yang mungkin pengen party kecil-

kecilan atau juga sebuah meeting mungkin ya.

The datum above is taken in Blue Butcher restaurant. It is considered as

code mixing in form of insertion because the presenter mixes three English words

within Indonesian sentence. She inserts ‘private room’ which means ‘ruang

pribadi,’ ‘party’ which means ‘pesta,’ and ‘meeting’ which means ‘rapat or

pertemuan.’ She prefers to use English because those words will be too formal if

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spoken in Indonesian language. From the datum above, it can be seen that Hilyani

Hidranto uses informal Indonesian language. The insertion of foreign language

within Indonesian sentence includes informal form of Indonesian language. This

type of code mixing above occurs in the content of the segment. The presenter

explains about the rooms in Blue Butcher restaurant.


Tapi yang uniknya, disini ada open kitchen dan juga bar.

The datum above is considered as insertion because the presenter inserts

an English phrase ‘open kitchen’ into Indonesian sentence. She mixes English

with Indonesian language. She prefers to use ‘open kitchen’ instead of ‘dapur

terbuka’ in Indonesian language because it was more suitable to be said in

English. The insertion of English phrase here is identified as informal form of

Indonesian language.

The code mixing above occurs in the content of the segment. The

presenter explains about the uniqueness of Blue Butcher restaurant which has

open kitchen and bar. The similar data can be seen in the datum 12/BS BIN

HKG/CM/I, datum 25/BS BIN HKG/CM/I, and datum 29/BS BIN HKG/CM/I.


Banyak sekali alasan kenapa Hong Kong menjadi tujuan berlibur. Salah

satunya untuk shopping.

The datum above is considered as code mixing in form of insertion

because the presenter inserts an English word into Indonesian sentence. She

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inserts ‘shopping’ which means ‘belanja’ in Indonesia language. People,

especially urban people, are more often use ‘shopping’ than ‘belanja’ nowadays

to the activity of purchasing of goods from shop. From the datum above, it could

be seen that the presenter use informal Indonesian language and English.


presenter informs the viewers that there are many reasons to go holiday in Hong

Kong; and one of them is for shopping.

B.2.2 Alternation

Datum 03/BS BIN HKG/CM/A

Ketika lo masuk, lo akan merasa dibawa masuk seperti dibawa lagi ke

jaman dulu karena dekorasinya antik dengan old dark railway.

The datum above is taken in Blue Butcher restaurant. It is considered as

code mixing in form of alternation. From the datum above, it can be seen that the

presenter uses Indonesian language then she mixes with English phrase in the end

of the sentence. She prefers to use English phrase ‘old dark railway’ than ‘stasiun

tua yang gelap’ because it is more suitable to be said in English. The presenter

uses informal Indonesian language and formal English.


presenter tells about the ambience of Blue Butcher restaurant that has antique

decoration. When the customers enter the restaurant, they will feel like they are

being brought to the old times due to their antique decoration with old dark

railway.

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Disini ada yang menarik, yaitu sebuah ruangan yang namanya adalah dry

aging room.

The datum above is considered as code mixing in form of alternation

because the presenter mixes English phrase within Indonesian sentence. She

prefers to use ‘dry aging room’ because there is no equivalent word in Indonesian

language. In the datum above, the English structure is alternated indistinctively

with Indonesian language. The presenter uses informal Indonesian language

which can be seen from the mixing of English phrase into Indonesian sentence.


presenter reviews about Blue Butcher restaurant and informs the viewers about an

interesting room called dry aging room, which functioned as storage room for

meat with certain temperature to maintain the quality of the meat.


I’m getting hungry kalo ngomongin tentang daging, kayanya gue akan

makan steak disini.

The datum above is considered as code mixing in form of alternation

because the presenter mixes English clause into Indonesian sentence. The

structures of English and Indonesian language are alternated indistinctively both

at grammatical and lexical level. From the datum above, it can be seen that the

presenter speaks English clause ‘I’m getting hungry’ which means ‘aku mulai

lapar’. The English clause here merges into Indonesian sentence. The presenter

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speaks in English ‘I’m getting hungry’ which means ‘aku lapar’ then she

continued her statement with Indonesian sentence.


presenter reviews a menu in Three Monkeys restaurant, which is the second

restaurant Black in News in Hong Kong visited.


Oh my God! Bone Marrownya empuk banget, bener-bener lembut banget.

Lembut.

The datum above is considered as alternation of code mixing because the

presenter expresses her excitement by mixing English expressive words (Oh my

God!) in the beginning of Indonesian sentence. In the datum above, the structure

of English merges with Indonesian structure. She prefers to use ‘Oh My God’ than

‘Ya Tuhan or Astaga’ in Indonesian language to express her excitement in trying

the menu because it is commonly used by her. From the datum above, it can be

seen that the presenter uses informal English and informal Indonesian language.

The code mixing above occurs in the content of the program. The presenter

reviews a main course menu in Three Monkeys restaurant namely Bone Marrow.

The similar data can be seen in the datum 08/BS BIN HKG/CM/A

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Nggak boleh minum alkohol in public.

The datum above is considered as alternation because the presenter mixes

English and Indonesian language. She mixes English phrase ‘in public’ in the end

of Indonesian sentence. Hilyani applies alternation code mixing in the level of

prepositional phrase.

From the datum above it could be seen that Hilyani Hidranto uses informal

Indonesian language which can be seen in the words ‘nggak boleh.’ She also uses

English prepositional phrase ‘in public’ which means ‘di tempat umum’ in the end

of Indonesian sentence. She prefers to use ‘in public’ in order to familiarize the

viewers on how to use English in daily basis and it is also commonly used by her.

The code mixing above occurs in the content of the segment. Hilyani

reviews a cocktail menu in Blue Butcher restaurant and informs the viewers that

in the US was illegal to drink alcohol in public.

B.2.3 Congruent Lexicalization

Datum 10/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL

Karena di tahun 20-an di Amerika sempet ada loh yang memban semua

alkohol

The datum above is considered as congruent lexicalization because the

presenter mixes Indonesian prefix mem- with English lexical ‘ban’ in the middle

of Indonesian sentence. She uses the word ‘memban’ which means ‘melarang’ in

Indonesian language. She applies code mixing in the level of single word.

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From the datum above, it can be seen that Hilyani uses informal

Indonesian language. Hilyani inserted an English word ‘ban’ with Indonesian

prefix mem- in the middle of Indonesian sentence. It is identified as

morphological interference because Hilyani mean to say ‘melarang’ in a wrong

way. The word melarang is derived from prefix ‘me- + larang’ not ‘mem- +

larang’, even though prefix ‘me- + consonant b’ becomes mem in Bahasa

Indonesia. Hilyani’s lack of vocabulary and competency in using Bahasa

Indonesia triggers this type of code mixing.


presenter reviews a cocktail in Blue Butcher restaurant namely Apple Pie

Moonshine. She tells the viewers and explains why the display of this cocktail is

wrapped in paper. It because drinking alcohol in public is banned by the US

government in 20s. Thus the cocktail’s glass is wrapped in paper in accordance

with the concept of the restaurant, New York City style.


Sweet breadnya enak keliatan dan juga ternyata veal cheeknya pas

dipotong gampang banget motongnya.

The datum above is considered as congruent lexicalization due to the

mixing of English noun phrases within Indonesian sentence. The presenter mixes

English and Indonesian language. She applies code mixing by using English noun

phrase ‘sweet bread’ and ‘veal cheek’ and mixes it with Indonesian independent

element –nya which functioned as possessive. Thus, it can not be said as affix.

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The phrase sweet breadnya and veal cheeknya here are identified as

morphological interference due to the mixing of English noun phrase ‘sweet

bread’ and ‘veal cheek’ with Indonesian independent element –nya. The

independent element –nya here refers to the name of the menu, Dutch Veal Cheek

& Sweet breads. She prefers to use ‘sweet bread’ than ‘roti manis’ and ‘veal

cheek’ than tulang pipi sapi muda because for her, some words are best to be said

in English than Indonesian language.

The code mixing above occurs in the content of Black Spot. Hilyani

reviews a menu in Blue Butcher restaurant namely Dutch Veal Cheek and Sweet

bread. She tells the viewers that the veal cheek is easier to cut. The similar data

can be seen in the datum 01/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL, datum 02/BS BIN

HKG/CM/CL, datum 06/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL, datum 12/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL,

and datum 11/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL.


Nah kalo ini ternyata pesenannya ada limitnya.

The datum above is considered as congruent lexicalization because the

presenter mixes two languages, Indonesian language and English. It can be seen

that the presenter mixes an English word ‘limit’ with an independent element of

Indonesian language (-nya) within Indonesian sentence. The word ‘limitnya’ here

shares grammatical structures of English and Indonesian language and it is

identified as morphological interference. The term interference refers to the

influence of one language (or variety) on another in the speech of bilinguals who

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use both languages. The independent element –nya in here is identified as enclitic.

Kridalaksana in Kamus Linguistik defines enclitic as clitic bound to its preceding

independent element. Thus, the independent element –nya here has a clitic bound

to the word ‘limit’ and it can not be said as suffix. Hilyani prefers to speak

‘limitnya’ instead of ‘batasnya’ in Bahasa Indonesia. As mentioned before, the

insertion of foreign language, particularly English belongs to informal Bahasa

Indonesia.

The code mixing above occurs in the content of the program. Hilyani

reviews about one of the main courses of a restaurant which has order limitation.


White Cod tapi disebutnya steak juga karena di-grill

The datum above is considered congruent lexicalization because the

presenter mixes English lexical ‘grill’ with Indonesian prefix di-. The presenter

here use informal Indonesian language which can be seen in the insertion of

mixing Indonesian suffix di- with an English word ‘grill’ in the last of Indonesian

sentence. The word di-grill here means ‘dipanggang’. The suffix di- here is

functioned as passive verb. In that sentence, Hilyani means to say ‘dipanggang’

but she prefers to speak ‘panggang’ in English; therefore it triggers code mixing

phenomena. The word ‘di-grill’ here is identified as morphological interference in

the form of passive word. It also is the omission of ‘it is grilled’; it here refers to

White Cod fish.

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The code mixing above occurs in the content of the program. Hilyani

reviews one of the menus in Three Monkeys, the second restaurant Black in News

visited. The similar data can be seen in the datum 14/BS BIN HKG/CM/CL

B.3 The reason of the presenter uses code mixing in the program

In Indonesia, there are many languages spoken by the society besides

Indonesian language. The rich variety of Indonesian language vocabulary reflects

the vast number of words that has taken from another language, both foreign and

local language. In social interaction, people may switch or mix two or more

languages for many different reasons. Code switching and code mixing are most

important features and well studied speech processes in multilingual society. Code

mixing phenomena is also practiced by Hilyani Hidranto, the presenter of Black

Spot segment of Black in News program on ANTV who is required to be fluent in

speaking both English and Indonesian language in presenting the program.

The researcher has interviewed Hilyani Hidranto for two times, the first interview

was on December 2013 at Plaza Senayan Jakarta, Hilyani talked about her

background and general information about Black Spot. The second interview was

on February 2014 at Frangipani Cafe Jakarta, we discussed the data that the

researcher used. In that interview, Hilyani mentioned some reasons why she

mixes both English and Indonesian language in presenting the program. First,

because she masters both Indonesian language and English. Since this program is

targeted for urban people, especially for the upper class, Black in News team and

Hilyani Hidranto decided to use two languages (Indonesian language and English)

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in order to attract larger of the viewers, especially the youth, as the most potential

market to watch this program because English nowadays is common used by

urban people. The second reason is because she also gets to familiarize the

viewers on how use English in daily basis. The last reason is for this show some

words are best to be said in English rather than in Indonesia. It is caused by

Hilyani Hidranto’s incompetency in speaking Indonesian language fluently. She

hopes that by watching this program, the viewers not only get information about

new places to hang out but also be able to learn new language, especially English;

therefore it can be used in everyday life.

C. Discussion

Black in News is an Indonesian television program for youth that contains

Indonesian language and English content. As it has been stated in the beginning of

this chapter, the last part is Discussion which put the findings based on the result

of data analysis above. These findings are based on the problem statements of the

research covering types of code mixing, how the presenter applies code mixing

and why the presenter uses code mixing in the program. The following findings

are drawn from the data analyzed.

C.1 Types of Code Mixing

Black in News is a youth Indonesian television program that broadcasts

English and Indonesian language during the program. Based on the data analysis,

there are three types of code mixing that are classified based on Muysken theory

(2000, p.3) that could be found in the data. There are three types of code mixing

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applied by Hilyani Hidranto as the presenter of Black Spot segment of Black in

News program on ANTV; they are insertion, alternation, and congruent

lexicalization.

C.2 The way the presenter applies code mixing in Black Spot segment

Through this research, we could see how the presenter employed various

types of code mixing in delivering the show. The presenter frequently combined

or mixed two codes, English and Indonesian languages, in describing things and

situations. From these three types, the presenter tended to use more insertion

which could be seen by the 40 data found with various forms (i.e., single words,

noun phrase, etc). The presenter mainly applied the insertion when she described

the particular name of foods and beverages in the restaurant and bar. It could be

represented that the restaurant and bar which was introduced in the show is a

‘foreign’ or ‘non-Indonesian’ restaurant because there were a lot of terms that the

presenter preferred to change the code (from Bahasa Indonesia to English) since it

did not have a ‘compatible’ or equivalent translation in Indonesian language.

Futhermore, we could also infer that this show must be for the viewers

who are familiar enough with English in their daily life. It could be seen from the

frequent use of ‘viewers’ (instead of ‘pemirsa or penonton’) in addressing the

viewers. Even though Indonesian language also has the equivalent translation of

‘viewers’, the presenter keept on using ‘viewers’ to call the Black in News

viewers. From the interview that I got, the producer also explained that the

presenter should be fluent in both Indonesian language and English. He also

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added that this program is targeted to young and urban people (especially for the

upper class people) since they comprises the most potential market in the society.

Therefore, it means that English is considered as the ‘value’ or ‘prominent thing’

in ascending the social structures. The one who knows and understand the English

language must be ‘young’ (belongs to ‘youth’) or belong to the ‘urban people’

which is, in Indonesia, is seen as the ‘upper-class’ society.

The ‘distinctive’ phenomenon is found in alternation. As can be seen in

the example in datum 13/BS BIN HKG/A “Ada rekonstraksi besi, ada juga retro

tungsten light bulbs”. The presenter told us about the interior design of the

building. The underlined word ‘rekonstraksi’ actually derives from English word

‘reconstruction’ [re-kon-strak-sion] which is in Indonesian language is

‘rekonstruksi’. We could see the phonological interference happened in the word

‘rekonstraksi’ above. The presenter intended to spell out /res-kon-struk-si/. Hence,

the presenter had a slip of tongue and spelled it /res-kon-stuk-si/. This

phonological interference happens between English and Indonesian language.

This might be affected from the ‘daily life’ of the presenter whom mostly uses

English and Indonesian language. The presenter is Hilyani Hidranto. Historically,

she had ever lived in Virginia (USA) for eight years and finished her study at

Northern Virginia Community College. Hilyani is also accustomed with

‘presenting’ and ‘VJ-ing’ that always needs an ability to speak more than one

language. She is also popular as a good sport presenter. Thus, we could see how

Hilyani’s life which always encounters with English and Indonesian language at

the same time. In other words, the phonological interference happened because the

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presenter is always familiar and accustomed with English (in a long time) that

may affect the way she spells some Indonesian words.

C.3 The reason of the presenter uses code mixing in the program

Based on the interview, Hilyani Hidranti clearly explained why she mixed

Indonesian language and English in presenting the program. The first reason is

because the presenter masters both Indonesian language and English. It is one of

the strategies of the presenter and Black in News team to attract and grab larger

attention of the viewers, especially the youth, as the most potential market to

watch this program because English nowadays is common used by urban people.

The second reason is the fact that the presenter gets to familiarize the viewers on

how use English in everyday life and the last reason is for this show some words

are best to be said in English because there is no compatible terms in Indonesian

language.

From the explanation above, it can be conclude that the findings in this

research are in line with the theory in chapter II, for example the employment of

insertion. According to Muysken (2000, p. 3) insertion occurs when lexical items

from one language are incorporated into another. In datum 01/BS BIN HKG/I

‘Viewers, tempat pertama yang harus lo datengin kalo lagi ada di Hong Kong

adalah Avenue of Stars’, the presenter addresses the audience of Black in News

with an English word ‘viewers’ to differentiate Black in News as an upper class

program with another program which adressess their audience with ‘penonton’.

The finding on insertion also goes in line with Siti Nurhayati and Elia Masa

60

Ginting (2010) who conducted a research about code mixing in Black Out music

program on NET.TV which also addresses their audience with English word

‘viewers’. The presenters of this program also use both Indonesian and English

language.

The contrast between this research and Siti Nurhayati and Elia Masa Gintings’

research are; 1) the objectives of this research are to describe the types of code

mixing, how the presenter applies code mixing, and the reason of the presenter

uses code mixing while Siti Nurhayati and Elia Masa Gintings’ objectives are to

find out the types of code mixing and the dominant type of code mixing applied

by the presenters of Black Out music program, 2) the source of data in this

research is the transcript of the utterances of code mixing by one presenter (in

form of monologue) while in their research the utterances by two presenters (in

the of dialogue), 3) the most dominant types of code mixing found in Siti

Nurhayati and Elia Masa Gintings is alternation (59,61%) because all the

presenters used halfway through English in their conversation. For example:

Boy : Anyway, tadi lagunya dari justin bieber yang udah kita medle buat

kalian yang merupakan satu dari lagunya justin yang paling hits di

search banyak orang di youtube.

Sheryl : But before that, kita mau bilangin kalau misalnya after this show kita

bakal umumin pemenang di acara kita sebelumnya.

On the other hand the most dominant type of code mixing in this research is

insertion (51,95%) because the presenter intentionally inserts some words that are

commonly used by her, for this show some words are best to be said in English.

For example, Banyak sekali alasan kenapa Hong Kong menjadi tujuan berlibur.

Salah satunya untuk shopping.

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