chapter introduction how do the three main types of rocks form?
TRANSCRIPT
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• How are rocks classified?
• What is the rock cycle?
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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• rock
• grain
• texture
• magma
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
• lava
• sediment
• rock cycle
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• A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains.
• Geologists call the fragments that make up a rock grains.
• Geologists use a grain’s size, shape, and chemical composition to classify rocks.
• Earth’s surface can cause rocks to break apart into many different-sized fragments.
Rocks
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• The grain size and the way grains fit together in a rock are called texture.
• When a geologist classifies a rock by its texture, he or she looks at the size of minerals or grains in the rock, the arrangement of these grains, and the overall feel of the rock.
• Texture can be used to determine the environment in which a rock formed.
Rocks (cont.)
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• The minerals orgrains in a rock help geologists classify its composition.
• Composition can be used to determine where a rock formed, such as inside a volcano or in a river.
Rocks (cont.)
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
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• The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
• When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates igneous rock.
• Magma is molten or liquid rock underground.
• Lava is magma that erupts on Earth’s surface.
Three Major Rock Types
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• Rock fragments, mineral crystals, or the remains of certain plants and animals, are the building blocks of sedimentary rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks form where sediment is deposited.
• Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode.
Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
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Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
deposit
Science Use sediment or rock added to a landform
Common Use to put money in a bank
Sediment can be deposited in environments like rivers and streams, deserts, and valleys.
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• Metamorphic rocks can form from any igneous or sedimentary rock or even another metamorphic rock.
• When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure, such as along plate boundaries, they can change to metamorphic rocks.
• Chemical fluids can also cause rocks to become metamorphic rocks.
Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
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The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the rock cycle.
The Rock Cycle
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• Forces on Earth’s surface and deep within Earth drive the rock cycle.
• On the surface, rocks can change due to natural processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
The Rock Cycle (cont.)
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• Some rock cycle processes occur only beneath Earth’s surface, such as those that involve extreme temperature, pressure, and melting.
• Uplift is a tectonic process that forces these rocks onto Earth’s surface.
The Rock Cycle (cont.)
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• Rocks are a natural solid mixture of minerals or grains.
• Texture describes the size and arrangement of minerals or grains in a rock.
Nancy S
imm
erman/G
etty Images
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• The rock cycle represents a series of processes that change one rock type into another.
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A. minerals
B. magma
C. igneous rock
D. grains
What do geologists call the fragments that make up a rock?
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A. lava
B. sediment
C. metamorphic rock
D. magma
What is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by water erosion?
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A. metamorphic rock
B. igneous rock
C. sedimentary rock
D. volcanic rock
When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure they can change into which of these?