chapter- ii review of literature -...
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CHAPTER- II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
Review of related literature is conducted to enable the researcher to get a clear
understanding about the specific field of study. It also helps the researcher to have an
insight into the tested methods, procedures and interpretations of similar studies
conducted elsewhere. Considerable amount of literature is available regarding
application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries,
professional development and continuing education needs of library professionals.
But studies are relatively few regarding the impact of ICT on professional
development and educational needs of library professionals. A survey of the literature
found that most of the studies are reported from foreign countries and that such
studies are given due importance by the researchers in library and information
science. An attempt is made in this chapter to present a survey of the literature
available in India and abroad under the subheadings listed below. The studies are
further grouped under national, international and arranged in a chronological
sequence. The total 85 studies have been reviewed and it is categorized with the
following heading according to the nature of the research.
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1. General studies on ICT
2. Studies on Library Automation
3. Studies on Digital Library
4. Studies on E-resources
5. Studies on Internet
6. Studies on Networking
7. Studies on web 2.0
8. Studies on web OPAC
2.2. General Studies on ICT
There are 32 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on ICT in nature, the studies are described below one by one.
A survey undertaken between January and March 1998 by Barlow and
Graham, (1999) investigated the use of information and communication technologies
in a sample of 120 industrial and commercial libraries. Ninety-six per cent of the
organizations which responded to the questionnaire use computers for some aspect of
their library and information services. ICT was used for a range of office and other
applications including, in rank order, e-mail, word processing, spreadsheets,
presentation packages and database management systems. Ninety-one per cent of the
sample used various Internet facilities including e-mail, World Wide Web, file
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transfer protocol (ftp) and telnet. Describes the results of the survey, reporting on the
current state of the art of ICT use and future plans for automation in the sample.
In the Information and Communication Technologies scenario service
evaluation, standard stabilization and the concurrent development of hardware and
software are key elements to design innovative systems. Emulation, fast prototyping
and IP re-use can really help to obtain time-to market solutions. An industrial
MPEG/ATM remultiplexing equipment (REMUX) for digital TV applications in the
Switched Digital Video Broadcast area for either satellite or cable distribution,
Bollano, (1999). The paper reports the REMUX development cycle highlighting its
fast evolution from the prototype based on an embedded system to the System on
Chip realization 0.25 μm, ST Microelectronics CMOS technology, mainly focusing
on the effective design methodology based on the CSELT Intellectual Property
library (VIP) and system emulation.
The lack of a vision, policies, programs, subsidies or support from the
government or private firms to promote and facilitate the development of ICTs in
Peru, it constitutes a good practice example in terms of access to the new
technologies. This paper documents the diffusion and use of ICTs in the different
socio-economic sectors in Lima, with a special attention to the lower-income groups,
using successive quantitative surveys on ICT use in households, cabinas users, and
Internet users in Metropolitan Lima, and recent observations and interviews to people
working in the field. The results of this study show that the cabinas are effectively
improving the daily life of a great part of the residents of Lima, and especially the
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youth, offering different types of urban services, which have been absent in poor
neighborhoods libraries, post offices, recreation facilities, study places, youth centers,
training centers, etc., Fernández-Maldonado, (2002).
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become central to
education and training in Library and Information Science/Service (LIS) because of
the great influence of these technologies on the professional world. This study on
Kenya is part of a larger doctoral research project that aims to map and audit the
types, nature and diffusion of ICTs in LIS education and training programmers in
Africa. The findings indicate that all LIS schools in Kenya have embraced the use of
ICTs, but there are major variations in terms of application. All but one LIS School
offers a wide range of relevant ICT courses, many of them as core modules.
However, not all of them offer, or are able to offer, practical hands-on experience for
their students. In teaching and learning, only a few LIS schools use ICTs to deliver
lectures, the majority still favouring age-old methods of face-to-face classroom
teaching. In research, the lack of ICT facilities has resulted in partial and minimal use
of ICTs, especially since academic staff have to pay (individually, from private funds)
to access the Internet. For the same reasons electronic publishing of research results
on the Internet is low, Minishi-Majanja, and Ocholla, (2003).
Some challenges that science and technology libraries have to face, caused by
the evolution from classical libraries towards more electronic and digital libraries
Nieuwenhuysen, (2004). This is a consequence of the fast evolution in information
and communication technology (ICT) that has lead to more applications of ICT, not
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only to manage classical libraries, but also to create, distribute and access information
resources in digital format through computer networks.
Information Technology (IT) has become an indications of a country’s wealth
level. Countries which fails to prepare for information technology and do not use it
properly, are likely to loose their global competitiveness. Muslim countries have paid
little attentions to leverage the benefits offered by the IT use in their library and
information centers. There is so much information that is generated and available in
the Muslims would that is hardly indexed abstracted, or competed in local databases,
Ramazan Mohammad(2004).
The current state of information communication technologies (ICT)
application for information provision in Nigerian university libraries and make
suggestions to enable them take fuller advantage of ICT facilities to provide
information more effectively to users, Okiy, (2005). Recent library and information
science literature on university libraries and ICT application in Nigeria is reviewed to
expose the state-of-the-art and hence the problems which beset the university libraries
in Nigeria as regards ICT application. Identified obstacles militating against effective
application of ICT in university libraries to include inadequate funding, inadequate
electricity supply, shortage of competent manpower for operation and maintenance of
ICT facilities, lukewarm attitude of the Nigerian government towards the provision of
ICT facilities and low level of computer literacy among Nigerians.
The ICT system at South East European University is a new private university
that has established a sophisticated system of ICT with a clear policy regarding ICT
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issues. The Computer Center is the main IT Training gathering place at SEEU. It
offers basic and advanced IT Skills courses, as well as help desk, certificate
programs, staff development. ICT is used also in other segments, such as library and
on-line scheduling with aim to improve the quality of different functions and services,
Kadriu, and Abazi, (2006).
The application of information and communication technologies in health
information access and dissemination in Uganda. The project focused not only on
information obtainable through libraries for research, teaching, learning and practice,
but also on ICT applications concerned with the administration and planning of health
services in Uganda. A thematic analysis highlighted the current state of ICT
applications, the extent of applications, the roles played and problems faced. Further
explores areas where it is used most, cost of accessing information, user profile, ICT
literacy, quality of services and telemedicine in the country, Omona and Ikoja-
Odongo (2006).
The training and knowledge are the sine qua non of a positive attitude toward
ICT. It is essential for libraries to keep up with ICT developments. The fears of some
in the developing world toward ICT is widening the digital divide. In African it is
time to bridge the digital gap. African libraries who are not yet automated should
begin thinking about it now. Training is the first step, which will reduce fears when
implementation of ICT begins, Adekunle, et al (2007).
The many SHMSS face similar barrier faced by educator in 1990s a lade of
resources, time, technical support infrastructure, and professional development,
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competence with technology continuous to be challenging because professional
development remains inadequate. Barrier that are prevent from using technology
effectively and to ware with education association, non-profit organization and parent
groups to advocate at state and national level to improve. Technology access and
increase internet access, Hughess- Hassell, Sundra and Baldauf, Dana Hanson (2007).
The accelerated adoption and use of ICT has resulted in the globalization of
Information and knowledge resources. ICT is charging the work of libraries and Inf.
Centers. An increased number of users, a greater demand for library materials, an
increased in the amount of material being published, new electronic formats and
sources, and the development of new & cheaper computers are some of the reasons
for the growing need for ICT in Bangladesh. The country’s libraries have not made
equal progress in this areas. The government, must help develop ICT based libraries
to meet the charging demands of the users, Islam, Shariful and Islam, Nazmul (2007).
The potential advantages of the internet appear to have precluded the foresight
of Kenyan university libraries to the challenges that may be associated with its
deployment. There is clear under-utilization and considerable disparities between and
within the libraries in their levels of general Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) deployment and use in Kenya. Most public university libraries still
use conventional methods of service provision, suggesting that most library
employees are not ready to embrace and integrate these information technologies in
their routine operations. If promising ICT applications cannot be widely deployed,
then the benefits resulting from such technologies are likely to be equally curtailed.
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Focuses only on fully fledged government, and private universities as they are among
the major stakeholders of the internet initiatives taking place in institutions of higher
learning in Kenya, Odero-Musakali, and Mutula, (2007). Higher education in Kenya
has expanded tremendously in the last decade and there is need for studies that
address various issues that relate to technology adoption and use that include legal
and regulatory frameworks, technology transfer, capacity building and management
of new technologies.
Choosing appropriate ICT hardware and software, continuous pressing for
more funds from parent institutions; seeking for alternative sources of funds, staff and
user training and raising awareness are the among key strategies that can lead to
effective utilization of ICT facilities and services in libraries, Emmanuel, Grace and
Sife, Alfred (2008).
Registered nurses form the largest group of professional healthcare providers
in any Nigerian teaching hospital. Despite their population size in clinical care, lesser
attention has been paid to their library and information needs in medical librarianship
literature, compared to extensive research works targeted at satisfying the information
needs of physicians and medical students. This study aimed to determine the reading
habits, extent of usage of the library and information resources by the clinical nurses,
and their compliance level for ICT application in accessing relevant and up-to-date
healthcare information in evidence-based practice. A major finding from the study is
that a large number of clinical nurses seldom use the library's printed or/and
electronic resources, Komolafe, and Onatola (2008).
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The importance of ICT in making healthy information society. Study reveals
that ICT can offer real opportunities to improve the quality of community life. A
healthy information society is concerned with getting reliable and timely information
to its members. Making people aware of the benefits derivable from the use of ICTs
will help to make the society a healthy one, Ogbomo, Monday Obaidjevwe and
Ogbomo, Esoswo Francisca (2008).
The university libraries of Nigeria do not have adequate ICT facilities. The
government should increase funding to Nigerian University in order to implement the
National ICT Policy. Academic staff of the Universities should be provided with PCS
and laptop, Womboh, Benki Womboh and Abba, Tukur (2008).
The growth of IT and ICT has had a profound influence on higher education.
Student can pursuer scientific educational and research goal using the Internet. LIS
has programs have reviewed their curricular in light of the needs of society and the
manual. LIS can preserve and improve its identity by applying IT and ICT and can
educate libraries who can prove their benefit to the society by being in step with
changes and advances in technology economy, society and culture, Rahman Ebrahim
(2009).
The New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were set up as centers
of excellence in Information and Communication Technology integration, so that
other schools could copy their model in e-learning. It was for this reason that they
were provided with computers, e-materials, internet appliances and trained personnel.
But to gauge their levels of success as e-learning centers there was need to compare
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them to other schools offering Information and Communication Technology
education in Kenya. It was for this reason that this study compared the application of
the e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's Development and non- New
Partnership for Africa's Development schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study
identified significant differences in levels of integration of Information and
Communication Technology in curriculum subjects; surveyed the differences in use
of e-materials in education research; examined availability of e-libraries; identified
significant differences in academic performance of New Partnership for Africa's
Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools attributed
to e-learning, Ayere et al., (2010). The study used a combination of an exploratory
approach using descriptive survey and ex-post-facto design. It was carried out in six
of the eight provinces in Kenya, where the New Partnership for Africa's Development
schools are located. It targeted 1600 form four students from 35 secondary schools
involved in Information Communication Technology education. The study found that,
there was a significant difference in the application of e-learning in New Partnership
for Africa's Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development
schools. Based on these findings, it was recommended that schools involved in
Information Communication Technology education should intensify teacher
facilitation and support teacher roles that are required in e-learning.
Information and communication technology can be utilized for resource
sharing among university libraries in Nigeria. It was based on the study and review of
recent library and information science literature on both print and electronic
resources. It discusses the meaning of information and communication technology,
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resource sharing practices, and how information and communication technology
facilitates resource sharing. It traces the history of resource sharing among Nigerian
libraries. The current state of information and communication technology application
and utilization in Nigeria and its university libraries is revealed, with emphasis on
university libraries that are located in different zones of the country, Igwe (2010). The
challenges facing Nigerian University Libraries with respect to information and
communication technology application and utilization for resource sharing, as well as
to areas of library operations to which information and communication technology
can be applied and utilized for resource sharing. It concludes by proffering solutions
for viable information and communication technologies-based cooperation among
university libraries in Nigeria.
The involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing practices in three
academic libraries in Nigeria and twenty five respondents comprising current
cataloguers and those who had worked as cataloguers were used for the study. A
descriptive survey method using a self-constructed questionnaire was used. Four
research questions were posed and analysed using frequency counts and percentages.
Results showed that the involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing is fast
becoming a reality, with one university library depending more on non-professionals
while the other two showed less dependence on them, Yusuf and Nkiko (2010).
Outsourcing, procurement of Information Communication Technology, employment
of Systems Engineers as part of library staff, attendance of workshops and
conferences among others were some of the strategies adopted to cope with these
changes; however, the application of Information Communication Technology was
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the most frequently used strategy. The study concluded that cataloguing practices in
the libraries sampled have witnessed changes as a result of the application of
Information Communication Technology in organizing library materials which has in
turn changed the role of cataloguers from merely providing bibliographic details of
materials to that of supervision and other administrative functions, and in order to
maintain relevance, librarians have been forced to build capacity in the area of
Information Communication Technology.
Most of the Indian University Libraries are accessible not only to the
academic and research communities but also to the general public. In this paper, an
attempt is made to describe the effects of ICT developments on Indian University
Libraries, how much they have been able to catch up with more developed institutions
and what the future agenda for connecting knowledge and communities will be. This
paper gives an idea about ICT developments in India, ICT applications in Indian
University Libraries, and the role of INFLIBNET and future programs, Vijayakumar
and Vijayakumar (2003). The status of information and communication technologies
usage in Indian libraries. ICT applications are limited to large/Metro cities of India,
Gulati, Anjali (2004).
India is the largest democracy in the world with a population of 1,027 million
people, of which 35 per cent are still illiterate. The paper describes the role that
information and communication technologies are playing for Indian society to
educate them formally or informally which is ultimately helping India to emerge as
an information society. The basic approach has been a literature review to find the
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historical situation and present the prevailing scenario as well as the change that are
taking place with the application of ICT to the advantage of the society in different
areas including daily life. The changes that are taking place with the application of
ICT to the advantage of the society in different areas including daily life. It briefly
describes the various initiatives taken in various states and union territories of India to
take advantages of ICT. The paper provides the clear picture of India and Indian
endeavors to adopt the new technologies to become an information society, Singh
(2005).
The various successful e-governance models, the digital library initiatives, the
improvement of IT infrastructure and many ICT projects for development are giving
hope for the digital unite opportunity for India, through the pace of their development
is quite slow. What is required to sustain these projects adequate financial supports,
support of the government industry and community participation. Encouraging
private participation on a mutually beneficial basis, collaboration amongst
researchers, social scientists, libraries, technologist etc. stable and corruption free
government, massive campaign on e-governance ICT through provide the fruits of
digital unite, at the same time they also pose a potential and additional threat to
development and digital opportunity, Bist, Rajendra Singh (2007).
The application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in
special libraries in Kerala, India. The following methods were used to collect data for
the study: Questionnaire survey of librarians and library users, semi-structured
interviews with librarians, and observational visits in the libraries. This study was
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confined only to the automated special libraries in Kerala. The analyses revealed that
though the libraries had hardware, software, and communication facilities to some
extent, ICT-based resources and services were not reaching the users to the expected
extent. Library automation in special libraries in Kerala was largely commenced
during the period 1990-2000. CDS/ISIS was used more in the libraries than any other
software. The library catalogue found to be the most popular area for automation. The
ICT-based resource used by the largest percentage of the users was the e-mail. Most
of the libraries were hampered by lack of funds, lack of infrastructure, and lack of
skilled professionals to embark on automation of all library management activities
and application of ICT. A good number of the library users were not satisfied with the
application of ICT in their libraries and indicated "inadequate ICT infrastructure" as
their major reason for dissatisfaction Haneefa (2007).
To establish the level of ICT knowledge and skills among the librarians. It
was find out that librarians generally do not have knowledge to explore and take
advantage of opportunities technologies creator nor did they have the skill or ability
to perform the applications functions and operations described above effectively. Te
problems faced by the librarians in the use of ICT were as a result of lack of
understanding, knowledge, skill and above all a lack of training. ICT must be viewed
as a means not an end to promote a quality, efficient and effective services to library
partnors. Staff has the necessary ICT knowledge and skill to work effectively in an
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environment that is demanding and rapidly changing, Nath, Amar, Bahl, Gautam and
Kaur, Praveen (2007).
A variety of ICT products and services for research work as it is helpful in
finding information quickly and also helps the research to access, manage, integrate
evaluate, create and communication into more easily. The study identified that
researcher are not getting proper training/guidance and assistance from the
staffs/libraries, which is very necessary for the effective use of ICT products and
services. The lib should arrange and organize training programmes related to ICT.
Library should provide initial orientation workshops and training for the researchers
on ICT based services so that they can utilize these technologies to optimum level,
Ahmad, Naved and Fatima, Nishat (2009).
Maharana, Bulu, et al. (2009) found that ICT can be useful took to address
problems in medical education, but the lack of Technology and resources is still a
serious limitation. The in adequacy of qualified technical staff has stood in the way of
users satisfaction. Most users are deprived of access to the vast medical literature
available in electronic format. Absence of co-operation among the medical libraries in
Orissa or at the national level, including the lack of even interlibrary loan.
The use of information communication technology (ICT) in 31 college
libraries in Karnataka, India by investigating the ICT infrastructure, current status of
library automation, barriers to implementation of library automation and also
librarians' attitudes towards the use of ICT. Data-gathering tools used included
questionnaire, observation and informal interview with selected college librarians.
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Application of ICT in Indian college libraries has not reached a very high level. Lack
of budget, lack of manpower, lack of skilled staff and lack of training are the main
constraints for not automating library activities. Even though library professionals
have shown a positive attitude towards the use of ICT applications and library
automation, they need extensive and appropriate training to make use of ICT tools,
Sampath Kumar and Biradar (2010).
The evaluating and analyzing of use of ICT among the faculty members of
health care institutions of Pondicherry. The data analyzed the use of ICT tools and
electronic health services by the respondents. It is analysed that ICT tools like multi-
media projectors, Internet communication equipment, VCD were very low level
usage where as CD-Rom, Overhead Projector, LCD, Laptop and digital Camera are
most preferred ICT tools by the respondents. Towards the performance of library
services rendered by the institutions were poor for information retrieval, Kavitha,
Esmail Mohamed and Nagarajan (2011).
Sinha, Manoj Kumar (2011) undertaken the study with the view to know the
extent of ICT amongst the participants of refreshers course on humanities conducted
by Assam University Silchar and other teachers. The participants are mainly drawn
from the colleges and universities of North Eastern Region of India where the
penetration of ICT is very slow and teachers are not very much comfortable using
computers. University teachers have keen interest and also having positive attitude
towards learning ICT and applying it for classroom teaching learning process. ICT is
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boon for us if it is used properly for the benefit of the people in particular and for the
society in general.
2.3 Studies on Library Automation
There are 10 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general and in library automation in nature, the studies are described below
one by one.
Automatism at Adeyemi College of Education Library and print out the
problems which are faced during the automatism and proposed the solutions to it,
Akinfolarin (1998). Automatism project is likely to be successful if at least our staff
member has an educational qualification in computer science, management of the
college must take an interest in the automatism process and adequate financial and
material support must be given.
The cost and types of the library automatism systems in use in public libraries
in Finland. The result show that almost all of the public libraries have some land of
library automatism system and that 80% of than are already offering services via the
internet. The cost of establishing public library automatism have been approximately
16-8 million Euros with annual operating cost of about 5-7 million Euros. The labour
costs used in building and maintaining library automatism systems had been poorly
monitored in the libraries, Saarti, Jarmo (2003).
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Amekuedec, John-Dswald (2005) undertaken the study to find out which
library processes have been automated in Ghanas’s three older public university
libraries namely the Bame Library, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &
Technology Library and University of Cape Coast. The Level of networking within
and amount among university libraries is very too because most of the library
processes are not automated and all none of the libraries evaluated has a D/AC, More
computer should be purchased for the libraries because there can be no library
automation without investment in computers.
Sri Lankan’s were slow to explore the automation world as the custom
software development entails substantial investment and the off the shelf software
packages are either too costly or do not meet all the requirements. However, the
several library automation projects have been embarked in recent years, as the
librarians could not ignore the power of the library automation in order to meet up
with the rest of the world in the trend of information management and dissemination,
Wijayaratne, Anusha, (2005). The success of the automation project of the library of
the Open University of Sri Lanka with special focus on the automating the circulation
of library materials using Alice for Windows - the integrated library management
software package.
Efe, Sunday Ighovie, and Adogbeji, Benson Oghenvwogage (2006) conducted
the study to examine the level of automation in Nigerian Meteorological stations.
Only 2 out of 15 stations have IC Technology devices for the storage of date and the
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dissemination of information. The major reasons why some are not automated are
back of funds, faulty equipment and obsolete computers.
The TKMCE Library Automation System aims at providing a comprehensive
computerized solution to the needs of the library routines such as data entry,
circulation control, catalogue access, etc. The system provides an overall view of the
above said functions and the package is userfriendly and menu driven. Special efforts
have been made during the design and development stage to ensure data integrity and
security. This package facilitates fast retrieval of information and error free statistics.
This project was done at the TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala, using
Visual Basic 6.0 as front end and MS Access 7.0 as back end under Windows 98
environment. In fact, large amount of data can be processed by the computerised
systems very quickly and in an efficient manner. The present system TKMCE Library
Automation System has all the advantages of the computerised information system. A
low cost in-house library automation system has been developed, Abdul Azeez
(2004).
The software packages namely Alice for window Libsys and Virtua. There
study reveals that each package has got its own capabilities and limitation. Alice has a
unique feature of tracing a documents at a particular location I the library (facility).
Virtua supports Unicode standards. Libsys has got its uniqueness to run any platform,
it provides option to import data in marc and non-marc formats from established
bibliographic databases, Husain, Shabahat and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007).
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The status of automation in the colleges of Goa is similar to that of college
libraries throughout India. Libraries, librarians, and college administrations must
initiate automation in order to provide effective and efficient services to users.
Library professionals must upgrade their skills in order to meet the growing
expectations of users from libraries. Traditional barriers like insufficient funds, lack
of space, and lack of training are the problems faced by many libraries, Bansode,
Sadanand and Periera, Shamin (2008).
The development of a personalized information support system to help faculty
members to search various portals and e-resources without typing the search terms in
different interfaces and to obtain results re-ordered without human intervention. A
survey of various tools and techniques available for computerized client-centered
information services, the study selected to apply web usage mining, proxy level data
collection and a vector space retrieval model to develop the personalized information
support for teaching and research in a higher education institution. There are practical
constraints in the implementation stage. There is considerable difficulty in getting real
and correct user interests and mapping them effectively into the products and services
offered by the library. Also the interests of users change continuously. If multiple
users share the same PC, it is difficult to identify the user as there is no one-to-one
mapping between user and IP address. Research limitations/implications: The paper
has not considered cases for all the faculty members due to time constraints. The
results obtained from the system also need correlation with the sources actually used
by the faculty to test its efficacy in a highly fluid research situation like higher
academics. Practical implications: A pragmatic client-centred information support
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prototype described in this paper may find use in other institutions needing similar
information support, Sirisha, et al., (2009).
Automation of library operations and services is essential for efficient
functioning of the library and saving the library users' time. Hence a study has been
conducted to investigate the Automation in university libraries in Tamilnadu, India. It
discusses automation, its need, and application in university libraries. The study
explains the various problems faced by authorities and the staff during the process of
automation. The tool adopted to conduct the study is a well structured questionnaire,
Jayaprakash, and Balasubramani, (2011).
2.4 Studies on Digital Libraries
There are 8 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on Digital library in nature, the studies are described below one by
one.
The British Library Research and Innovation Centre research study What
makes a digital librarian?, completed in February 1998 by research partners
University of Sunderland Information Services, Gateshead MBC Libraries and Arts
and Education for Change Ltd., looked at critical success factors and barriers which
underpin or inhibit the development of the networked digital library. The study
focused on staff skills, knowledge and attributes, management culture and attitudes,
through a series of qualitative research exercises in public and academic libraries,
Carpenter (1999).
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The major issues surrounding the development of digital libraries in the
developing countries of the English-speaking Caribbean known also as the Caricom
region. The impetus for digital libraries comes from the desire of these countries to
become integrated in the new, global information economy. As part of this global
information trend, digital libraries technology holds the key to improved information
access. Digital libraries, which have become affordable and manageable provide
increased access to global information and at the same time, increase the visibility of
indigenous Caribbean information resources, Francis (2008).
The rapid changes in ICT have made the world face the new meaning of
illiteracy and examine education requirement. Digital education revote or distance
education delivered online, is a way of solving this problem. The benefits of digital
educations are no requirement for physical presentation of students or teachers easy
communication with several options better options for supervision and an tools.
Reduce costs in companion with traditional methods and ado reduces the costs of
institutes and buildings methods of digital education are through video conferencing
satellite systems, web based methods. Digital education creates changing patterns for
students teachers librarian and others. The new pattern will increase the role of
curators in this process, Amiree, Faezeh Sadat Tabatabaee and Khabbazan,
Bentolhodah (2009).
aAQUA is an online multilingual, multimedia Agricultural portal for
disseminating information from and to the grassroots of the Indian agricultural
community. aAQUA simultaneously addresses two major challenges in farmer
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outreach programs - geographic reach and customized delivery. It answers farmers
queries based on the location, season, crop and other information provided by
farmers. aAQUA makes use of novel database systems and information retrieval
techniques like intelligent caching, offline access with intermittent synchronization,
semantic-based search, etc. Agricultural content repositories (Digital Library), Agri-
price information (Bhav Puchiye), farmer schemes and various operations support
databases (aAQUA-QoS) have also emerged from the experience of aAQUA
deployments. aAQUA's large scale deployment provides avenues for researchers to
contribute in the areas of knowledge management, cross- lingual information
retrieval, and providing accessible content for rural populations. Apart from
Agriculture, aAQUA can be configured and customized for Expert advice over
mobile networks and the internet in Education, Healthcare and other domains of
interest to a developing population, Ramamritham et al., (2006).
Libraries are adopting the ICT to make their services better. Information now
is available in digitized form. The digital environment is charging the shape of the
libraries and their activities such as acquisition cataloging classification, issue/return
and reference services. The travel is that print collection will decrease and digital
collection will take its place such as subscription of online journals and CDROM
databases RFID technology will not only help the self issuing but also checking the
theft of reading material. Future library may or may not have print collection, but it is
hard fact that the print media will hold the vein of library of the society, Singh,
Balwan, Kapila, and Pateria, Rajive (2007).
72
Libraries must take up the challenges to convert traditional library into
automated library. It a digital library users are always demanding back issues of
journals and were historical archives for which the library has not copy right. This
may lead to services dissatisfaction about digitization among users. As a final
solution to this matter, librarian must be given permission to digitize copyright work
in connection with digitization, Trivedi, Mayank , Sindiyajani and Sheikh, Rizwan
(2007).
An academic libraries is changing and a face lift is provided in the light of digital
technologies. It not only facilitates the library functions but also saves the precious
time, strength and energy of users. Academic institutions are currently undergoing the
process by which one medium is reformed and improved upon by another. The travel
is towards digitizing traditional resources to e-resources worldwide academic libraries
are implementing digital technologies to provide their users with electronic access to
a veracity of information resources. Today digital libraries are expensive, initially
more expensive. Digital libraries are made form components that are decline rapidly
in price. As the cost of the technology continues to fall, Digital Academic Libraries
will become steadily less expensive an all pervading, Vasishta, Seema (2007).
Some major initiatives of digital library undertaken in India. With the advent
of digital technology and internet connectivity, the library scenario is changing very
rapidly to meet their users need in fast growth digital world. It has led to new means
and mechanism for the management, classification, distribution, identification,
retrieval, and storage of information in ways heretofore unimaginable. In India, so
73
many digital library initiatives were undertaken initially with a view to preserve the
art, culture and heritage of our country by government and academic institutions.
Some special libraries are also engaged in digital library initiatives in a limited way,
Mal, Bidyut and Bajpai (2011).
2.5 Studies on E-Resources
There are 15 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on E-Resources in nature, the studies are described below one by
one.
To provide a "picture" of Malaysian LIS research and publications. The study
aimed to show (a) the total number and spread of publications produced by Malaysian
authors; (b) the active authors; (c) the authorship pattern; (d) the affiliation status of
the authors; (e) the main channels used to publish; and (f) the subject covered by the
published works. The study confined its scope to the publications produced between
1965 and 2005 by Malaysian authors published in Malaysia as well as abroad.
Bibliometric techniques and regression analysis were employed as the measuring
instrument. The data was collected from seven online databases and seven well
established library OPACs, which are expected to hold earlier and current LIS
publications. A bibliometric toolbox was used to feed in text files which provided
brief summaries of ranked results, a bibliography and minimal Bradford zonal
analysis. The subject categorization used by Gorman and Corbit's Model of core
competencies for LIS was used to categorized entries by subjects. The results
indicated that (a) Malaysian LIS authors preferred to publish in journals (511, 48.9%)
74
and conference papers (474, 45.4%); (b) the publication distribution fluctuated over
the 41 year period but the moving average depicted a steady incremental trend, (c) a
total of 506 authors contributed to 1,045 publications and 309 are one-time authors'
(d) the active authors in LIS are affiliated to 131 institutions and the productive
institutions were the national Library of Malaysia, University of Malaya library and
the academics at the MLIS Programme, University of Malaya.; (e) publication
productivity was related to institutional active involvement in LIS journal publishing;
and (f) the main subject areas actively researched upon were collection development
and management, information centres and services, and ICT applications LIS, Yazit,
N., Zainab (2007).
The effects of information literacy skills on the use of E-library resources. A
e-library generally contains books, journals, OPACS, webliographics, letters, maps
ect. E-library requires very little physical space in comansion to traditional libraries.
Most students are aware of the e-library resources but do not use them because they
back skills. The little that is being taught involves mainly the librarian without the
partnership of the faculty members and the librarians. The students have acquired a
certain level of information literacy, including technology skills as well as the
investigations and critical thinking, Issa, Abdul Wahab Olanrewaju, Blessing, Amusa
and Daura, Umma Dauda (2009).
Libraries in Nigerian Universities should regularly evaluates the quality,
adequacy and use by their library’s information resources and services in other to
meet up with the quality of library services stipulated by IFLA which was the aim of
75
this study. Most Nigerians undergraduate are of view that libraries as places to
borrow books and reed lecture notes but they were unaware of the rich contents they
can access through libraries when these resources are available. The use of e-
resources is gaining wide recognition among Nigerians undergraduates. To improve
the effectiveness of these resources could be alone by providing enough finding for
the universities libraries, Oyewusi, Fadekemi Omabola and Oyeboade, Samuel
Adeolu (2009).
The New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were set up as centers
of excellence in Information and Communication Technology integration, so that
other schools could copy their model in e-learning. It was for this reason that they
were provided with computers, e-materials, internet appliances and trained personnel.
But to gauge their levels of success as e-learning centers there was need to compare
them to other schools offering Information and Communication Technology
education in Kenya. It was for this reason that this study compared the application of
the e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's Development and non- New
Partnership for Africa's Development schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study
identified significant differences in levels of integration of Information and
Communication Technology in curriculum subjects; surveyed the differences in use
of e-materials in education research; examined availability of e-libraries; identified
significant differences in academic performance of New Partnership for Africa's
Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools attributed
to e-learning.
76
The study used a combination of an exploratory approach using descriptive
survey and ex-post-facto design. It was carried out in six of the eight provinces in
Kenya, where the New Partnership for Africa's Development schools are located. It
targeted 1600 form four students from 35 secondary schools involved in Information
Communication Technology education. Saturated sampling was used for the six
schools while six non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools were
selected through simple random sampling. The sample consisted of three officials
from the ministry of education, twelve principals and twelve heads of Information
Communication Technology department HODs, and 570 of the form four students.
The main data collection instrument was the questionnaire; administered to the
students, the principals, and the HODs. The study found that, there was a significant
difference in the application of e-learning in New Partnership for Africa's
Development and non- New Partnership for Africa's Development schools. Ayere,
M.A., Odera, F.Y., Agak, J.O. (2010) The issues and challenges facing
academic libraries in accessing electronic journals and internet resources in Nigeria,
Idowu, Adetoun Omolola and Oduwole, Adebambo Adewale (2011).
The users perspective we have looked at the wealth of information available
electronically, the technical problems are encounters, and also the potential and the
promising future. It has made significant strides in the very way of acquiring, storing,
retrieving and disseminating information. The real changes with the computer will
come when we are able to do things significantly different. The FedEx parcel tracking
system on the web is just one example, which might not be possible to materialize
through convention activities. Having known the potential of electronic information it
77
is our duty to make this accessible to the unreached and there comes the role of the
information professional, Sreekumar (2001).
A study reveals that research is the key factor for the development of
knowledge in all the disciplines. Universities are the centers of research. Libraries
play important role in providing information E-resources are claiming its importance
in the research activities. The use of e-resources can be improved by providing proper
training progrrames to the researchers, Gowda, Vasappa and Shivalingaiah (2007).
E- Journals are easily searchable interactive accessible, inexpensive Flexible
and speedy. There are same demerits also need machine to read, less weight age,
perishable citation ignorance by search engine. Despite the series of disadvantages or
dements posed by the world of e-journals, they are must for modern teaching being
world. These problems may over come in due course of time with more technological
development and economic enhancement of the Indian uses and providers. This e-
journals should be popularized in the academic culture of India, Malik, Satish Kumar
(2007).
E-books have become the vital part of human life in 21st Century. The
technology advances today make it possible to think in terms of storing all the
knowledge of the human race in digital forms E-book culture will grow very fast in
academic libraries in India, Tholkappian and Chandran (2007).
User centers information for the worlds largest repository the web efficiently
and effectively is becoming increasingly imperative. Machine learning techniques
can be applied to web mining. Major limitations of web mining research are lack of
78
suitable collections that can be reused by researchers and difficult to collect web
usage data across different websites. Most web mining applications have been
accessed, Bhatia, MPS Bhatia and Khalid, Akshi Kumar (2008).
E-resource are access by the faculty research scholars and students the user’s
expectations from the libraries have increased manifold in the internet environment,
Parthiban et al. (2008).
Users visit the library to borrow books, study and do research, locate
information from books and journals and do light reading and purpose depends on
time available and the need to keep up to date. Most users gave priority to catalogues
bibliographies, indexes and abstract and book reviews for being aware of the current
literature. Faculty and researchers are not familiar with appropriate sources, and they
need skill maintenance activities to update their knowledge of reference books and
other sources, Kumar, Devendra (2009).
Few fisheries institutes have good information centre and resources. Self
sufficiency remains only imaginative, because of insufficient funds and information
explosion. The study aims to develop a library consortium for the fisheries institute in
Kerela. At present there is no such consortium, and an initiation for it would mutually
benefit for the participating institutions. It will add values to the existing information
infrastructure of the technical education in Kerela, Jacob, Ancy and Sornam, Ally
(2011).
Creating databases involves considerable cost and is undertaken for
generating revenue, but on other hand it has proved extremely useful to research and
79
educational purposes. Increasing production of digital born databases raises legal
issues relating to copyright and intellectual property in cyberspace environment as
there is no globally accepted international copyright law that would take precedence
over local laws. The article provides an overview about the legal protection of
databases at national and international level. It concludes that librarians should tell
their concern about its costing as well as go for national law network for academic
law universities, Vyas, and Rai, Priya (2011).
Usage and applications of e-journals in CCS university Meerut. They are of
the view that e-journals pave a smooth way to research community but present the
management hardships for the librarians. This concentrates on various aspects such as
financial constraints as well as technological achievements, Neeraj and Sukula, Shiva
Kanaujia (2011).
2.6 Studies on Internet
There are 12 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on Internet automation in nature, the studies are described below
one by one.
Many of the activities people perform with the Internet are new, and possible
could not have been conceived before the network became available. The internet
provides opportunities for communication among its users, it poses challenges to the
computing and information systems professionals who support them. It also presents
librarians with the opportunity to apply their established skills as educators,
80
information managers, custodians, information providers and change agents in their
work with internet users, Klobar, Jane (1996).
Internet provides a wealth of information. The students are using the internet
significantly and it occupies an important place among various information sources. It
is widely used by the students for their research purposes and it plays an active role in
searching of information students still depend on print media electronic media has not
replaced print media. The students need to get skills for search on the internet. The
information searching practice need a methodical training to gain the quality in
information searching of course, “three dements are essential to users in the
evaluation of online information retrieval systems interface design, system
performance and collection coverage “ (xie, 2004), The observation of these elements
and training the users will enable users to get useful and relevant information library
professional, on the campus may take initiate-ness to improve the information
searching on the internet process among the internet users or digital resources users,
Asemi, Asefeh (2005).
Carmel High School teachers are satisfied with resources of the SLMC and
they believe there resources support their curriculum. The majority brings their
students to the SLMC one to three times a year, most often for information searching,
computer access and research papers. Most CHS teachers say they are aware of the
SLMC resources and they have some influence over has students use them. CHS
teachers encourage student use of the Internet in the SLMC. The internet than they do
about electronic databases. They consider the internet to be faster, more current
81
carrier to use and greater in scope of information than electronic databases however.
They consider information from electronic database to be more reliable and focused.
Age makes some difference in how CHS teachers direct their students to use
electronic resources. The databases are more reliable teachers find internet search
engines such find internet search engines easy to use, Teresa Williams, et al. (2004).
The current state of internet access and its usage in Rajshahi University, the
second largest public University in Bangladesh although the university community is
deriving some benefits from internet access, the study revealed that nearly half of the
responsible authorities of the various sectors are not satisfied with the existing
facilities owing to several constraints. On the basis of the prevailing situation, this
articles suggests future directions for better internet access in the common interest of
the university community, Roknuzzam (2006).
The level of access to the internet in various organizations in Botswana. It
investigates the problems brought about by the misuse of internet facilities in the
workplace and the measures or policies put in place to monitor internet use. It also
report the use, restrictions and monitoring of internet facilities by organizations to
their employees. Majority of the organizations monitor employee internet use.
Majority restricted or blocked few sites. The study recommends that organizations
should produce and implement written policies on internet use and inform employees
about such policies, Olatokun, Wole and Moremedi, Betty (2011).
Internet facility has ended the teachers and students to enhance their academic
excellence by providing them the latest information and access to worldwide
82
information. The present study has highlighted the existing situation of the Internet
services provided by the engineering colleges of Punjab. The situation is not,
however, very satisfactory from the library point of view only some engineering
college libraries have internet facility and even this is not extended to the users. So, it
should be extended to all the engineering college libraries. The library services
supplemented by the internet services can prove a great boon to the users in getting
the right information at the right time. The present study has concentrated on the most
frequent users of internet in the engineering colleges i.e. the teachers and the students.
The scope of the study was limited to the engineering colleges of Punjab (including
Chandigarh). There is a vast scope for future research in different types of users
behavior and comparison of users behavior and attitude towards the internet, Kumar,
Rajeev and Kaur, Amritpal (2005).
World is becoming increasingly dependent upon technology as is evidenced
by the big role it is playing. The internet has become a major shareholder. All
developing nations can derive tremendous advantages from this technology for
updating the knowledge of its researchers and scientists. The Indian software and
services industry has significantly helped to boost the Indian economy. Society
expects to be able to store information more than was previously conceived. Society
expects to be able to manipulate the information it has for its own benefits to increase
understanding and discover new relationship. Society experts to be able to distribute
inf. Quickly, efficiently and cheaply Gupta, Vibha and Ansari, Mehtab Alam (2007).
83
The 91% of the social scientists find internet as an important tool of research.
Internet as a medium offers rich possibilities to enhance serious research and teaching
by diverse sociologists. Internet has indeed become a communication medium for
enhancing teaching, research and professional development for social scientist in the
open distances heaving environment, Kaanungo, Neena Talwar(2007).
The use internet for researcher purpose and also show that research scholars
are aware of internet services. Internet is a boon for researchers as it has brought
information scattered all over the world within the easy reach of the researchers,
Khare, Shashi Kant, Thapa, Neelam and Sahoo (2007).
Internet is a vast ocean of information pertaining to almost all subjects
majority of users use internet as one of their source of information card are satisfied
with the information available on internet. One of the major factors that have limited
the expansion of internet in the country is the poor infrastructure. The use of internet
by the users in post graduates of Mysore University campus the internet is useful to
them to satisfy their daily information requirement, Mulla, and Chandrashakara
(2007).
The respondent use the internet and 50% use at workplace and other at home
or cyber café. Use of internet is for research purpose. 50% of user are in favour that
internet influence the traditional documents and dependency on internet has
increased, Khan, Mohammad Haroon and Waris, Rao Ashher Kamal (2008).
The majority of the Management faculty members in the North Maharashtra
University, Jalgaon access various electronic information resources related to
84
research and most frequently accessed digital information resources by the faculty are
internet resources. Users are aware of the major internet tool and resources but do not
fully use the internet tools and resources related to their research. Lack of
orientation/training in the use of internet affect the proper use of internet, Mendhe,
Ravindra, Agarwal, Preeti and Takusaude, Pratibha (2008).
2.7 Studies on Networking
There are 3 studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on Networking in nature, the studies are described below one by
one.
Information Communication Technology systems supporting the process of
consultation in medicine are of significant importance in today's healthcare and are
being deployed as region- or country-wide teleconsultation networks. The
implementation of such a medical teleconsultation network for the benefit of hospitals
in Wielkopolska, Poland. In huge improvement of the regional healthcare thanks to
the deployment of a medical teleconsultation system, that are concerned whether this
is enough, especially in the context of a very high expected number of transactions
and limited amount of medical competence in certain areas, Kosiedowski et al.,
(2009). Therefore introduced the concept of providing a number of services built
within the Medical Digital Library as an improvement of the medical teleconsultation
system in the Wielkopolska regional health network. The advantages of implementing
a Medical Digital Library in the Wielkopolska health network, basing on our practical
experience in digital library deployments.
85
The changes that libraries and information centres need to indergo for
networking and lists the existing communication networks (INDONET, ERNET
NICHET, GPSS, RABMN, INET and libraries and information networks
(INFLIBNET, DELNET, BTIS SIRNET, MALBNET etc) in India. It mentions the
paradigm changes that LICS undergo challenge to their networking, and also
highlights the role of IT in transforming traditional LIC into a digital Mode, Rao,
Siriginied Subha (2001).
Since 1990s, cooperation, automation and resources sharing by means of
networking have been the dominant themes. In India, library resource sharing
sometimes has encouraged competition rather than cooperation, in view of the
benefits that relatively large libraries have accrued by owning a monopoly of the
research materials that such consortia would need to have in common. Despite
meager budgets and depleted collections university and government libraries in India
tend to keep separate subscriptions to relatively expensive periodicals titles with the
advent of new pricing models by publishers such as licensing and access fees for
electronic information sources, the relatively favorable terms of consortia agreements
should make the economics of cooperation more viable, practical and visible, Ghosh,
Maitrayee Biswas, and Jeevan, (2006).
2.8 Studies on Web 2.0
There are two studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on web 2.0 in nature, the studies are described below one by one.
86
The experiences of the Institute of Information Studies of Tallinn University
in introducing ICT, including Web 2.0 technologies, in library and information
science education, and to explore the role that these can play in new models of
learning and teaching. Web 2.0 is influencing the way in which people learn, access
information and communicate with one another. The Institute of Information Studies
of Tallinn University has a long history in using ICT in its teaching and learning.
Experiences with open and distance learning and e-learning have transformed
teaching and learning, provided new alternative delivery modes, and helped to reach
new target groups. Recently the staffs have been experimenting with Web 2.0
technologies and a few have successfully adopted them in teaching and learning. The
paper suggests that in order to be successful in our modern society LIS educators
should take advantage of new ICT and consider the learning preferences of digital
natives as well as digital immigrants. Virkus (2008).
The technological march from Web 1.0 to 3.0 for managing the web
information, and concept of web 1.0 to 3.0 and shift from web 1.0 to 3.0. A
comparative study has been drawn on these three concept on certain parameters such
a technology, advancement, networking, users etc, Singh, Bebi and Gulati, Dipti
(2011).
2.9 Studies on Web OPAC
There are two studies has been reported in this category and all the studies are
focused in general on web Opac in nature, the studies are described below one by
one.
87
The retrieval features for online databases; difficulties faced by users; and
retrieval features expected by users. A total of 25 databases were surveyed and 40
users were interviewed after the training sessions. Common retrieval features
included Boolean operators, phrase searching, match of exact words or phrases, field
specific and limit fields searches, truncation, and wildcard. Even though features are
offered in many systems, their interpretation and implementation are different.
Unique features included lateral searching, density and frequency of terms, reference
link, and searching via table of content. The expected features included relevance
feedback and term weighting other than those already offered by ACM Digital
Library and IEEE Xplore. Such expectations were influenced by the users'
background in ICT. Difficulties included application of the retrieval features in
searching. Database providers must include the expected features, synonyms linked to
terms in the thesaurus, and extensive search examples, Othman and Halim, (2004).
The import of web OPAC of KIT library. Information Technologies are most
relevant for application in modern library and information system can be grouped into
3 major areas 1 computer technology 2 communication technology 3. reprographics,
Micrographics and printing technology. The advantages of web OPAC are access to
E-resources are through a common user interface like web hypertext browser.
Expanded access Byard locally held resources via the OPAC as gateway lineless from
resources to resume, multielectonic field and formats. Webopace. Search option are
book search, Journal search, Back volume search, project search, CD-Ram search,
User current account search, user account OPAC is designed as an information
retrieval system but as a module of an integrated library management system.
88
Catalogues of an increasing numbers of libraries are now available for searching
online. These are known as online public access catalogues (OPACs) searching a
library catalogue at a distance make a notable development in the use of library
catalogues, Dominic and Nirmala (2004).
The above comprehensive literature review has revealed the status of ICT
applications implementations in libraries, the strength and weakness of the
methodology used, and the interest, support, and negligence by researchers, agencies,
and organisations towards different research areas and priorities in ICT. To
accomplish their objectives, the authors from different countries have used studies on
Library Automation, Digital Library, E-resources, Internet, Web 2.0, web- OPAC .
In conclusion, this literature update helps to understand the facets of
methodology and suitable quantifying techniques in the study of our proposed area of
research.
2.10 Inferences on the Review
From the foregoing review of literature, the following inferences could be drawn:
1) The early research on ICT studies was done by individual authors and also
with joint authors, of late the research tends to be on ICT applications.
2) Most of the studies are conducted in foreign countries and few studies have
been done in India.
89
3) There is a shift from analyzing the research output from macro level to micro
level on ICT applications.
4) All ICT applications like Digital Library, library automation, E-resources,
internet etc has been covered.
5) It was found that, no study has been done on ICT application in libraries in
Uttar Pradesh.
Therefore the investigator has chosen this research topic and has done the research
work.
90
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