chapter ii agricultural economy of orissa and...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER II
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF ORISSA AND HARYANA
At the field level, data has been collected from the cultivating households of both
Haryana and Orissa to analyse the behavior of farm capital formation. It may be
mentioned that these two states represent a different level of agricultural development.
While Haryana being the early adopters of new agricultural technology, the magnitude of
agricultural growth and development placed in a better position compared to the state of
Orissa. The quality and quantity of agricultural inputs including implements and
machineries used also differ widely in both states. Besides, cultivators in Haryana enjoy
better infrastructural and institutional facilities with improved extension services. This
has come about because the state government has had a large chunk of investment on its
agricultural sector.
The present chapter analyses agricultural growth and development, the level of input use
in Haryana and Orissa vis-a-vis at all India level. Before attempting that, a brief
introduction of both the states has been discussed in the following section.
2.1 A Brief Introduction of Orissa
The Independent State Orissa was constituted in 1936 by carving out certain portions
from the provinces of Bihar, Orissa and Madras. It is located between 170-48' and 220-
34' North latitude and 81 0-24' and 870-29' East longitude. The State is bounded by the
Bay of Bengal in the East, West Bengal in the North-East, Bihar in the North, Madhya
Pradesh in the West and Andhra Pradesh in the South. The territory may be divided into
four distinct geographical regions: the Eastern Plateau, the Central River Basin, the
Eastern Hill Region and the Coastal Belt. The entire territory lies in the tropical zone as a
result of which high temperature is recorded particularly during April-May.
[24]
Covering an area of 155,707 sq.km. Orissa has a population of about three crore out of
which more than 22 percent are tribal, with their concentration in Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar,
Sundargarh and Koraput districts. Oriya is the mother tongue of the people of Orissa and
most of them understand Hindi as well. People also speak Bengali, Telugu, Urdu and
Gujarati in addition to the various tribal dialects.
2.1.1 Agricultural Economy of Orissa
Agriculture is the mainstay of state's economy and sustenance of the life of the people.
Agriculture and animal husbandary contributed about 26 percent of the Net State
Domestic Product in the state and provided employment to about 65 percent of the total
work force. Rice is the staple food of the people and it is being cultivated widely in the
state. Rice covers a total area of 44.92 lakh hectares during 2004-05 constituting about 77
percent of the total area under cultivation. The major oilseed crops grown in the state are
groundnut, sesamum and mustard. Besides sugarcane, jute, mesta, cotton soyabean,
patato, chilli are some of the commercial crops grown in the state. Development of
agriculture in Orissa has, however lag behind due to several constraints such as
traditional methods of cultivation, inadequate capital formation, inadequate irrigation
facilities and uneconomic size of holdings. Sometimes, the state's economy is hampered
because of occurrence of natural calamities like flood, drought and cyclone.
The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack has been providing rice research
support to the entire country in general and Orissa in particular for developing low cost
improved rice production technologies such as high yielding rice varieties and suitable
rice based farming systems under different ecosystems. Similarly the Orissa University of
Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) imparts education and training in various aspects of
agriculture, animal husbandary and veterinary sciences etc. The university has developed
a research base for generation of technology capable of improving productivity, stability
and sustainability of major farming systems under varied agro climatic situations of the
state.
[25]
Orissa is also known for her exquisite handicrafts. Silver filigree work of Cuttack, hom
work of Cuttack and Parlakhemundi and the famous applique work of Pipili deserve
special mention. Pattachitra, a form of folk painting of Orissa, is a unique craft. Brass
and bell metalware, particularly vases and candle stands, are beautiful and longlasting.
The blackstone bowls and plates of Nilagiri and Khiching and multi-coloured stone
statues are other attractions. Silk and cotton handloom products, especially saris are most
famous in the state. The Sambalpuri saris and Maniabandhi patas are matchless in their
texture and designs.
2.2 A Brief Introduction of Haryana
The name of Haryana instantly conjures up the image of a state which astonishingly
combines both antiquity and plenty. The Vedic land of Haryana has been a cradle of
Indian culture and civilization. The region has been the scene of many a war because of
its being 'A Gateway to North India'. As years rolled by, successive streams of the Huns,
the Turks and the Tughlaqs invaded India and decisive battles were fought on this land.
Indeed, the history of Haryana is the saga of the struggle of a virile, righteous, forthright
and proud people. From ancient times, the people of Haryana have borne the main brunt
of invaders and foreign hordes with their known traits if bravery and valor. They have
survived many an upheaval, upholding the traditional glory and greatness of the land to
this day.
Haryana emerged as a separate State in the federal galaxy of the Indian Republic on
November 1, 1966. With just 1.37% of the total geographical area and less than 2% of
L'ldia's population, Haryana has carved a place of distinction for itself during the past
three decades. Whether it is agriculture or industry, canal irrigation or rural
electrification, Haryana has marched towards modernity with leaps and bounds. Today, it
enjoys the unique distinction in India of having provided electricity, metalled roads and
potable drinking water to all its villages. Haryana is among the most prosperous states in
India, having one of the highest per-capita income in the country. The women are
devoted and diligent and assist their men-folk on the farms.
[26]
2.2.1 Agricultural Economy of Haryana
Majority of population in the state of Haryana is engaged in agriculture, directly or
indirectly. Apart from meeting its own requirement for foodgrains, Haryana also
contributes about 45 lakh tonnes of foodgrains to the Central Pool annually. The Basmati
rice produced in Haryana finds an easy market abroad. The State has Asia's biggest
agricultural University known as Chaudhry Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
University at Hisar, which has already made a significant contribution in ushering 'Green
Revolution'.
Electricity is supplied at subsidized rates to the agriculture sector. There is a network of
canals and an effective lift irrigation system for the arid areas of the State. As a result of
the various incentives being provided to the farmers, floriculture and horticulture are fast
picking up. An ultra-modem fruit and vegetable market and food processing complex of
international standard is being developed at Rai near Delhi to provide marketing and food
processing facilities to the farmers and entrepreneurs of the northern region.·
2.2.2 Animal Husbandary
Animal husbandry has been taken up as an integral component of diversified agriculture.
Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh. Its 'Hariana' breed of cows and
'Murrah' breed of buffaloes are known throughout the world. Buffaloes constitute 45 %of
the total livestock population and they contribute 80.5 % of the total milk production.
About one lakh 'Murrah' buffaloes are exported every year to other states and abroad.
The National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) set up at Kamal and Central Institute for
Research on Buffaloes (CIRB) at Hisar are constantly developing the breed of 'Hariana'
cow and 'Murrah' buffalo. There is a network of veterinary institutions to maintain the
health of livestock. Embryo transfer technology is being introduced to further improve
the quality of livestock as by adopting this technique, a superior female can produce 12
off-springs through multiple ovulation and embryo transfer. The State is regularly
supplying hen-eggs, layer-chicks and broilers to the neighboring States of Delhi,
[27]
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. These products are also supplied to the far away states such
as Assam and Bihar.
2.3 A Comparative Prof.tle
2.3.1 Sectoral Contribution to Net State Domestic Product
It has been seen from the above that agriculture continues to be a major occupation in
both the states. However, its contribution to the total domestic product has been declining
in both the states. It may be seen from Table 2.1 that during 1993-94, as high as 38
percent of the total NSDP was accruing from the agriculture alone which subsequently
declined to 25 percent in recent years. The same proportion for the state of Haryana also
declined from 42.2 percent to 29 percent during the same period. On the other hand, the
contribution of service sector to the domestic product in both states has been increasing.
The trends of contribution of different sectors at all India level also took the same trends
as may be seen from the table. Though the contribution of service sector to the state's
economy is an important indicator of economic development, which has come about
recently in the wake of recent globalization and liberalization, the overwhelming
agricultural sector must not be neglected. This is important because agriculture has been
the mainstay of majority of households in both the states.
It is, however, important to note that the income differentials in both states are quite high.
During the year i.e. 2003-04, while the per capita income of Orissa was Rs 6640, it was
Rs. 15,752 in Haryana. The ratio of per capita income in Orissa to that of Haryana in
1993-94 was 0.44. The ratio has come down slightly in recent years (i.e., 0.42 in 2003-
04) indicating that the per capita income in the state of Haryana has been increasing at a
higher rate as compared to the state of Orissa.
[28]
Table 2.1 Sector Wise Percentage Distribution of Net State Domestic Product:
Orissa, Haryana and All India
Ratio of
PCI inRs PCI
Agriculture (at 1993- (Orissa!Har
Only Primary Secondary Tertiary All 94 prices) yana
1993-94
Orissa 38.15 48.58 16.10 35.32 100 4896 0.44
Haryana 42.23 42.82 25.39 31.79 100 11079
All India 30.20 35.00 21.80 43.20 100 7690
1998-99
Orissa 32.63 44.77 15.20 40.02 100 5471 0.43
Haryana 34.68 35.31 26.96 37.73 100 12728
All India 26.10 30.30 21.70 48.00 100 9650
2003-04
Orissa 24.90 39.73 14.07 46.21 100 6640 0.42
Haryana 28.98 29.48 24.99 45.52 100 15752
All India 20.70 27.90 22.10 53.00 100 19649
Source: a. Directorates of Economic and Statistics of respective state government
b. Central Statistical Organisation, Govt of India
Note: Data for 2003-04 has been taken on 1999-2000 base.
2.3.2 Pattern of Land Utilization
The pattern of land utilization in Orissa and Haryana vis-a-vis all India has been depicted
in Table 2.2. During 1999-00, total reporting area for land utilization were 3,06,054
hectares, of which a little above one fifth represents forest area The proportion of forest
area has been increasing marginally since 1969-70. It may be seen from the table that
while in Orissa, the percentage of area under forest was 36 percent during 1999-00; it was
a meager 2.6 percent in Haryana. This indicates the fact that land is more extensively
[29]
used for cultivation in Haryana as compared to Orissa. It could be seen that total net sown
area constitute more than 80 percent of the total reported area in Haryana, while in Orissa
it constituted about 40 percent. At the all India level, the total net sown area constituted
46 percent of total area reported. Area sown more than once in Haryana represemts more
than 50 percent of the total areas compared to 16 percent at all India level and
approximately the same in Orissa (15. 7 percent) during 1999-00. It may be observed
from the table that area sown more than once have increased rapidly in Haryana in
comparison to a sluggish growth in Orissa. The proportion of areas under this head was
31.4 percent in 1969-70, which rose to 56.3 percent in 1999-00. On the other hand, in
Orissa, the area sown more than once hovered between 15 to 16 percent during the same
period.
The land not available for cultivation in Orissa constituted 9.4 percent of total available
land, where as in Haryana and at all India level it was 10.4 percent and 14 percent
respectively in 1999-00. There are almost absence of fallow land other than current
fallow, cultivable waste land and land under miscellaneous use in the state of Haryana,
though it constitutes about 11 percent of total land in Orissa. Analysis of the pattern of
land utilisation in Orissa and Haryana above thus, indicates that land has been more
judiciously used in Haryana compared to Orissa It may however, be remembered that the
geographical land in Haryana constitute a part of Gangetic Plain, which is most suitable
for agricultural production. Moreover, availability of agricultural infrastructure including
irrigations, roads, agricultural implements and machineries have an added advantage for
judicious use of land in the state.
[30]
2.2 Pattern of Land Utilization: Orissa, Haryana and All India (in Hectares) Year 1969-70 1984-85 1999-00 1969-70 1984-85 1999-00 1969-70 1984-85 1999-00
All
Region Orissa Orissa Orissa Haryana Haryana Haryana India All India All India
Reporting area for
land utilisation 15540 15540 15571 4402 4391 4400 305853 304320 306054
Forests 4960 6657 5606 97 132 115 65106 67157 69024
31.9 42.9 36.0 2.2 3.0 2.6 21.5 22.1 22.6
Not available for
cultivation 1802 918 1456 488 402 464 41375 40476 42407
11.6 5.9 9.4 11.0 9.2 10.5 13.6 13.3 13.9
Perm/past and
others 723 560 534 57 27 22 11934 11934 11040
4.7 3.6 3.4 l.3 0.6 0.5 3.9 3.9 3.6
Land under
miscellanous use 431 410 774 4 0 5 3385 3385 3618
2.8 2.6 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 l.l l.l 1.2
Cultivable waste
land 807 240 445 48 46 23 15738 15738 13828
5.2 1.5 2.9 l.l l.O 0.5 5.2 5.2 4.5
fallow land other
than current
fallows 97 197 336 0 0 0 9552 9552 10108
0.6 l.3 2.2 0 0 0 3.2 3.1 3.3
current fallows 626 264 345 190 168 219 15336 15336 14798
4.0 1.7 2.2 4.3 3.8 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.8
Net area sown 6094 6288 6075 3548 3616 3552 140715 140715 141231
39.2 40.5 39.0 80.1 82.4 80.7 46.4 46.2 46.1
area sown more
than once 2288 2486 2449 1393 1896 2478 35240 35240 48510
14.7 16.0 15.7 31.4 43.2 56.3 11.6 11.6 15.9
total cropped area 8382 8774 8524 4941 5512 6029 175955 175955 189740
Cropping
Intensity 1.38 1.40 1.40 1.39 1.5 1.70 1.25 1.25 1.34 /
Source: Statistical Abstract, Various issues v Figures in parenthesis represent percentage value. Cropping Intensity is defined as Gross Cropped Area/Net Sown Area
[31]
2.3.3 Cropping pattern
There has been a significant variations in cropping pattern in both the states of Orissa and
Haryana. Table 2.3 depicts how the cropping pattern has changed in both the states, along
with all India level from the year 1971-72 to 2002-03. It may be observed from the Table
that rice happen to be an important food crops in Orissa where more than 80 percent of
the total cropped area is accounted by rice alone during 2002-03. During the period 1971-
72, 73.3 percent area was devoted to rice which declined to 54 percent in 1986-87. It may
be seen that during 1986-87, somewhat more proportion of areas was devoted for high
valued crops such as oil seeds and pulses. Total area under foodgrain in Orissa
constituted more than 95 percent of the total cropped areas compared to 77.4 percent at
the all India level. The proportion of area under wheat, Jawar, bajra and maize are
negligible throughout the period. These crops, therefore are considered unimportant in
the state. Moreover, cropping pattern in the state is guided by the food behavior of the
people, where rice happens to be the important one. Among the non-foodgrain crops, oil
seeds and sugarcane are dominant in the state. It may be mentioned that pulses and
oilseeds (mostly groundnuts) are grown in the state during the rabi season without
depending much on irrigation facilities.
On the other hand, Haryana produces a diverse range of both food grain and non-food
grain crops. About three-fourth of the total cropped area constituted under food grain
crops in the state during 2002-03. The proportion of area under foodgrain crops however,
have shown a decline over the period in the state. It may be seen that during 1971-72,
while 87.8 percent of the total area was devoted to food grain, it came down to 83.7
percent in 1986-87 and further to 75 percent in 2002-03. Among the food grain crops
wheat covered about 43 percent of the total areas, while rice covered 17.1 percent of the
total area. Among the non-food grain crops oil seeds, cotton (lint) and sugar cane are
dominant in the state.
[32]
Table 2.3 Cropping Pattern (Orissa, Haryana and All India)
(Proportion of Area under Different Crops)
1971- 1971- 1986- 2002- 2002
Year 72 1971-72 72 87 1986-87 1986-87 03 2002-03 -03
All All
Regions Orissa Haryana India Orissa Haryana All India Orissa Haryana India
Rice 73.3 6.4 24.5 54.0 12.7 26.0 81.0 17.1 28.0
Wheat 0.3 25.9 12.6 0.6 36.0 14.5 0.1 42.7 17.3
Jawar 0.3 4.4 11.0 0.4 3.0 10.0 0.2 2.1 6.4
Bajra 0.0 19.4 7.7 O.l 15.6 7.1 O.l 9.7 5.3
Maize 1.3 2.5 3.7 2.0 l.l 3.7 0.8 0.3 4.4
Other
cerea1s(Ragi,smal
1 millets, barley) 4.8 1.9 6.1 4.8 1.4 4.3 2.0 0.6 2.2
Total cereals 80.0 60.6 65.7 61.9 69.8 65.7 84.2 72.5 63.5
Total pulses 13.0 27.2 14.6 24.2 13.9 14.7 11.4 2.4 13.9
Total foodgrains 93.0 87.8 80.2 86.0 83.7 80.4 95.6 74.9 77.4
Total Oilseeds 4.0 3.9 10.2 10.2 5.8 9.5 2.7 11.6 9.0
· Cotton(lint) 0.0 5.4 5.1 0.0 7.7 4.5 0.5 9.8 5.3
Jute 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.6
Sugarcane 0.5 2.5 1.6 0.5 2.5 1.9 0.3 3.4 3.0
Total other non-
food grains 3.0 8.3 9.6 3.8 10.5 10.1 1.6 13.5 13.6
Total non
food grain 7.0 12.2 19.8 14.0 16.3 19.6 4.4 25.1 22.6
Source: same as table 2.2
[33]
r
Figure 1. Cropping Pattern: Foodgrain and Non-foodgrain Crops (2002-03)
120
100
80
60 • Foodgrain
40 • Non-foodgrain
20
0
Orissa Haryana All India
The cropping pattern in both the states thus reveals that compared to Haryana, there has
not been much agricultural diversification taken place in Orissa. The cultivators in this
. state concentrate more on food grain crops. On the other hand, farmers in Haryana have
been able to diversify their agriculture towards high valued crops. In fact, over the
decades, the proportion of areas under food grains have come down in the state.
2.3.4 Irrigation Facilities
Irrigation is one of the important inputs in agricultural production. It is one of the vital
factor for adoption of new technology for rapid agricultural development. But
unfortunately, the farmers in the country are not able to have assured irrigation facilities
even after five decades of agricultural growth and development strategy. It could be seen
from Table 2.4 that during 2001-02, only about 40 percent of the total gross cropped area
are irrigated. During 1969-70, it was only 21.2 percent. The scenario in Orissa is even
worse, where only one fourth of the total gross cropped area is irrigated as on 2001 -02,
and the rest three-fourth are rain fed. In fact, the state with all its rivers have a vast
potential for the expansion of irrigation. The government should make adequate
investment in irrigation sector to build up the agricultural base of the state.
[34]
In Haryana, however, the situation is altogether different. About 87 percent of the total
gross cropped are is reported to be irrigated in the state. In fact, the growth in the
proportion of irrigated area has been quite substantial. During 1969-70, the proportion of
gross irrigated area was 43.5 percent which went up to 63.6 percent in 1986-87 and
further to 86.6 percent in 2001-02. While the expansion of irrigation facilities in Orissa
has been quite slow.
Table 2.4 Proportion of Area under irrigation
Proportion Proportion
of Net Gross Gross of gross
Net Area Net Area irrigated irrigated cropped irrigated
Year Region irrigated Sown area area area area
All
1969-70 India 30340 140715 21.6 37216 175955 21.2
1969-70 Orissa 1027 6094 16.9 1423 8382 17.0
1969-70 Haryana 1408 3548 39.7 2148 4941 43.5
All
1984-85 India 41779 140715 29.7 54064 175955 30.7
1984-85 Orissa 1446 6288 23.0 2030 8774 23.1
1984-85 Haryana 2189 3616 60.5 3504 5512 63.6
All
2001-02 India 54682 141231 38.7 75142 189740 39.6
2001-02 Orissa 1933 6075 31.8 2126 8524 24.9
2001-02 Haryana 2958 3552 83.3 5223 6029 86.6
Source: same as Table 2.2
[35]
2.3.5 Net Area Irrigated by Sources
Net area irrigated by sources in three different phases for Orissa, Haryana and at all India
level has been depicted in Table 2.5. It may be seen that tubewell happens to be the
most used source of irrigation in the country by 2000-01. Further, government canal as a
source of irrigation has been declining gradually; indicating government investment on
canal irrigation has slowed down in the recent past. It may be observed that 37.2 percent
of total net irrigated area was irrigated by government canal during 1969-70 which came
down to 36.8 percent in 1984-85 and further to 28.9 percent in 2000-01 at all India level.
Table 2.5 Net Area under irrigation by Sources
Government Private Tube wells and other Other
Canal canal Tanks wells sources Total
1969-70
Orissa 206 29 521 40 231 1027
(20.1) (2.8) (50.7) (3.9) (22.5) (100)
Haryana 950 17 437 4 1408
(67.5) (0.0) (1.2} (31.0) (0.3} (100)
All
India 11272 984 4448 11146 2490 30340
(37.2) (3.2) (14.7) (36.7) (8.2) (100)
1984-85
Orissa 866 257 343 1466
(59.1) (0.0) (17.5) (23.4) (0.0) (100)
Haryana 1203 1 981 4 2189
(55.0) (0.0) (0.0) (44.8) (0.2) (100)
All
India 15366 495 3330 19988 2600 41779
(36.8) (1.2) (8.0) (47.8) (6.2) (100)
2000-01
[36]
Orissa 878 0 282 774
(45.4) (0.0) (14.6) (40.0)
Haryana 1476 1467
(49.9) (0.0) (0.0) (49.6)
All
India 15789 199 2524 33277
(28.9) (0.4) (4.6) (60.9)
Source: same as Table 2.2
Figure 2. Sources of Irrigation: Orissa
70 -
60 -
so 40 ~
30
20
10
0 r-Government Privatecanal
l Canal
---
Tanks Tube wells Other sources and other
wells
Figure 3. Sources of Irrigation: Haryana
80 70 60 50 40 30 +.
20 10 0
Government Private cana l Canal
\
' '--/.
Tanks Tube wells and Other sources other wells
[37]
(0.0)
14
(0.5)
2892
(5.3)
• 1969-70
• 1984-85
2000-01
• 1969-70
• 1984-85
2000-01
1933
(100)
2958
(100)
54682
(100)
70
60
so 40
30
20
10
0
Figure 4. Sources of Irrigation: All India
-Government Priva tecanal Canal
Tanks Tube wells and Other sources other wells
• 1969-70
• 1984-85
2000-01
In Orissa, the net area irrigated by government canal was maximum constituting 45.4
percent during 2000-0L This has again declined from 59.1 percent in 1984-85. On the
other hand, 40 percent of net area irrigated is reported by tube well in recent period. It
may however, be noted that traditional tanks happened to be the most used source of
irrigation in the states which have registered a sharp decline over the years. Thus tube
well as source of irrigation in the state has improved quite well. In other words, gradual
increase in irrigation expansion in the state has come about by tube well alone. But
nevertheless, in a traditional agricultural set up like Orissa, farmers do not have adequate
inclination and motivation to install tube well for private irrigation.
In Haryana, there are equal share of government canal as well as tube well as a source of
irrigation during 2000-01. The proportion of government canal, has, however, been
declining in the state as well and that of tube well has shown a gradual increase.
Overall, it appears that canal as a source of irrigation has been declined over the years in
both the states as well as at all India level, indicating that government investment on
major and medium irrigation has slowed down in recent years. The recent increase in
irrigation facilities across the two regions has thus come about by private means in terms
of tube well and other sources.
[38]
2.3.6 Growth Rate of Area~ Production and Yield
The growth rate of area, production and yield of principal crops in Orissa, Haryana and at
all India level has been presented in Table 2.6a, 2.6b and 2.6c. One can see from the
Table that for most of the crops there has been a negative growth of area during the
period 1986-87 to 2002-03 at all India level. While in Orissa, there was a negative growth
in all the crops, in Haryana it can be seen that except rice and wheat all other food grain
crops have shown a negative growth in area during the same period. The area under non
food grain crops, on the other hand have registered an impressive growth rate in areas in
Haryana as well as at all India level. This is true more particularly in case of oilseeds
crops, sugarcane and potato. It thus reveals that after the period 1986-87, somewhat more
proportion of areas were devoted towards non-food grain crops in the country.
Table 2.6.1 Growth Rate of Area (Orissa, Haryana and All India)
Year 1971-72 to 1986-87
Regions Orissa
Rice -0.50
Jowar 3.96
Bajra 5.81
Maize 4.52
Wheat 6.22
Total Cereals -0.17
Total pulses 5.86
Total foodgrains 1.03
Total oilseeds 11.78
Sugarcane 1.09
Tobacco 1.39
Patato -5.67
Source: same as table 2.2
Haryana
5.29
-1.89
-0.82
-5.03
2.83
1.55
-3.80
0.28
3.32
0.56
7.11
All
India
0.59
-0.48
-0.32
0.27
1.17
0.20
0.27
0.21
-0.32
1.57
-0.98
3.46
[39]
1986-87 to 2002-03
All
Orissa Haryana India
-0.17 2.32 -0.08
-6.81 -1.80 -3.26
-5.16 -2.51 -2.40
-7.99 -7.21 0.43
-13.07 1.52 0.54
-0.78 0.67 -0.75
-7.16 -9.97 -0.88
-2.03 -0.26 -0.77
-6.81 4.92 2.25
-6.35 2.36 2.25
-8.30 -1.00
-2.20 1.22 3.06
The growth rate of crop production for both food grain and non-food grain crops reveals
that at all India level, after the period 1986-87, maximum growth in production has taken
place in case of non-food grain crops like oil seeds, sugarcane and paotato compares to
food grain crops. Production growth of cereals along with oilseeds have fair better in
Haryana in both the time periods. In Orissa, however, there has been negative growth of
production in all crops during the period 1986-87 to 2002-03.
Table 2.6.2 Growth Rate of Production (Orissa, Haryana and All India)
Year 1971-72 to 1986-87 1986-87 to 2002-03
Regions Orissa Haryana All India Orissa Haryana All India
Rice 1.43 7.38 2.34 -2.46 2.98 1.16
Jowar 7.60 -0.76 0.90 -9.24 -3.82 -1.40
Bajra 13.85 -3.72 -1.17 -7.53 1.70 0.19
Maize 7.60 -4.89 2.67 -8.50 -5.01 2.04
Wheat 6.79 5.11 3.69 -15.14 ··gy 2.25
Total Cereals 1.68 4.24 2.34 -2.93 3.42 1.31
Total pulses 5.90 -2.48 0.40 -9.72 -10.31 -0.32
Total
food grains 3.15 3.81 2.15 -3.65 3.04 1.19
Total oil seeds 9.17 5.52 1.08 -10.90 7.41 2.78
Sugarcane 2.59 1.82 3.10 -7.98 1.08 2.75
Tobacco -1.33 0.79 -8.97 0.42
Patato -6.34 3.84 6.67 -2.02 5.71 3.81
Source: same as Table 2.2
Table 2.6.3 Compound Growth Rate of Yield (Orissa, Haryana and All India)
Year 1971-72 to 1986-87 1986-87 to 2002-03
Regions Orissa Haryana All India Orissa Haryana All India
Rice 1.94 1.99 1.74 -2.29 0.65 1.24
Jowar 3.50 1.15 1.38 -2.60 -2.06 1.92
Bajra 7.60 -2.92 -0.85 -2.50 4.33 2.66
Maize 2.95 0.15 2.38 -0.55 2.37 1.60
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Wheat 0.53 2.21 2.50 -2.39 2.26 1.70
Total Cereals 1.85 2.64 2.13 -2.17 2.73 2.07
Total pulses 0.05 1.38 0.13 -2.75 -0.38 0.56
Total foodgrains 2.10 3.51 1.94 -1.65 3.31 1.98
Total oilseeds -2.34 2.12 1.40 -4.39 2.37 0.51
Sugarcane 1.48 1.25 1.51 -1.74 -1.25 0.49
Tobacco -2.69 1.78 -0.73 1.43
Patato -0.71 -3.05 3.10 0.19 4.44 0.73
Source: same as Table 2.2
The annual growth rate of yield has also registered a negative growth rate after 1986-87,
though the yield growth rate during the Green Revolution . period has been quite
impressive. Poor performances of agriculture in Orissa is thus accounted by decline in
both area and yield growth after 1986-87. Thus, during the period of globalization, Orissa
agriculture experienced a dismal performance, though Haryana has been able to maintain
its growth in agriculture.
2.3.7 Fertilizer Consumption
Under the package of 'new technology' besides irrigation, fertilizer is considered to be
one of the vital elements of agricultural inputs. The use of HYV seeds must also be
accompanied by adequate dose of fertilizer for increasing land productivity. Farmers in
Orissa are, however not able to add sufficient plant nutrients in the form of chemical
fertilizer for augmenting higher agricultural production. It may be seen from the table 2.7
that on an average, the use ofNPK fertilizer per hectare in Orissa is only 40.4 kg, which
is even less than one-fourth of average per hectare consumption in Haryana. It may be
mentioned that there is a strong correlation between percentage of area irrigated and use
of chemical fertilizer. And, since expansion of irrigation facilities in Orissa has been
quite low, the consumption of chemical fertilizer has been very less.
[41]
Table 2.7 Fertilizer Addoption N+P+K (Orissa, Haryana and All India)
Year
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
Orissa
40.9
36.9
37.1
40.4
Haryana
155.7
150.4
161.7
166.2
All India
90.1
86
88.2
96.6
Note: Figures are Kg per hectare (based on 2001-02 provisional gross cropped area
Source: Economic Survey (Various Issues)
2.3.8 Use of Agricultural Implements and Machineries
Agricultural implements and machineries to carry out farm operations are also crucial
among all others inputs. Indigenous implements and machineries that are used in the
country have been evolved over generations. The role of agricultural implements and
machineries are not only to increase agricultural production but also saves the farmers
most at the time of labour scarcity. It also saves the cost of production when human and
bullock labour becomes higher. In the Green Revolution pockets of the country, it has
been observed that farmers are opting for modem implements like tractors, threshers,
tube wells, rippor, compine etc since the HYV crops are time specific in nature and
increase the demand of labour during peak agricultural season. Therefore, the rational
farmers always go for farm mechanization instead of relying upon human and bullock
labour.
The status of agricultutal implements and machineries in the state of Haryana and Orissa
vis-a-vis at all India level has been depicted in Table 2.8. The figures represented are the
unit of agricultural implements and machineries by net sown area in hectare at three
different points of time. It may be seen from the table that the net sown area per unit of
various agricultural implements and machineries have declined in subsequent phases. In
other words, the quantity of such machineries have increased over time for each hectare
net area sown.
[42]
It may be observed from the table that at all India level, during 1966, one tractor used for
agriculture was meant for 2585 hectares of agricultural land. While it was 5268 hectares
in case of Orissa it was 1234 hectares in Haryana It however, subsequently declined to
11.7 hectares at all India level in 1992. During this period, in Haryana, a single tractor
used to cultivate only 4 hectares of agricultural land. On the other hand, in Orissa. a
single tractor used to cultivate 152.7 hectares of land. It thus, indicates that farm
mechanization in the country has increased rapidly, though the rate of increase has been
quite slow in the state of Orissa.
Table 2.8 Net Sown Area (in Hect) per Unit of Agricultural Implement and
Machinery Used
Electric
Diesel pump Tractors
Plough(Wooden engme used for used for Sugarcane Animal
and iron) pumpset irrigation agriculture crushers carts
1966
Orissa 0.9 4949.3 18592.6 5268.4 191.8 5.9
Haryana 8.2 1638.1 489.7 1234.8 444.0 19.6
All India 3.2 296.6 336.9 2586.5 200.9 11.0
1982
Orissa 1.1 327.3 600.0 3000.0 246.6 5.1
Haryana 8.1 59.9 38.2 97.6 507.6 17.5
All India 3.0 45.4 39.5 271.4 175.1 10.9
1992
Orissa 0.1 20.9 16.9 152.7 50.9 0.6
Haryana 1.6 3.3 2.0 4.0 180.1 1.6
All India 0.4 3.1 2.2 11.7 24.3 1.1
Source: same as Table 2.2
[43]
2.4 Concluding Observations
An analysis of agricultural development in Orissa and Haryana, reveals wide difference
in the per capita income, level of input use, use of agricultural implements and
machineries and availability of irrigation facilities and other infrastructural facilities. The
per capita income in Haryana is about two and half times higher than in Orissa. As far as
cropping pattern is concerned, the area under crops other than food grain is almost
negligible in Orissa indicating a poor crop diversification strategy in the state. Rice being
the main crop occupies about 90 per cent of the total area in the state. On the other hand,
farmers in Haryana have been able to diversify their agriculture towards high valued
crops like oilseeds, cotton, sugarcane etc. It may be noted that while 14 percent of the
total cropped area is covered under non-foodgrain crops during 2002-03, the same stood
out to be only 1.6 percent in Orissa. While more than 85 percent of gross cropped area is
irrigated in Haryana, the same stood out to be only 25 percent in Orissa. During 2001-02,
however, the proportion of government canal as a source of irrigation has been declining
in both states as well as at the all India level. This indicates the fact that, investment on
major and medium irrigation has been declining over the years. There has been a marked
decline in traditional tank as a source of irrigation; and the recent increase in irrigation
base have come up because of the expansion of tube well, which entirely comes from
private investment.
There appears to be a decline in area under most of the crops in both regions during the
period 1986-87 to 2002-03. The non-food grain crops have registered an impressive
growth in areas in Haryana and at the all India level, especially in case of oil seeds,
sugarcane and potato. While in Orissa, it registered a negative growth in all crops during
the same period. Production and yield growth of cereals along with oilseeds have faired
better in Haryana during 1971-72 to 86-87 and 1986-87 to 2002-03, while in Orissa it
has registered a negative growth rate.
Overall it appears that there is a wide difference in the production growth, per capita
income as well as the level of input use and use of other agricultural implements and
[44]
machinery in both states. This signifies the fact that private investment in agriculture in
Orissa is at the low level and so is the productivity. Further, lack of agricultural
diversification may be attributed to lack of entrepreneurial ability among the farmers, and
poor extension services in the state. The poor performances of agriculture in the state of
Orissa may also be attributed to geographical reasons including landscape, natural
disasters such as flood, drought and cyclone etc. The details of inter-district variations in
agricultural development and comparison of agricultural productivity in both states has
been presented in subsequent chapters.
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