41

CHAPTER II LITERATURE SURVEY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT

RESEARCH WORK

Nanocomposite materials are of great interest for their enhanced properties than

microcomposite materials. The rapid development of nanostructured materials in recent years

resulted materials with different properties. One of the globally accepted and very easy methods

of formation of nanocomposite coating is electrodeposition. Various kinds of nanocomposite

coatings by using various nanopowders and metal matrixes can be produced by electrodeposition

[1-10]. Direct current (DC) electrodeposition methods are commonly used for the fabrication of

metallic as well as composite coatings. In general, the composite coatings have better

microhardness as well as wear resistance [11-15]. Direct current electrodeposition methods are

very simple with a constant applied current. The processes are often associated with slower

deposition rates and coating defects. Pulse current (PC) and Pulse reverse current (PRC)

electrodeposition methods are attracted significant attention to improve the deposition rates and

microstructure of the coatings with enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties [16,17]. The

DC, PC and PRC electrodeposition methods are used to prepare the metallic coatings. The

enhanced microhardness values of PC electrodeposited nickel composite coating compared to

DC electrodeposition have been reported [18]. Tribological and mechanical properties of

nanocrystalline copper coating by using DC and PC electrodeposition methods were studied

[19]. The copper coatings deposited by PC electrodeposition technique has exhibited higher

hardness and better wear resistance compared to DC electrodeposited coatings. Pure nickel

coatings deposited by PC and PRC techniques have showed better corrosion resistance compared

42

to DC electrodeposited coatings [16]. Nickel matrix composite coatings reinforced with a variety

of reinforcements (Al2O3, SiC and ZrO2) were reported. The nickel composite coatings are

expected to increase the abrasion resistance of metal surfaces in microdevices. The effect of

reinforced particle content of the electrolyte bath on the microstructure, tribological properties

and level of reinforcement in the PC electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 composite coatings have been

investigated [20] .

2.1 Ni-W ALLOY COATINGS

Nickel based alloys are used in a wide variety of applications for aerospace, energy

generation and corrosion protection especially in an environment where materials have to

withstand high temperature and oxidizing conditions [21,22]. Tungsten alloys are known for

their excellent mechanical and tribological properties. Lowe, et al.[23] found that, the hardness

of Ni-W alloys is two to three times higher than that of pure electrodeposited Ni. Nickel-tungsten

layers with 10-weight % W resulted in microhardness (Vickers hardness) of 600 HV. Annealing

at 650 ºC has increased the hardness produced values upto 800 HV. Younes et al.[24] indicated

that, the concentration of W in the plated alloy has a major effect on the mechanical and

chemical properties such as hardness, abrasion resistance and improved corrosion resistance at

high temperatures. Also, Singh, et al.[25] also reported the microhardness of Ni-W deposits was

found to increase with an increase in tungsten content in the alloy. Obradovic et al. [26] reported

that, Ni-W alloys exhibit enhanced properties such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance and

catalytic activity for H2 useful in practical applications. They could also be used for magnetic

heads, bearings, magnetic relays, catalysis of the processes of oxygen and carbon containing

components of tungsten, electrodes for hydrogen energetics etc. Studies have shown that, Ni-W

electrode materials accelerates the hydrogen evolution from alkaline solutions [27]. Tungstate

43

alloys with iron group elements are of interest in scientific and industrial applications in

compositionally modulated multilayers (CMM), when these alloys could have altered magnetic

properties for high speed and high density magnetic recording [28].

Electrodeposited amorphous nickel-tungsten alloy coatings having more than 44% W are

found to possess superior properties making them one other potential alternative for hard chrome

plating. These amorphous coatings were found to possess a high melting point (which made

them more stable and heat resistant), high rigidity, abrasion resistance, and erosion resistance

[29-35]. The characteristics of the coatings may change with the nature of the substrate and

hence the substrate has to be prepared. Electrodeposited Co-W alloy and Co-W-WC

nanocomposite coatings were produced and investigated under dry and wet sliding conditions

[36]. The electrocatalytic efficiency was measured by using quasi-potentiostatic, galvanostatic

and impedance spectroscopy techniques for the Ni-W catalyst obtained by in situ

electrodeposition in an alkaline solution [37]. The mechanism of induced deposition of W in a

Ni-W alloy formed electrochemically from ammonia-citrate electrolytes was studied [38].

Electroless coatings of Ni-P and Co-P, modified by introducing additional elements such as Zn

and W were reported [39]. Nano crytalline Co-W alloy coatings were produced by dual-pulse

electrodeposition from aqueous bath [40]. The influence of complexing agents and pH value on

the crystal structure, morphology and hardness of the electrodeposited Co-W coatings were

simultaneously investigated. In addition, the tribological properties of Co-W electrodeposits

from different baths with different complexing agents or pH were studied [41]. Tribological and

corrosive characteristics of binary and ternary alloys electrodeposited from Co-W, Fe-W, Co-

Mo-P and Co-W-P citrate solutions were studied [42]. In the electrodeposition of iron-tungsten

alloy from citrate eletrolytes, the discharge of iron ions have occurred from the three valence

44

state. Increase in the sodium tungstate concentration in the electrolyte has contributed to the co-

deposition of tungsten [43]. Nanostructured nickel-21 at% of tungsten alloy were

electrodeposited on the copper substrate [44]. Bath chemistry, additives and operating conditions

on the chemical composition, microstructure and properties of Ni-W alloy deposited from

citrate-containing baths were investigated [45]. Ni-W alloy was deposited from acetate

electrolyte [46]. The phase composition of electrodeposited Co-Ni-W alloy and the

microstructure of amorphous films of this system on submicro and nanolevels were investigated

[47]. Belevskii et al., [48] have studied the electroconductivity of the citrate solutions used to

obtain the cobalt-tungsten coatings. Nanocrystalline Co-W coatings with 13-36 at % of W were

obtained from citrate-borate electrolyte under DC and PC plating conditions at various at pHs

[49]. Electrodeposition of Co-W alloy coatings from a citrate electrolyte with brightening and

smoothing additives was invetigated [50]. Effect of duty cycle, pulse frequency, Nano / micro

mechanical and corrosion behaviour of the pulse electrodeposition of Co-W coatings were

studied [51]. H.W.He et al. [52] have studied the Cu-Ni-W alloy by DC electrodeposition.

Electrodeposited Ni-W alloys from nickel sulphate bath in the presence of various complexing

agents were studied. The investigation has included the measurement of the current efficiency,

determination of the tungsten content in the electrodeposits, voltammetry studies and

characterization of complex formation by UV spectrometry [53]. Thermally stable LIGA

materials for high temperature MEMS applications LIGA Ni-W layers and micro testing samples

with different compositions of tungsten were deposited [54]. Nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys were

prepared by electrodeposition and investigated their structure and contact-mechanical properties

[55]. Morphological and chemical characterizations of Ni-W coatings in cross section have to

estimate the degree of their homogeneity and to learn about the chemistry of the

45

coating/substrate interphase [56]. Nanocrystalline Ni-W alloy electrodeposits with finely

dispersed micrometer-sized array through-holes were prepared by using the UV lithographic

techniques [57]. Deformation and fracture characteristics of the electrodeposited nanocrystalline

Ni-W alloy with grain size of 8.1 nm were investigated [58].

Ni-W nanostructured alloy coatings were known to exhibit superior mechanical and

chemical properties than nickel coatings. In 1947 Brenner et al. [59] have deposited Ni-W alloys

from alkaline sodium citrate bath. Using the same plating bath in 1998, nano crystalline Ni-W

alloys were deposited [60]. Direct current plating was used to deposit the nanocrystalline Ni-W

alloy deposits [61–69]. At high temperatures, Ni-W and NiW2 alloys were also deposited with

increased cathodic current efficiency [70,71]. Crystalline sizes were decreased from 7 to 2.5 nm

when the wt% of W increased in the alloy. Many plating baths were alkaline (pH 7–9) with the

addition of complexing agents such as sulphamate, ammonical citrate [72]. Pulse and pulse

reverse plating techniques and its applications were reviewed [73]. Using sodium citrate as a

complexing agent [74], Ni-W alloy coating was deposited by pulse plating method. A range of

65-140 nm grain sizes were obtained for 15-30 at.% of W in the alloy, when the pH of the bath

was adjusted to 7. Ni17W3 phase was observed in the Ni-W alloy, when the pulse plating bath pH

at 6. Crystalline sizes of 11-23 nm were seen in the alloy deposits [75]. Corrosion resistance

behaviour of Ni-W electrodeposits was studied in NaCl and H2SO4 solutions. In the

nanocrystalline Ni-W alloy as the grain size decreased to 15 nm, corrosion current densities

decreased in 3.5% NaCl solution and increased again with the decrease in crystal size upto 5 nm

[64,68,69,76,77]. Standard neutral salt spray tests on nanocrystalline Ni-W coatings

demonstrated that, it can effectively shield the base metal steel [78]. Studies on reverse pulse

electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl at pH 3 and 10 revealed that the

46

corrosion rate of the alloy increased with the reduction of grain size in alkaline solution but

decreased with the reduction in grain size in acidic solutions [79].

2.2 TiN BASED Ni-W NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS

Composite electroplating is a method of co-depositing fine particles includes as metallic,

non-metallic compounds or polymer into the plated layer to improve material properties such as

microhardness, lubrication, dispersion hardening and corrosion resistance etc.. Pulse plating is an

established method of electrodepositing metals and its alloys it significantly affects the

mechanism of metal crystallization. The pulse parameters (such as peak current density, duty

cycle and frequency) have influenced the adsorption or desorption of a species in the electrolyte

and surface energy makes them less thermodynamically stable than the large grains. Therefore,

resembling as in bubble coalescence, small grains tend to re-crystallize. Metals deposited by a

PC technique have less absorbed hydrogen than those produced using a continuous current,

causing desorption during the off period [80].

TiN nanoparticles have electrical and thermal conductivity and good corrosion

resistance. Therefore, TiN coatings on stainless steel were used as bipolar plates of polymer

electrolyte membrane fuel cells [81-83]. Ni-W amorphous coating was expected to apply to glass

forming tools due to its high hardness, superior mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and

the excellent release property [84]. Ni-W matrix composite coatings containing nano-sized Al2O3

particles were prepared under pulse plating procedure to study their tribological performance.

The effect of the concentration of Al2O3 in the plating bath, the co-deposition percentage of

Al2O3 embedded particles, the plating parameters and the microstructure of the deposits on the

wear behavior of the composites, were investigated [85]. Ni-W-SiC nanocomposite coatings

were prepared by the electrodeposition in a Nickel-Tungsten plating bath containing SiC nano-

47

particles [86]. La2O3 doped Ni-W composite coating were prepared [87]. High temperature

corrosion behaviour of Ni-W-nano CeF3 amorphous composite coatings were prepared on a

stainless steel specimen [88]. Co-deposition of semiconducting molybdenum disulphide particles

in Ni-W alloys was made using pulse plating [89]. Ni-W alloy coatings with different amounts of

CeO2 were prepared by using composite plating and the high temperature tribological

performances of the coatings against molten glass also investigated [90].

Xingzhong Guo etal [91] have investigated the influence of the nano-TiN addition on the

sintering behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of silicon carbide ceramics. The

effect of a multilayered Ti/TiN coatings on the corrosion resistance of orthodontic brackets made

of NiTi were investigated in artificial saliva [92]. Ti-Cu-N nanocomposite films with gradually

changed composition were obtained by simultaneous co-deposition of TiN by reactive arc

evaporation and magnetron sputtering of copper. Structure investigations of nanocomposite films

with different content showed gradual decrease of the TiN grains while no copper phase in the

film containing over at 2 at % copper was revealed [93]. The oxidation behavior and mechanism

of TiCrN coating deposited on a steel substrate by ion plating were studied [94]. Ni-TiN

nanocomposite films were prepared by DC elctroplating technique. The influence of the solution

agitation speed, TiN nano particle concentration, current density, bath pH value and bath

temperatures on the microstructure of electrodeposited Ni-TiN nanocomposite films were

investigated. The anticorrosion properties of the Ni-TiN nanocomposite films were studied [95].

The corrosion behavior of the TiN coated D2 tool steel was investigated. The enhanced corrosion

resistance was due to the synergetic effect of the packing factor and the thickness associated with

the coating [96]. The cavitation-erosion resistance of TiN coating deposited on stainless steel

X6CrNiTi18-10 by cathodic arc method at different cavitation intensity was evaluated [97]. The

48

PVD deposited TiN coatings were very efficient in increasing the tribological performance of

tool steels and cutting tools but the low Ti-6Al-4V hardness provided sufficient load carrying

capacity for a hard coating. Nanocomposite TiN-Ni coatings were produced by a duplex

treatment on Ti-6Al-4V substrates [98]. H.Altun et. al [99] have deposited TiN coating on the

magnesium alloys by cathodic arc deposition process and evaluated corrosion behaviour of the

alloys in NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions. The effect of composite layers have produced by nitriding

under glow discharge conditions and also by the plasma assisted physical vapour deposition

(PACVD) TiN on high alloyed tool steel was studied [100]. The corrosion behaviour of medium

carbon steel coated with two different types of coatings was studied: (i) multilayered coatings of

Ti/TiN with a graded composition interface and (ii) Multilayered coatings of Ti/TiN with a sharp

composition interface. In both cases the Ti was incontact with the steel substrate [101]. The

cavitation resistance of 3.7 µm thick TiN coatings on three hardness of stainless steel was

investigated [102]. The effect of the temperature and thermal exposure on the interphase

behaviour of continuous fiber reinforced titanium metal matrix composites were studied [103].

Surface films of TiN and TiN/Ti deposited on Ti6Al4V alloy by arc ion plating was studied

[104]. The electrochemical behaviour of [TiN/TiAlN]n multilayer coatings under corrosion-

erosion conditions were investigated [105]. Antimony doped into TiN film by using hybrid

physical vapor deposition method was investigated [106]. Friction and wear behavior of TiN,

CrN and MoN with and without copper coating have been investigated [107]. A dense

Al2319/TiN composite coatings were successfully prepared using cold spraying with

mechanically blended powders [108]. S.V.Hainsworth et.al [109] have conducted the indentation

and scratch experiments over a range of TiN films deposited onto different substrate materials.

Hardness of the TiN/a-SiNx coating with different silicon contents was measured and

49

subsequently modeled using finite element calculations based on the properties of TiN and a-

SiNx [110]. An adaptive solid lubricant coating layer capped with a holey TiN layer

demonstrated a lower friction co-efficient and wear rate than monolithic TiN or Adaptive

coatings [111]. Studies on adhesion strength and high temperature wear behaviour of ion plating

TiN composite coating with electric brush plating Ni-W interlayer deposited on a hot work die

steel were made using a plate-on-ring test rig [112]. Liuhui Yu etal have prepared the Ni-P-nano

TiN coating on AZ31 magnesium alloys by electroless plating process and investigated the

composition, morphology, structure, microhardness and wear resistance of the composite

coatings [113]. Nano Ni-TiN composite coatings were deposited on 45 steel substrate by

ultrasonic electrodeposition. Ultrasonication had great effect on TiN nano particles in composite

coatings. Ni-TiN composite coatings have exhibited a dense structure [114]. TiN/Ni composite

coatings were deposited on 7005 aluminum alloy by high speed jet electroplating and then

proceed with PTA scanning [115].

2.3 TiO2 BASED Ni-W NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS

TiO2 has potential applications in various industrial and domestic fields including

metallic and organic coatings, catalysis as catalyst support, photovoltaic cells and waste water

treatment. TiO2 has also been used to reinforce metallic coatings and it improves wear resistance,

hardness and other properties such as corrosion resistance [116, 117]. The influence of sodium

dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant on the

morphology, composition, texture and corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Co-TiO2 coatings

were investigated [118]. The corrosion protective properties of TiO2 on 304 stainless steel have

been investigated [119]. Many authors have prepared the metal matrix composite coatings

reinforced with TiO2 micron [120-122], submicron [122,123] and nanoparticles [122,124–129].

50

They have exhibited photoelectrochemical and photocatalytical behaviors [130,131] with

improved mechanical properties [122,124,127]. TiO2 co-deposition was carried out with Cu and

Zn as the metallic components [132,133]. The co-deposition of TiO2 particles in nickel matrix

has improved the mechanical and corrosion properties [134–139]. The Ni-TiO2 composite

coatings were prepared on steel substrates through electrodeposition and its mechanical

properties had been reported [140]. Various amounts of TiO2 incorporation in Ni-P-TiO2

nanocomposite coatings were electrodeposited on low carbon steel [141]. TiO2 incorporation was

carried out in Ni-Co alloy matrix. The microstructure and its corrosion property had been

reported [142]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on aluminum foils by cathodic

electrodeposition. Al2O3-TiO2 (Al-Ti) composite oxide films were formed on aluminum foils by

anodizing in 15 wt% ammonium adipate solution. The growth mechanism of the Al-Ti

composite oxide film was discussed. It was found that the TiO2 coating layer with anatase

structure was obtained on aluminum foil after heat treatment [143]. TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite

materials were electrodeposited on transparent fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass by cathodic

electrodeposition at room temperature [144]. Superhydrophobic surfaces have been obtained on

316L stainless steel with Ni-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings by a facile electrodeposition process

[145]. The influence of the anodic pulse current value on the structural and morphological

characteristics of the as-deposited Zn and Zn-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings by pulse reverse

current electrodeposition have been investigated. It is expected that, higher anodic current values

favour the formation of nanocomposites with high quantity of incorporated nanoparticles [146].

Using pulse reverse electrodeposition, stoichiometric growth of ZnTe onto the TiO2 nanotubular

template have been investigated [147]. Co-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings with various contents of

TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by electrodeposition in Co sulphate bath containing TiO2

51

nanoparticles. The influence of the TiO2 nanoparticles concentration in the bath an the current

density and of sodium dodecyle sulfate on the morphology, composition, texture, roughness and

microhardness of the coatings was investigated [148]. The amorphous Ni-P layers containing

crystalline TiO2 was evaluated after annealing [149].

The friction and wear properties of electrodeposited Nickel–Titania nanocomposite

coatings were studied. Titania nanoparticles in the nanocomposite coatings were controlled by

changing the concentration of the suspending titania nanoparticles in the plating bath. As the

particle concentration has increased from 0 to 100 g/l. The content of the TiO2 particles in the

nanocomposite coatings have increased the maximum incorporation percentage of 9 vol % at low

current densities and low pH values. The concentration of the co-deposited particles has affected

the grain size of metal crystallites and enhanced the quality of the preferred crystal orientation.

TiO2 nano-particles in the composite coatings were dispersed uniformly in the nickel matrix on

the surface as well as, through the cross-section of the deposits and the incorporation of the

nano-particles took place between the grains [150].

2.4 SnO2 BASED Ni-W NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS

Tin oxide is a semiconducting material with high thermal stability. It is used as a

precursor material for tribofilm formation on the rubbing steel surfaces [151] fillers in organic

coating on glass bottles [152] and for the fabrication of gas sensors [153,154]. Synthesis of

monodisperse system of submicron sized particles of SnO2 and their incorporation in the nickel

matrix by the electrodeposition process have been investigated [155]. The role of isoelectric

point of SnO2 in the co-deposition process was highlighted. The electrodeposition of Ni-SnO2

composite coating on steel substrates and the evaluation of its mechanical properties were

reported. The effect of SnO2 particle content on electrodeposited nickel coatings and the changes

52

in wear resistance, coefficient of friction and microhardness were investigated. Ikram ul Haq et

al [156] have studied ZnO2/SnO2 composite films of electrodeposited on FTO substrate using

pulse potential technique. The electrodeposition process of ZnO/SnO2 was investigated through

cyclic voltammetry to explore the formation mechanism of ZnO2/SnO2 composite. To obtain

nano sized SnO2 electrodeposition [157]. Electrochemical synthesis of nanoporous SnO2 was

done to be used as a photo anode in dye sensitized solar cells. Nanoporous oxide was prepared

by cathodic deposition of tin followed by anodic oxidation in tin dichromate solution [158].

Incorporation of SnO2 into MgO-spinel (M-S) and its relationship between the parameters of

their enhanced mechanical and microstructure properties have been investigated [159]. A cerium

doped ternary SnO2 based anode (CeO2-RuO2-SnO2 (Ce-Ru-SnO2)) was prepared by facile

thermal decomposition technique [160]. The role of anions such as Cl, Br−, I− on the anodic

dissolution peaks on Sn(II) and Sn(IV) and also on the cathodic peaks was studied. The effect of

halide ions on the corrosion of tin has been investigated [161]. Pulse electrodeposited tin

coatings (β-Sn, tetragonal) have been synthesized successfully from a simple non hazardous

electrolyte [162]. Sn/SnO2 nanocomposite and nanocrystalline SnO2 coating from nitrate solution

by chronoamperometry and pulse techniques were studied [163].

2.5 EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT OF NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS

Tungsten fiber-reinforced nickel alloy composites have been investigated extensively as a

possible material for advanced gas turbine engine blades [164-167]. Most work has been focused

on the strategies for improving the high temperature strength of these composites. Strength

degradation can occur due to recrystallization of the W fibers during processing or use at high

temperature or due to formation of brittle phases at the Ni-W interfaces [168-170]. To improve

the mechanical properties of MgO-spinel composites through addition of varying ratios of SnO2

53

were prepared. They had increased resistance against fracture and greater resistance against

thermal shocks [159]. The hot corrosion kinetic curves of the various coating systems were

obtained and the best hot corrosion properties at 700˚C and 900 ˚C have been investigated. In

addition, the corrosion process was intensified with temperature [171]. Composite coating with

the Cr-rich interlayer exhibited the best property during alkali-sulphate-induced hot corrosion at

900 ˚C due to the outer dense Al2O3 scale has been investigated [172]. The Ni-Co film/Fe

substrate systems were prepared by pulse electro-deposition with heat treatment at various

temperatures [173]. High temperature oxidation behaviour of Pd-Ni-Al coating and oxidation

kinetics characterization of aluminized coating on Ni-base super alloy have been investigated

[174,175]. Ni-W-P matrix coatings were prepared on carbon steel surface by pulse

electrodeposition and high temperature oxidation behaviour was investigated [176]. High-

temperature oxidation of Ni-16 at % W coating electroplated on the steel substrate was studied at

700˚C and 800 ˚C [177, 178]. The oxidation rates of nanocrystalline Ni-W coatings were similar.

54

AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK

Tungsten based nanocomposite deposits are of technological interest. Electrodeposition

of tungsten in the pure state has not yet been successful from their aqueous or organic solutions.

Co-depositing tungsten with the group VIII metals was successful. Several authors have

investigated the process of electrodeposition of tungsten with iron group metals in aqueous

solutions. Ni-W alloy coatings instead of chromium based coatings, production of a uniform

deposit with all the desirable properties of nickel-chromium coatings can be accomplished.

Ni-W nanocomposite coatings have a significant impact on the MEMS, Oil and Gas

Industries. The Ni-W nanocomposite coatings are highly resistant to corrosion, good mechanical

properties both at room and high temperatures. The important applications are the fabrication of

rotating equipment parts, drilling equipments etc.

The aim of the present work is to prepare Ni-W alloy based nanocomposite coatings to

improve the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. In this direction, the preparation of

Ni-W nanocomposites incorporated with ceramic nanoparticles like TiN, TiO2 and SnO2 by

Direct, Pulse and Pulse reverse current methods.

The plating bath variables on the co-deposition such as bath composition, current

density, pH and temperature have to be optimized.

The optimized composition of the electrodeposited Ni-W nanocomposite coatings are

to be examined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).

The crystallite size and structure of the electrodeposited Ni-W nanocomposite coatings

are to be examined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The surface morphology of the

electrodeposited Ni-W nanocomposites are to be examined by scanning electron microscopy

(SEM) studies and Atomic force microscopy (AFM).

55

The mechanical property of the electrodeposited Ni-W nanocomposite coatings are to be

evaluated by Vicker's microhardness tester. The corrosion resistance properties of the

electrodeposited Ni-W nanocomposites are to be evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution by

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization studies.

56

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