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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 History of Energy

1.3 Concept of Energy

1.4 Forms of energy

1.5 Uses of Energy

1.6 Sources of Energy

1.7 Non-commercial Energy Sources in India

1.8 Renewable Sources of Energy in India

1.9 Global Status of Renewable Energy

1.10 Renewable Energy in India

1.11 Current Status of Renewable Energy in India

1.12 Projected Energy Consumption of India for 2030

1.13 Renewable Energy in Maharashtra

1.14 Brief Description of Non-conventional Energy Resources

1.15 Biomass Resources

1.16 Advantages of Biomass Energy

1.17 Options for the Conversion of Biomass to Energy

1.18 New Areas of Biomass-to-Energy conversion Technology

1.19 Process for Biomass Conversion to Energy

1.20 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy

1.21 Biomass-based Power Generation

1.22 Significance of Topic

1.23 Formulation of Topic

1.24 Objectives of the Present Study

1.25 Research Methodology

1.26 Limitation of Research

1.27 Scope of Research

1.28 Scheme of Chapters

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1.1 Introduction:-

India being a developing nation, sustainable development is more

important. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

Every sector of Indian economy agriculture, industry, transport,

commercial and domestic needs input of energy. Energy is an important

factor for any developing country. India ranks sixth in the world in total

energy consumption and need to accelerate the development of the sector

to meet its grown aspiration.1

Energy is the basis of human life. There is hardly any activity or

moment that is independent of energy. Every moment of the day we are

using energy. Earlier man used muscle power, then fire and animal

power, then he learned to harness energy, convert it to useful form and

put it to various uses.

Over the past few decades, energy is the backbone of technology

and economic development. In addition to men, machines and money,

'Energy' is now the fourth factor of production. Without energy, no

machine will run, electricity needed for every things. Hence, our energy

requirements have increased in the years following the industrial

revolution. This rapid increase in use of energy has created problems of

demand and supply. If this growing world energy demand is to be met

with fossil fuels, they will be no more available for producing the energy

after few years. It is a need of today's world to concentrate on renewable

energy source to satisfy the demand and conserve our finite natural

resources for the generation to come.2

Energy is crucial input in the process of economical, social and

industrial development. High energy consumption has conventionally

been associated with higher quality of life, which is turn is related to the

gross national products.3

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Energy is an integral part of a society and plays a pivotal role in its

socio-economic development by raising the standard of living and the

quality of life. The state of economic development of any region can be

assessed from the pattern and consumption quality of its energy. Energy

demand along a change in the consumption pattern, which in turn varies

with the source and availability of its energy, conversion loss and end use

efficiency.4

Energy is the key element of production process and the lack or

shortage of energy has serious impacts on the economy fossil fuels such

as coal, oil and natural, gas society but they are disappearing at an

increasing and threatening pace. Present fossil fuels potential is unable to

meet the growing demand of our society. There is a need to look for

viable alternative to meet the demand and satisfy the needs of society.

The development of renewable sources of energy will increase the

diversity of energy sources in a region and thereby increase the security

meeting energy service needs.5

Energy is the key input to drive and improve the life cycle.

Primarily, it is the gift of the nature to the mankind in various forms. The

consumption of the energy is directly proportional to the progress of the

mankind. With ever growing population, improvement in the living

standard of the humanity, industrialization of the developing countries,

the global demand for energy is expected to increase rather significantly

in the near future. The primary source of energy is fossil fuel, however

the finiteness of fossil fuel reserves and large scale environmental

degradation caused by their widespread use, particularly global warming,

urban air pollution and acid rain, strongly suggests that harnessing of

non-conventional, renewable and environment friendly energy resources

is vital for steering the global energy supplies towards a sustainable path.6

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Energy is one of the most important building blocks in human

development, and as such, acts as a key factor in determining the

economic development of all countries. In an effect to meet the demands

of a developing nation, the Indian energy sector has witnessed a rapid

growth. Areas like the resource exploration and exploitation, capacity

additions and energy sector reforms have been revolutionized. However,

resource augmentation and growth in energy supply have failed to meet

the ever increasing demands exported by the multiplying population,

rapid urbanization and progressing economy. Hence serious energy

shortages continue to plague India, forcing it to rely heavily on imports.7

India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the world after the

United State, China and Russia. The primary commercial energy

consumption in the country has increased from 469 million tones of oil

equivalent (MTOE) in 2009 (BP 2011) to 480 MTOE in 2010. Energy is

needed to meet the needs of economic growth (India's gross domestic

product (GDP) grew at 8.6 per annum in 2010/11 and targets of 8.2 per

annum have been set for 2011/12 and 9% for the 12th five year plan)

Energy is also needed for human development (indicated by the human

development index (HDI), which measures life expectancy, literacy,

education and standards of living for countries worldwide) and energy

consumption has been well established in figure No.1.1).

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Figure No. 1.1

Energy Consumption is a Prime Driver of the Human Development

Index

In this figure it shows that India's HDI is very low and the average

level of energy consumption in India is low (the per capita energy

consumption in India was 582 kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per

capita compared to world average of 1802 kgoe per capita in 2009, and

the per capita electricity consumption in India was 566 khw per capita

compared to a world average of 2876 in 2008) world bank 2011), energy

consumption in India is expected to increased steadily over the years.

Power or electricity is one of the most critical components of

infrastructure affording economic growth and well being of nations. The

existence and development of a adequate infrastructure is essential for

sustained growth of the Indian economy.

Source : Compiled from World Bank (2010) and UNDP (2010)8

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Power in India is generated from commercial sources like coal,

lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power as well as other viable

non-conventional sources like wind, solar, agriculture and domestic

waste. The demand for electricity in the country has been growing at a

rapid rate and is expected to increase further in the year to come. In order

to meet the increasing requirement of electricity, massive addition to the

installed generating capacity in the country is required.9

Energy is central to all aspects of human development from

cooking and heating to transport and lighting, energy makes modern life

possible. Yet people and places and unevenly experience the cost of

benefits of energy extraction, financing, distribution and consumption.

This is true in terms of the economic and social benefits and harms and

risks associated with energy as well as environmental costs that existing

patterns of energy production and consumption generate locally in the

short term and globally in the longer term, most notably with respect to

climate change.10 Energy consumption of various countries shows in

following table.

Table 1.1

Energy Consumption of 2006

Sr. No. Country Energy (kg) per capita 1 United States 7778 2 Singapore 6968 3 Australia 5917

4 Russia 4745 5 Germany 4231 6 United Kingdom 3814

7 World Average 1818 8 Mexico 1702 9 China 1433

10 Brazil 1191 11 Indonesia 803 12 India 510

Source :- worldbank.org11

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In this table it shows that, India used 510 kg of energy compared to

U.S.A. which consumes 7778 kg of energy per capita. The world’s

average of energy consumption is close to 1818 kg. We can say that

India's per capita energy consumption is one of the lowest in the world.

Meson's (1955) study pertaining to per capita income and per

capita energy consumption in 52 countries for the year 1952 is worth

seeing. In his words "No country enjoys high per capita income without

becoming an extensive consumer of energy". Power shortages in recent

years in India have affected a wide range of economic activity in both

industrial and agriculture sectors USA and china are the main consumers

of energy in the world.12

More recently another study by Dramas Toderet al (1971) relates

the correlation between energy consumption and national income using

both time series and cross sectional data. The conclusions of the study are

as follows.

A prominent characteristic of per capita consumption of

commercial energy forms its systematic and quantitatively close

association with indicators of general economic development measures

hereby per capita GNP. This relationship between GNP and energy holds

both cross-sectionally and historically. The higher the national income or

output on the current international scale the higher in general its level so

its energy consumption in close, even if not personate conformity.13

Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most

important inputs for economic growth and human development. There is

a strong two-way relationship between economic development and

energy consumption. It seems clear that there is a positive relationship

between total primary energy consumption to GDP, population and per

capita energy consumption. However, a negative relationship does exist

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between the energy use and the production of energy resources in the case

of India.14

The use of energy in food production has been increasing more

rapidly than in many other sector of the world economy. Various

problems of supply, availability and economics of energy are being

considered collectively.

Jerme Goldstein (1975) postulated this massage in the following

anecdotal equation.

The economics of energy + The Economics of Environment + The

Economics of food = The Alternatives in Waste Recovery.

India is suffering from energy crisis. The crisis is gradually

becoming more acute particularly in the countryside. To deal with this

problems some strategies have been envisaged. Due to this problems

associate with the use of fossil fuel, alternative sources of energy have

become important and relevant in today's world. According to the U.S.

department of energy, it is estimated that the world is presently using

fossil fuels, at more than 200 times their rate of production as quoted by

Jewell (1978)

There has been an enormous increase in the demand for energy

since the middle of the last century as a result of industrial development

and population growth. World population grew 3.2 times between 1850

and 1910, per capita use of industrial and conventional energy forms

combined increased more than twelvefold.15

Energy is very important in industrial, transportation, residential

and commercial and other sectors. The consumption of energy in

developing countries like India.

Following table shows that pattern of electricity consumption in

India since 1950-51 to 2008-09.

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Table 1.2

Pattern of Electricity Consumption Utilities (1950-51 to 2008-09)

(in percent)

Year Domestic Commercial Industry Traction Agriculture Other 1950-51 12.6 7.3 62.6 7.4 3.9 6.0 1960-61 10.7 6.1 69.4 3.3 6.0 4.5

1970-71 8.8 5.9 67.6 3.2 10.2 4.3 1980-81 11.2 5.7 58.4 2.7 17.6 4.4 1981-82 11.6 5.8 58.8 2.8 16.8 4.2

1982-83 12.7 6.1 55.4 2.8 18.6 4.4 1983-84 12.9 6.4 55.8 2.6 17.8 4.5 1984-85 13.6 6.1 55.2 2.5 18.4 4.2

1985-86 14.0 5.9 54.5 2.5 19.1 4.0 1986-87 14.2 5.7 51.7 2.4 21.7 4.3 1987-88 15.2 6.1 49.5 2.5 24.2 4.5

1988-89 15.3 6.2 47.1 2.3 24.3 4.6 1989-90 16.9 5.4 46 2.3 25.1 4.3 1990-91 16.8 5.9 44.2 2.2 26.4 4.5 1991-92 17.3 5.8 42.0 2.2 28.2 4.5 1992-93 18.0 5.7 40.9 2.2 28.7 4.4 1993-94 18.2 5.9 39.6 2.3 29.4 4.3 1994-95 18.5 6.1 38.6 2.3 30.5 4.0

1995-96 18.7 6.1 37.8 2.3 30.9 4.2 1996-97 19.7 6.2 37.2 2.4 30.0 4.5 1997-98 20.3 6.5 35.4 2.3 30.8 4.7

1998-99 21.0 6.4 33.9 2.4 31.4 4.9 1999-00 22.2 6.3 34.8 2.6 29.2 4.9 2000-01 23.9 7.1 34.0 2.6 26.8 5.6

2001-02 24.7 7.5 33.3 2.5 25.3 6.7 2002-03 24.6 7.5 33.9 2.6 24.9 6.5 2003-04 24.9 7.8 34.5 2.6 24.1 6.1

2004-05 24.8 8.1 35.6 2.5 22.9 6.1 2005-06 24.3 8.7 36.8 2.4 21.9 5.9 2006-07 24.4 8.8 37.6 2.4 21.7 5.1

2007-08 24.6 9.2 37.5 2.2 20.6 6.5 2008-09 24.7 10.2 37.1 2.2 20.4 5.4

Source : Ministry of Power / Central Electricity Authority.16

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In this table it shows that, in 1950-51, industrial sector had

maximum i.e. 62.6 percent share followed by domestic sector with 12.6

percent share in electricity consumption in India. As years were passed

electricity consumption in domestic and commercial sector increases up

to 24.7% and 10.2% in 2008-09, while consumption from industrial

sector decreases up to 37.1% on 2008-09.

1.2 History of Energy:-

The word energy derives from Greek 'EVRPYEIG' (energia),

which possibly appears for the first time in the 4th century BC.

The concept of energy emerged of the India of Vis viva (living

force), which Leibniz defined as the product of the mass of an object and

its velocity squared he believed that total Vis viva was conserved. To

account for thermal, energy consisted of the random motion of the

constituent part of matter, a view shorted by Isaac Newton, although, it

would be more than a century unit this was generally accepted in 1807.

Thomas young was possibly in the first to use the "energy" instead of vis.

viva, in its modern sense.

Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "Kinetic Energy" in 1829 in

its modern sense and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential

energy" it was argued for some years whether energy was a substance

(the caloric) or merely a physical quantity such as momentum.17

William Thomus (Lord Kelvin) amalgamated all these into the

laws of thermodynamic, which aided in the rapid development of

explanations of chemical processes using the concept of energy by

Ruelolf (lausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs and Whether Nernst). It also led to

mathematical formation of the concept of entrophy by Clausius and to the

introduction of laws of radiant energy by Josef Stefan. During 1961 a

lecturer for undergraduate students at the California Institute of

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Technology, Richard Feyman a celebrated physics teacher and Noble

laureate said this about the concept of energy.

There is a fact, or if you wish a law, governing natural phenomena

that are known exception to this law it is exact so far as we know. The

law is called Conservation of energy. It states that there is a certain

quantity, which we call energy that does not change in manifold change

which something happen. It is not a description of a mechanism or

anything concrete, it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some

number and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and

calculate the number again, if is the same.18

1.3 Concept of Energy:-

The concept of energy and its transformations is useful in

explaining and predicting most natural phenomena. The direction of

transformations in energy. What kind of energy is transformed by entropy

(equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom)

considerations, as in practice all energy transformations are permitted on

a small scale, but certain large and transformations are not permitted

because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will forms or

smaller space.

We are all intuitively conscious of the concept of 'energy' from the

early childhood. In school and colleges we talk about the energy to run

several kilometers or to climb mountains or to do other physical work.

This is physical energy which can be easily defined as the capacity to do.

In the human body, this energy comes from muscles of human system,

which in turn, get their energy from food and nutrition.19

In India the concept of 'energy' as 'Shakti' has been almost a focal

point of philosophical, scientific and metaphysical thought from the time

immemorial, India's ancient literature is rich with the references on the

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so-called Shakti! The interpretation of the concept of 'Shakti' is made

sometimes as synonymous with the supreme being (Adi-Shakti).

In the earliest days of civilization human beings used their own

strength/muscles etc., in moving and carrying loads trapping or a hunting

animals for their food. In the stone ages, man discovered the magic

'Shakti' of fire by rubbing together two pieces of stones. The

revolutionary discovery was reported to be the first attempt of man to use

energy from a source outside his own body. Since then he has

continuously striven to minimize labour through the use stone tools and

animal's power to harness in agriculture. At this stage with the energy

resources of the sun and renewable crops.20

In the initial ancient period, energy resource, were in natural form

for instance the power of falling water and the use of wind for ships. In

industry, the primary energy source was fire originating from the burning

of wood. Wind-mills were also widely used for grinding, water flow and

other purposes in many parts of the world. In the 18th century, steam

power was developed followed by refinement and innovations there in

were effected in the 19th century. Petroleum was not extensively used but

was introduced first in 17th century when an oil-well drilled in Modena, in

Italy in 1640, provided fuel for street lighting, in fact oil as a lamp fuel is

supposed to have been used on the island of santé in the Ioniam sea in the

year 400 B.C.". The exploitation of oil on large scale really started after

1860 and by the year 1880, crude oil was accounted for 13 per cent of all

mineral fuels consumed.

Today, we are quite converse with the wide uses and applications

of energy. Burning petrol or diesel, we get energy for vehicular traffic,

viz to run scooters, cars, trucks, rails etc. many sources like coal,

kerosene and gas etc. are inuse in cooking food and other domestic

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activities. Similarly, we also need electrical energy for is illumination, in

short, we live in the worlds of energy all around us.21

1.4 Forms of Energy:-

Energy is found in different forms including light, heat, chemical

and motion. There are many forms of energy but they can all be put into

two categories potential and kinetic.

1.4.1 Potential Energy:-

Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position

gravitational energy. There are several forms of potential energy.

1.4.1.1 Chemical Energy:-

Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and

molecules. Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, coal are examples

of stored chemical energy. Chemical energy is converted to thermal

energy when we burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's

engine.22

1.4.1.3 Mechanical Energy:-

Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by tension,

compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored

mechanical energy.

1.4.1.3 Nuclear Energy:-

Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom the

energy that holds the nucleus together. Very large amounts of energy can

be released when the nuclei are combined or sprit apart. Nuclear power

plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called fission. The

sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion.

1.4.1.4 Gravitational Energy:-

Gravitational energy is energy stored in an objects height. The

higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational energy is stored

when you ride a bicycle down a steep hill and pack up speed, the

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gravitation energy is being converted to motion energy. Hydropower is

another example of gravitational energy, where the dam piles up water

from a river into a reservoir.23

1.4.2 Kinetic Energy:-

Kinetic energy is motion of wave’s electrons atoms, molecules,

substances and objects.

1.4.2.1 Radiant Energy:-

Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse

waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and

radio waves; light is one type of radiant energy. Sunshine is radiant

energy which provides the fuel and work that make life on earth possible.

1.4.2.2 Thermal Energy:-

Thermal energy or heat is the vibration and movement of the atoms

and molecules within substances. As an object is heated up, its atoms and

molecules move and collide faster; geothermal energy is the thermal

energy in the earth.24

1.4.2.3 Motion Energy:-

Motion energy is energy stored in the movement of objects. The

faster they move, the more energy is stored. It takes energy to get an

object moving and energy is released when an object slow down. Wind is

an example of motion energy. A dramatic example of motion is a car

crash, when the car comes to a total slop and releases all its motion

energy at once in an uncontrolled instant.

1.4.2.4 Sound Energy:-

Sound energy is the movement of energy though substances in

longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a

force causes an object or substance to vibrate the energy is transferred

through the substance in a wave. Typically, the energy in sound is far less

than other forms of energy.

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1.4.2.5 Electrical Energy:-

Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged particles called

electrons typically moving through wire, lighting is an example of

electrical energy in nature so powerful that it is not confined to a wire.25

1.5 Uses of Energy:-

Throughout human history, the control, storage and use of energy

has helped people survive, improved their quality of life and advanced

civilization for thousands of years before the industrial revolution our

energy use was modest and production was simple. For heat, we relied on

the sun or burned organic materials such as wood and straw. For

transportation, people walked, animals pulled carts and wind pushed boat

across the water. For labour, animals performed the work we could not,

and wind and water powered simple machines.

In the eighteenth century, with the perfection of the steam engine,

the world began to understand the power of machines. Steam driven

machines could do the work of hundreds of men and dozens of animals.

Coal became the fuel of choice for steam-powered machines because it

was convenient, portable and readily available, and burned efficiently;

soon coal was powering locomotives, factories and farm implements

around the nation. Coal was also used to heat buildings and smelt metal

ores. In 1980 a coal fired steam engine powered the world's first electric

generator, Thomas Edison's plant in New York City.

In the later part of the 1990's, petroleum came to prominence as a

cheap reliable fuel, when Henry Ford created the assembly-line method

of mass production for the model cars became available to the general

public and petroleum use skyrocketed. And with low-cost automobiles

and the spread of electrification, our society changed significantly.

Power plants became larger, and transmission lines extended

hundreds of miles between cities, bringing electricity to rural areas.

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Energy use rose quickly, doubling every 10 years from the early 1900s

through 1970. During this time, the cost of energy production declined

steadily, and efficient use of energy was rarely a concern.26

1.5.1 Energy is used in four distinct sectors: Transportation, industry,

residential and commercial use and electric power generation. Three

major types of energy are consumed by these four sectors direct heat,

transportation fuel and electricity.

Direct heat use is the burning of combustible materials to heat

buildings, cook food and transform raw materials by melting them and

combining them to make finished products. Transportation fuel is used to

power vehicles. Electricity is used to provide heat, power and light to

industry, homes and business.27

1.5.2 Energy use varies substantially from region to region, and different

energy sources are used to fuel different sectors of the economy.

1.5.3 The use of energy has also increased much the employments of

various people because it has made it's possible to spread and

diversity production activities throughout the country.

1.5.4 It is useful for the spread of literacy as also for the provision of

health facilities, in particular in rural areas, the low status of the

rural women can also be much raised by freeing them from certain

types of jobs and reducing the burden of domestic work though the

installation of water-pumps near their homes, provision of cooking

fuels etc.28

1.5.5 Energy is involved in all life cycles, and it is essential in

agriculture as much as in all other productive activities. An

elementary food chain need for energy. Crop need energy from

solar radiation to grow, harvesting needs from the human body in

work, and cooking needs energy from biomass, in its turn, provides

the human body with energy.

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1.5.6 Energy it the vital force powering business, manufacturing and the

transportation of goods and services, to serve the American and

world economics. Energy supply and demand plays an increasingly

vital role in our national security and the economic output of our

nation.

1.5.7 With the use of adequate energy, much of rural work can be more

productive, with a consequent rise in the income of the people.

Everything in essence, is about energy. There is no doubt now that

energy is fundamental for our development. Energy is vital for the

internal and external security of a country and energy issues are at

the core of social, environmental and economic security

challenges.29

India is undergoing an energy crisis, 53% of the country's current

power need comes from coal. This highly polluting source of energy is

bound to run out someday compared to the west, India's energy

consumption is growing at break neck speed. As India's poor millions

advance out of poverty they are consuming more and more power out

stripping national power production.30

Industrial development in 18th and 19th centuries was based on coal

as the leading source of energy. Towards the end of the 19th century,

however, oil replaced coal as the leading energy source. According to the

industrial development everywhere in the 20th century was based on low

cost oil. After independence India followed the example of other leading

industrial countries and imported Arab oil to accelerate her oil flowed

cheaply, there was no problem. In 1993, the OPEC organization of

Petroleum's Exporting Countries) hiked the oil prices for the first time

and then started the energy crisis in India.31

In India, the lack of energy resources is an even larger problem in

rural areas. Although India has emerged as a global leader in software

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and business services, the majority of Indians still line a rural agricultural

life. Nearly 75% the rural population of India still live a rural agricultural

life. Nearly 75% of the rural population of India still life depends on bio

fuels (firewood, agricultural residues and dung). The available fuel is

only about 1/3 of what is needed. Indian villagers are forced to spend

from two to six hours per day gathering fuel for their household cooking

fires.32 Following diagram shows that actual power supply and shortage

position during 2010-11 in India.

Figur No. 1.2

Actual Power Supply and Shortage Position during 2010-11

861591

122287

788355

11025673236

12031

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

Requirement Availability Shortage

Energy (MU)

Peak (MU)

Source :- Central Electricity Authority (CEA)33

Year 2010-11 shows increased energy demand as compared to the

previous year. The total ex-bus (Ex-bus Energy) is foreseen/expected

total energy from the generating plant) energy availability increase by

20

5.6% over the previous year. As per the CEA statistics, the energy

requirement registered a growth of 3.7% during the year and peak

demand registered a growth of 2.6% the shortage conditions prevailed in

the country both in terms of energy and peaking availability as given in

the graph.

Table 1.3

Month-wise Power Supply Position for 2012-13 in Maharashtra

Peak Energy (MU) Month

Demand

(MW)

Availa-

bility

(MW)

Surplus

(+)

(MW)

Deficit

(-)

(%)

Requir-

ement

(MU)

Availa-

bility

(MU)

Surplus

(+)

(MW)

Deficit

(-)

(%)

April-12 17934 16765 -1169 -6.5 11267 10783 -484 -4.3

May-12 17762 16694 -1068 -6.0 11396 11605 -391 -3.3

June-12 17770 16670 -1100 -6.2 10395 9958 -437 -4.2

July-12 15229 14435 -794 -5.2 1090 10548 -362 -3.3

Aug.-12 15778 14619 -1159 -7.3 9979 9619 -360 -3.6

Sept.-12 15951 15563 -388 -2.4 9802 9537 -265 -2.7

Oct.-12 17114 16395 -719 -4.2 10841 1055 -296 -2.7

Nov. -12 17125 16332 -793 -4.6 9672 9406 -266 -2.8

Dec.-12 17126 16404 -722 -4.2 10156 9797 -359 -3.5

Jan.-13 16335 15782 -553 -3.4 9389 9132 -257 -2.7

Feb.-13 168832 16264 -568 -3.4 9253 8999 -254 -2.7

Mar.-13 17443 16602 -841 -4.8 10924 10643 -281 -2.6

2012-13 17934 16765 -1169 -6.5 123984 119972 -4012 -3.2

Source :- Central Electricity Authority.34

Table No. 1.3 shows that month-wise power demand and supply in

Maharashtra for the year 2012-13. In April 2012, there is a deficit of 1169

MW energy in demand and availability. If we talk in MU there is deficit

of 484 MU in demand and availability of energy. In winter season i.e. in

the month of December, January and February, percentage of deficit is

slightly decreasing as less demand of electricity in overall year we can

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seen the deficit of 1169 MW and 4012 MU in demand and availability of

energy.

1.6 Sources of Energy:-

People have always used energy to do work for them. Thousands

of years ago, early humans burned wood to provide light, heat their living

spaces and cook their food. Later, people used the wind to move their

boats from place to place. A hundred years ago, people began using

falling water to make electricity.35

Today people used more energy than even from a variety of

sources for a multitude of tasks and our lives are undoubtedly better for it.

Our homes are comfortable and full of useful and entertaining electrical

devices. We communicate instantaneously in many ways. We live longer,

healthier lives. We travel the world, or at least see it on television and the

internet.36

The major energy sources we use today are classified in two broad

groups nonrenewable and renewable.

Nonrenewable energy sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas,

propane and uranium. They are used to generate electricity to heat our

homes to move our cars and to manufacture products.

These energy sources are called nonrenewable because they cannot

be replenished in a short period of time. Petroleum, for example, was

formed millions of years ago from the remains of ancient sea life, so we

can't make more quickly. We could run out of economically recoverable

nonrenewable resources some day.

Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal,

hydropower, solar and wind. They are called renewable energy sources

because their supplies are replenished in a short time. Day after day, the

sun shines, the wind blows and the rivers flow. We use renewable energy

sources mainly to make electricity.37

22

1.6.1 Sources of Commercial (Nonrenewable) Energy in India :-

Source of commercial (non renewable) energy in India as

following.

1.6.1.1 Coal and Lignite:-

It is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India. It

accounts for 55% of the country's energy need. The country's industrial

heritage has been built upon indigenous coal. Commercial primary energy

consumption in India has grown by about 700% in the last four decades.

Considering the limited reserve potentiality of petroleum and natural gas

conservation restriction on hydro projects and geo political perception of

nuclear power, all will continue to occupy centre-stage of India's energy

Production with hard coal reserves around 246 million tones, of which 92

billion tones are proven, Indian coal offers a unique eco-friendly fuel

source for the coal domestic energy market for the next century and by

beyond. Hard coal deposits, spread over 27 major coalfields, are mainly

confined to eastern and south central parts of India. Lignite reserves stand

at around 36 billion tones of which 90% occur in the southern state of

Tamil Nadu. Out of a total 171926 MW of electricity generated, Coal

powered thermal power plants accounted for 92418 MW as of February

2011, indicating that most of India's electricity needs are depend on coal.

According to the present and future demand projections the coal reserves

in India would be just sufficient for about 130 years.38

1.6.1.2 Petroleum/ Oil:-

India has total reserves (proved and indicated) of 1201 million

metric tonnes of crude oil. Crude oil production during 2009-10 at 33.69

million tones was 0.55% higher than the 33.51 million metric tonnes

produced during 2008-09. The consumption of petroleum products during

2009-10 was 138.196 million metric tonnes (including sales through

private imports) which is 3.60%higher than the sales of 133.400 million

23

metric tonnes during 2008-09. Long term growth in demand of petroleum

products depends upon a number of factors such as economic growth

(GDP), elasticity of demand for petroleum products with respect to GDP

growth, relative price levels of substitute products particularly

LNG/CNG, saturation of LPG demand and the impact of energy

conservation measures. The demand for petrol and diesel is dependent on

the growth of road intrastate, the price of oil, the future efficiency of

vehicles, the growth of alternate modes of transport and the emergence of

substitutes like bio fuels and/or technologies such as hybrids.39

1.6.1.3 Natural Gas:-

India has total reserves (proved and indicated) of 437 billion cubic

meters of natural gases of 1st April 2010. Cross production of natural gas

in the country at 47.51 billion cubic meters during 2009-10 was 44.63%

higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic meters during 2008-09.

The total installed capacity of gas fired plants as of February 2011, Stood

at 17706 MW. The flaring of natural gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross

production is lower than the 3.29% in 2008-09. Natural gas can replace

existing fuels in various sectors both for feedstock as well as for energy

purposes. However, this substitution will depend upon the relative price

of gas with respect to other fuels. Therefore, it may be stated that the

demand for gas will depend upon the relative price of natural gas relative

to that of alternatives, mainly Naphtha for fertilizer and petrochemicals

and coal for power. With domestic production of just over 140 million

standard cubic meters per day meeting barely half the demand. India is

importing 10 million tonnes of liquefied natural gas per annum and is

looking at non-conventional sources like shale gas.40

1.6.1.4 Nuclear Power:-

Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India,

after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity. As of

24

2010, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power

plants, generating 4780 MW while 5 other plants are under construction

and are expected to generate an additional 2720 MW. India's nuclear

power industry is undergoing rapid expansion with plans to increase

nuclear power output to 64000 MW by 2032.41

The work of generating and maintaining nuclear power plants links

with nuclear power corporation India limited and it plans to build five

nuclear power parks each with a capacity of eight nuclear reactors of

1000 MW. The nuclear power parks are planned at Kudankulam in Tamil

Nadu, Jaitapur in Maharashtra, Mithi Virdi in Gujarat, Haripur in West

Bengal and Kovvada in Andhra Pradesh.42

1.6.1.5 Electricity Power:-

The official estimate annual energy potential from Hydro-Electric

source is placed around 10500 MW of this potential. This implies that

only 20 percent of the hydro-potential has been utilized and 50 percent of

the hydro potential remains unharnessed, despite the inherent advantages

of Hydro power plants over thermal and nuclear plants.43

1.6.1.6 Thermal Power:-

The public utility power units produced 500 billions KWh of

electricity in 2000-01 of which hydro power was 75 billion KWh and

thermal power (including nuclear power) was 425 billion KWh. At

present hydro electricity plants contribute 15% of total power generation.

Thermal power plants account for 79% and nuclear power contribute 1%.

Besides public sector units, there are private sector power units known as

non-utilities. They contribute 35 to 40 billion KWh, every year.44

1.7 Non-commercial Energy Sources in India:-

There are three non-commercial energy sources use in India. These

are a agriculture waste fuel, wood, animal dung.

25

1.7.1 Agriculture Waste:-

The use of agriculture wastes is dependent on agricultural

production and its availability is seasonal. Agriculture is a major

component of the energy mix used in rural India. In 2005-06, 316.8

million tonnes of agriculture based biomass had been generated in the

country in comparison to 169.8 million tonnes in 1980-81. Considering

the availability and location of material produced, these resources are

regarded as an important energy supply for the rural areas in the near

future.45

1.7.2 Fuel Wood:-

Fuel wood is a very important non-commercial source of energy in

rural India. Over 77 percent of rural households in the country were

estimated to depend on fire wood and chips for cooking. It has been

estimated that about 2-3 million people are engaged in fuel wood 'heat

loading' in India, making it the largest source of employment in the

energy sector in the country (CIFOR news online). It is reported that most

of the fuel wood is derived from forests, with some portion also being

obtained from trees growing on homesteads, farmlands and common

lands.46

Demand for limber (logs) and fuel wood is projected to increase in

future while supply is remain flat, leading to significant and growing fiber

and wood supply deficits. By 2020, the total supply of fuel wood from

forests and other sources are estimated to be 44.4 million metric tons. An

estimated 139 million metric tons of fuel wood was harvested above

sustainable supply in 2006. Other estimates indicated fuel wood over

cutting of 13.1 million cubic meters.47

26

1.7.3 Animal Dung:-

Dried dung of animals is extensively used as a fuel in our rural

areas also in towns out of the total estimated production of 324 million

tons are estimated to be to burnt for energy purpose every year.48

1.8 Renewable Sources of Energy in India:-

. Power energy is in great crisis. The reason can be over

consumption of electricity. So it extremely important to decrease

consuming non-renewable sources of energy and turn to renewable ones.

Renewable sources can never be exhausted and are harmless to the

environment. Renewable energy sources are thus fundamentally different

from fossil fuels. For many years, mankind has been using the energy of

the sun, wind or water to facilitate ease of certain activities, which can be

simple as drying cloths in the sun, using water wheels or windmills used

for crushing grain. However, it is only recently that renewable energy is

being looking at from a large scale production aspect, as it is increasingly

becoming popular in the world as well as India, as a permanent solution

for the major threats of climate change, depletion of fossil fuels and the

environmental and social risks of fossil fuels.49

In the past century, it has been seen that the consumption of non-

renewable sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than

any other human activity. Electricity generates from fossil fuels such as

coal and crude oil has led to many problems being faced today such as

ozone depletion and global warming, vehicular pollution has been a

major problem.

Therefore, alternative sources of energy have become very

important and relevant to today's world. These sources, such as the sun,

wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They

cause fewer emissions and are also available locally. Their use can to a

large extent, reduce chemical, radioactive and thermal pollution. They

27

stand out as viable sources of clean and limitless energy. These are also

known as non-conventional sources of energy are fairly non-polluting and

considered clean through biomass, are renewable sources, is a major

polluter indoors.

Following tree use can see figure 1.3

Sources of Renewable Energy

The tree diagram shows that various sources of renewable energy

in India. These sources are very important in electricity generation.

Many countries are exploring the possibilities of using these non-

conventional assumed more significant in the years come. Solar energy is

almost unlimited in a tropical country such as India. Wind energy

available in abundance, especially in coastal areas and in hilly regions,

but both solar, wind energy are not so far utilized in the absence of cost

effective technologies.50

India is one of the countries in the world which has pioneered the

development of renewable energy. Following the first oil shock in the

1970s which brought to light concerns about energy access and energy

Sources of

Renewable

Energy

Solar Wind Wave

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Ocean Thermal Energy

Biomass Geothermal Small Hydro

Tidal Energy

Biomass Gasifier

Biogas Biodiesel Biomass combustion

Improved Cook store

28

security, India recognized the relevance of these natural sources of

energy. Interest in renewable energy technologies (RETs) started from the

early years of independence. The first step towards a dedicated

organizational framework was taken in 1981 when the Commission for

Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) was set up in the department of

science and technology. A year later, an independent Department of Non-

Conventional Energy Source (DNES) was created in the Ministry of

Energy, to focus attention on this sector. This indicated that the stage of

commercialization of NRSE devices has been reached, requiring a rank of

conductive policy measures. To facilitate commercialization and market

development, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency

Limited (IREDA) was established in 1987. The IREDA functions as the

promotional and financing arm of ministry and has been able to tie up

funds from domestic and international institutions for leading to end-

users, manufactures, financial intermediaries and entrepreneurs,

predominately in the private sector. In 1992, the DNEs were elevated into

a separate Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES),

reflecting the political commitment towards the promotion of NRSE. The

Ministry is broadly organized into six groups dealing with rural energy,

solar energy and powers from renewable, energy from urban and

industrial wastes, new technologies and administration and

coordination.51

The ministry is implementing several programmes in these areas

and has at the same time sought to promote to participation of the private

sector through an encouraging policy environment. Programmes for

dissemination of renewable energy technologies (RETs) are implemented

through state nodal agencies (SNAs) and NGOs. The MNEs has nine

regional officers in different state, capitals, besides a network of

autonomous research organizations, NGOs, R and D and financial

29

institutions and private entrepreneurs. These regional offices monitor,

supervise and create awareness, liase with state agencies NGOs and

project promoters, and provide feedback from the field. The programmes

of the ministry have a strong R and D component. A number of research

institutions are assigned specific R and D projects not only to develop

new technologies but also to improve the cost effectiveness of existing

systems. Besides farming out R and D projects, the ministry has also set

up tree specialized institutions, the solar energy centre (SEC), Centre for

Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) and the Sardar Swaran Singh

National Institute of Renewable Energy (SSSNIRE) to provide a range of

services for testing up gradation and Standardization of devices and their

components. The ministry is also involved in generating awareness and

building capacity in the development and use of NRSE.52

Today, India boasts perhaps the only ministry of non-conventional

energy sources in the world. The ministry manages one of the world's

largest renewable energy programmes covering the whole spectrum of

renewable energy technologies for a variety of grid and off grid

applications. The country has the largest decentralized solar energy

programmes, the second largest biogas and improved cook stoves

programmes and the fifth largest wind power programme in the world. A

substantial manufacturing base has been created in a variety of new and

renewable sources of energy (NRSE), placing India not only in a position

to export technology but also to offer technical expertise to other

countries. These sources have begun to emerge as an attractive option

sometimes the only one, to provide light and power to areas too remote

for grid electrification. Promotion of renewable energy sources is an

integral component of the country's strategy for sustainable

development.53

30

Renewable energy can be important part of India's plan not only to

add new capacity but also to increase energy security, address

environment concerns and lead massive market for renewable energy.

India has 150 GW of renewable energy potential about half in the form of

small hydropower, biomass and wind and half in solar, cogeneration and

waste to energy.54

1.9 Global Status of Renewable Energy:-

Total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1470

gigawatts (GW) in 2012, to about 8.5% from 2011. Hydro power rose to

an estimate of 990 GW, while other renewable grew 21.5% to exceed 480

MW. Globally, wind power accounted for about 39% of renewable power

capacity added in 2012, followed by hydropower and solar PV, each

accounting for approximately 26% solar PV capacity reached the 100

GW milestone to pass bio-power and become the third largest renewable

technology in terms of capacity (but not generation), after hydro and

wind.

Renewable have accounted for an ever-growing share of electric

capacity added worldwide each year, and in 2012 they made up just over

half of net additions to electric generating capacity. By year's end,

renewable comprised more than 26% estimated 21.7% of global

electricity, with 16.5% of total electricity provided by hydropower. While

renewable capacity rises at a rapid rate from year to year, renewable

energy's share of total generation is increasing more slowly because many

countries continue to add significant fossil fuel capacity, and much of the

renewable capacity being added (wind and solar energy) operates at

relatively low capacity factors.55

Even so, wind and solar power are achieving high levels of

penetration in countries like Denmark an Italy, which generated 30% of

electricity with wind and 5.6 with solar PV, respectively during 2012. In

31

an increasing number of regions including parts of Australia, Germany,

India and the United States the electricity generation share from variable

resources has reached impressive record peaks, temporally meeting high

shares of power demand, while often driving down spot market prices.

We can see renewable power capacities top six country in 2012 in

following table No. 1.4

Table 1.4 Renewable Power Capacities in World, Top Six Countries, 2012.

Countries Power Capacity China 90 GW United States 86 GW

Germany 71 GW Spain 31 GW Italy 29 GW

India 24 GW.

Total 480 GW Source : Global Status Report.56

Figure - 1.4 Renewable Power Capacities in World, Top Six Countries, 2012.

(Capacity-GW)

90

86

71

3129

24

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

China United

States

Germany Spain Italy India

Power Capacity

32

This figure shows that renewable power capacities from top six

countries in 2012. The top countries for non-hydro renewable power

capacity were China, the United States and Germany, followed by Spain,

Italy and India. In the united state, renewable accounted for 12.2% of

worlds total renewable power capacity in 2012, with total of 86 GW

capacity Italy remained in fifth place with 29 GW of non-hydro

renewable and 18 GW of hydropower by the end of 2012.

About 4.2 GW of renewable power capacity was added in India

during 2012, including about 0.7 GW of hydropower and 3.5 GW of

other renewable (mostly wind), for a year-end total exceeding 66 GW.

Renewable accounted for more than 31% of total installed capacity at

year's end, with non-hydro renewable representing over 11% (24 GW).

Table 1.5

Global Ranking of Renewable Energy by End of 2012

Sr. No.

Renewable Power

(Including Hydro)

Renewable Power

(not incl. hydro)

Bio Power

Geothermal Power

Hydro Power

Solar PV

Wind Power

1 China China United

States

United

States

China Germany China

2 United

States

United

States

Brazil Philippines Brazil Italy United

States

3 Brazil Germany China Indonesia United States

Unites States

Germany

4 Canada Spain Germany Mexico Canada China Spain

5 Germany Italy Sweden Italy Russia Japan India.

Source:- Renewable 2013 Global States Report.57

Table 1.5 shows that global ranking in total capacity of renewable

energy by the year 2012 end. China ranks first in all renewable sources

except Biopower and Geothermic power, in which United States made

top. India ranks fifth in wind power after China, US, Germony and Spain.

33

Table No. 1.6

World Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (GW)

Renewable Sources 2010 2011 2012

Hydro Power 1033 1067 1103

Bio-energy 63 70 77

Wind 194 234 276

On Share 191 230 270

Of Share 3 4 6

Solar PV 40 70 91

Solar CSP 1 2 3

Geothermal 11 11 11

Ocean 0 1 1

Total 1342 1452 1562

Source : Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2012), OECO/IEA, 2012.58

Note :- Capacity data are presented as cumulative installed irrespective of grid

connection status, However sole corers ponds to installed, grid corresponds to

installed gride connected capacity, which includes small distributed capacity.

Figure No. 1.5

World Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity (GW)

10

33

10

67

11

03

63

70 77

19

42

34 27

6

19

1 23

02

70

3 4 6 40 7

0 91

1 2 3

11

11 11

0 1 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Hydro

Power

Bio-energy Wind On Share Of Share Solar PV Solar CSP Geothermal Ocean

2010

2011

2012

34

In table 1.9 we can see the world's renewable electricity installed

capacity in three consecutive tears i.e. 2010, 2011 and 2012. Hydero

power has maximum share in all three years, i.e. 1033 GW, 1067 GW and

1103 GW respectively, followed by Bio energy which has 77 GW

installed capacity in 2012.

1.10 Renewable Energy in India :-

India is now the eleventh largest economy in the world. India is a

vast country with population of 114 crore and total area of 3.28 million

sq. km. out of which major part of the area is under cultivation. Nearly

72% population lives in village. Indian economy has been dependent on

fossil fuels for overcoming its growing requirement of energy fossil fuels

such as coal, oil, gas and the increasing demand of these fuels has

resulted in rising prices of oil and gas and chances of their potential

shortage in future with lock of security of energy supply which will be

required to sustain our future growth. The excessive use of fossil fuels

also creates environmental problems both locally and globally and

warming hence ultimately exchanges global warming.

However, renewable energy is the one which comes from natural

sources and India has been blessed with the same in abundance. These

natural resources are mainly sunlight, wind rain, geothermal, heat and

tidal which are easily replenish able comes from renewable.59

Renewable energy has been an important component of India's

energy planning process since quite some time. The importance of

renewable energy base was recognized in the early 1970s. At the

government level, political commitment to renewable energy manifested

itself in the establishment of the department of Non-Conventional Energy

Sources in 1982, which was then upgraded to a full fledged Ministry of

Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992 subsequently

35

renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). This is the

only such ministry in the world.60 We can see India's installed capacity in

2011 in following table No. 1.7

Table No. 1.7

All India Installed Capacity (as on 31st December 2011)

Source Installed Capacity MW Percentage

Nuclear 4780 MW 3%

Hydro 8748.4 MW 20%

Gas 17742.85 MW 10%

Diesel 1199.75 MW 1%

Coal 104021.4 MW 55%

New Renewable 20162.24 MW 11%

Source: MNRE, Govt. of India,61

Above table shows that installed capacity of Coal is higher than

other sources like Nuclear, Hydro and gas etc. Renewable sources have

11% contribution in total installed capacity.

Figure No. 1.6

All India Installed Capacity (as on 31st December 2011)

3%

20%

10%

1%

55%

11%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Nuclear Hydro Gas Diesel Coal New

Renewable

Percentage

36

1.11 Current Status of Renewable Energy in India:-

The electricity sector in India supplies the world's 5th largest energy

consumer accounting for 4.0% of global energy consumption by more

than 17% of global population. About 65.34% of electricity consumed in

India is generated by thermal power plants 21.3% by hydro-electric

power plants and 10.42% by renewable energy sources. In 2010, India's

wind installed capacity was 14550 MW. Rapid economic growth has

created a growing need for dependable and reliable supplies of electricity,

gas and petroleum products. Due to the fast paced growth of India's

economy, the country's energy demand has grown as average of 3.6% per

annum over the past 30 years.

In August 2011, the installed capacity of India stood at 18.558 GW

and per energy consumption stood at 704 KWH in 2008-09. The country

energy production increased from about 190 billion KWH in 1986 to

more than 837 billion KWH in 2010. The Indian government has set a

modest target to add approximately 78.000 MW of installed generation

capacity by 2012. The total demand for electricity in India is expected to

cross 950,000 MW by 2030.62

As per the 2011 census, 55.3% rural households had access to

electricity. However, NSS results shows that in the year 1993-94, 62%

households in rural India were using Kerosene as primary source of

energy for lighting. In 2009-10, on the other hand 66% households were

found using electricity for lighting. Thus, electricity has during the

intervening years evidently replaced Kerosene as the most common fuel

used for lighting by rural households. This substitution of kerosene by

electricity appears have been most rapid during 1993-94 to 1999-2000,

when about 11% households seem to have switched to electricity. The

substitution appears to have slowed down since then, with 8% more

households switching over to electricity during the seven or eight years

37

after 1999-2000, and picked up pace again there after, with another 9% of

rural households added to the category of electricity user since 2006-07.

Indeed, this may widen as the economy moves to a higher growth

trajectory, India's success in resolving energy bottlenecks therefore

remains one of the key challenges in achieving the projected growth

outcomes, further, India's excessive radiance on imported crude oil marks

it imperative to have an optimal energy mix that will allow it to achieve

its long-run goal of sustainable development.

As on March 31, 2012 installed capacity of renewable energy

based power generation was 24503 MW, which is about 12 percent of the

total installed capacity of 199626 MW. The Major Renewable Energy

Sources (RES) are wind energy, solar energy, biomass and waste energy

and small-hydro energy, wind installed capacity of 15700 MW and small

hydro installed capacity is 3200 MW and biomass and waste installed

capacity of 3000 MW and installed capacity of solar is 482 MW.63

According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) India's

average per capita electricity consumption is only 26% of the global per

capita consumption. Energy demand in the country currently exceeds

supply and there is an estimated gap of 83950 million units as of by 2009-

10. India's total power generation was 159389 MW till March 2010 out of

that thermal power accounts for an 64.3% of the total installed capacity

hydel power plants account for 23.1% nuclear power plants for 2.9% and

renewable energy sources for 9.7%. India has estimated renewable energy

potential of about 85000 MW from wind power, small hydro, biomass

and bio-energy. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) report, the

anticipated energy and peaking shortage in the country is estimated to be

10.3 percent and 12.9 percent, respectively, in 2011 and 2012.64

According to world bank, country's overall power deficit 11% in

2009 has risen steadily from 8.4 percent in 2006. out of 100,000 villages,

38

17 percent remain un-electrified and almost 400 million Indian's per

capita income consumption (639 KWH) is one of the lowest in the world.

According to the ministry of power out of the total 593,732 villages in the

country as per the 2001 census, 496365 have been electrified as of Dec.

31, 2009. In 2009-10 the national power shortage averaged 10.3 percent.

Access to grid power remains low, with an electrification rate of just 55%

leaving almost 412 million people without electricity coverage, about

42% of rural households in India use kerosene-based lighting.65

Table No. 1.8

Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy in India 2012

Technology Installed Capacity (in MW)

Grid-Connected Power

Wind 17644

Small Hydro 3411

Biomass 1182

Bagasses Co-generation 2046

Waste-to-Energy 93

Solar 1030

Off-Grid, Captive Power

Waste to Energy-Urban 105

Biomass Non-bagasse Cogen 391

Biomass Gassifires- Rural 16

Biomass Gassifires- Industrial 136

SPV Systems 85

Aerogen /Hybrids 1.74

Source : MNRE, Government of India.66

39

It should be seen from this table that installed capacity of wind

power is 17644 MW, small hydro is 3411 MW, biomass is 1182 MW,

bagasse cogeneration is 2046 MW, waste to energy-urban is 105 MW,

biomass gassifiers-rural is 16 MW, biomass gassifires-industrial is 136

MW, spv systems (1KW) is 85 MW Aerogun/hybrids is 1.74 MW. We

can say that total installed capacity of renewable energy in India is

satisfactory. Improvement in installed capacity of renewable energy in

India is very essential.

Table No. 1.9 Cumulative Achievement of Renewable Energy as on 30/06/2013

Renewable Energy Programme Target for 2013-14

Cumulative Achievement up

to 30/06/2013 A) Grid-Interactive Power (Capacities in (MW)

Wind Power 2500 19565.93

Small Hydro Power 300 3686.25

Biomass Power 105 1264.80

Bagasse Cogeneration 300 2337.43

Waste to Energy-Urban 96.08

Waste to Energy-Industry 20

Solar Power (SPV) 1100 1759.44

Total 4325.00 28708.95

B) Off-Gride/Capative Power (Capacities (in MW)

Waste to Energy-Industrial 10.00 115.57

Biomass Non-bagasse Cogen 80.00 474.84

Biomass Gassifires- Rural 01.00 16892

Biomass Gassifires- Industrial 9.00 142.88

Aero-Generators/Hybrid Systems 1.00 2.11

SPV Systems (1KW) 40.00 131.86

Water Mills/Micro Hydel 500 nos. 10.65 (2131 nos.)

Bio-Gas Based Energy System 2 -

Total 143.00 894.80 Source :- MNRE, Govt. of India.67

40

In this table it shows that target for 2013-14 and cumulative

achievement of renewable energy as on 31/06/2013. Wind power target

for 2013-14 is 2500 MW and cumulative achievement up to 31/06/2013

is 19564.95 MW. Biomass power has 1264.80 MW cumulative

achievements up to 31/06/2013. Cumulative achievement of solar power

is 1759.44 MW. Total target of renewable energy in 2013-14 is 4325.00

MW and total cumulative achievement of renewable energy is 28708.95

MW.

Table No. 1.10 India Renewable Power Market Including Hydro, Cumulative

Installed Capacity (MW) 2001-2020 Year Hydro Wind Solar

PV Solar

Thermal Biogas Biomass Total

2001 26269 1407 28 - 48 349 28101 2002 28260 1702 33 - 53 447 30496 2003 31026 2105 48 - 58 572 33824

2004 32546 3000 60 - 62 712 36380 2005 33831 4430 76 - 69 920 39326 2006 35468 6270 88 - 83 1173 43082

2007 36656 7850 108 - 87 1500 46201 2008 38848 9587 148 - 104 2015 50702 2009 39804 10925 - - 110 2450 53067

2010 41422 12285 1540 - 117 2773 56876 2011 43542 13752 - 25 124 3139 61122 2012 45771 15362 - 33 133 3550 65858

2013 48115 17120 - 40 144 3941 71129 2014 56578 18865 2868 206 155 155 77047 2015 53167 20756 4328 - 371 169

2016 55889 22775 6248 537 185 4855 83646 2017 58750 24986 8638 703 202 5387 91020 2018 61758 27326 11518 869 221 5810 99020

2019 64919 29752 14898 1034 243 6266 107958 2020 68243 32200 18788 1200 266 7286 127982

CAGR 2001-09

5.2% 29% 26.0% - 10.0% 27.6% 8.3%

CAGR 2009-20

5.1% 10.3% 52.79% - 8.4% 10.4% 8.3%

Source: Global Data.68

41

In this table shows that India's renewable power market including

hydro, cumulative installed capacity (MW) from 2001 to 2020. In this

table it is observed that hydro power dominates the total renewable power

installed capacity with a share of nearly 74.25% in 39404 MW in 2009

from 26269 MW in 2001 at a CAGR of 5.2 during the period. By 2020,

the hydro power generation capacity is expected to reach 68243 MW with

a CAGR of 5.1 from 2009. With the increasing installations of wind,

solar and bioenergy facilities in the country, the share of hydro power in

total renewable power generation capacity of country is projected to

reduce to nearly 53% by 2020 from 74% in 2009.

With the increasing support to the renewable sources, the wind,

solar and biomass power installations are on rise. The wind power

installed capacity has grown from 1407 MW in 2001 to 10925 MW in

2009 at a CAGR of 29.2% by 2020; the cumulative wind power capacity

is expected to reach 32200 w with a CAGR of 10.3% since 2009.

The solar PV installed capacity has elevated at a CAGR of 26.0%

during 2001-09 the solar PV installed capacity has reached to 178 MW in

2009 from 28 MW in 2001. By 2020, the cumulative installed capacity is

expected to reach 18788 MW at an impressive CAGR growth of 52.7%

during 2009 to 2020. The Jawaharlal Solar Mission targets are setting

stage to achieve such phenomenal growth number.

Biomass power installation in the country has increased from 349

MW in 2001 to 2450 MW in 2009 at a CAGR of 27.6% by 2020; the

biomass power installed is expected to each at 7286 MW at a CAGR of

10.4% from 2009.

42

1.12 Projected Energy Consumption of India for 2030:-

Currently 45 percent of households in India do not have access to

electricity. New legislation has set a target of electrifying all households

by 2010. As in the past, the ongoing challenge in providing electricity is

the ability of the poor to pay. To continue subsidizing electricity is the

ability of the poor to pay.

1.12.1 Energy Consumption in Poor Sector (2030) :-

Table No. 1.11

Estimated potential for power generation from renewable energy

sources by the year 2030.

Sources / Systems Estimated Potential (MW)

Wind 45000

Bio-power (Agro residues) 61000

Co-generation Bagasse 50000

Small Hydro (up to 25 MW) 15000

Solar Photovoltaic 50000

Waste to Energy 7000

Total 183600

Source:- India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy.69

This table shows that estimated potential capacity of wind is 45000

MW, bio power (agro residues) is 61000 MW, estimated potential

capacity of small hydro (upto 25MW) is 15000 and solar photovoltaic is

50000 MW and waste to energy in India is 7000 MW.

1.13 Renewable Energy in Maharashtra:-

Maharashtra is the largest power generating state in India with

largest electricity system capacity. Maharashtra State Electricity

Distribution Co. Limited (MAHADISCOM) is responsible for generation,

transmission and distribution of power in the state. Besides

43

MAHADISCOM there are other licensees like Tata Power Co. Ltd.

(TPC), Reliance Energy Limited (REL) (earlier known as BSES Ltd),

Brihan-Mumbai Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST)

and Mula-Pravara Electric Co-operative Society Ltd. (MPECS), which

distributes electricity in their respective distribution license area. As on

March 31st 2003, the installed capacity in Maharashtra is 15208 MW,

which is about 14% of the total installed capacity in India. The main

source of power generation in Maharashtra is fossil fuels such as coal and

natural gas. A little is being contributed by the hydro and nuclear energy

sources.70

The enactment of Electricity act 2003 has paved way for

accelerated development of the renewable energy sector with significant

provisions that enables and encourages exploitation of renewable energy

sources. The section 86 (I) (e) of EA 2003 empowers and obligates States

Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) to promote co-generation and

generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by providing

suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale electricity to any

person and also to specify for purchase from renewable energy sources a

percentage of total consumption in the area of distribution licensee.

Further section 86 (i) (b) of EA 2003 empowers the SERC to

regulate electricity purchase and procurement process including price at

which electricity shall be procured from the generating companies or

licensees or from other sources etc. the factors that guide the commission

in performing the above function include promotion of competition,

efficiency and economical use of resources and safe grading of

consumers interest.71

Maharashtra ranks second in the country in production from

renewable having around 638.7 MW installed capacity (including small

Hydro) which is 4.43 percent of total installed capacity in the state.

44

Maharashtra has been bestowed with significant amount of renewable

energy potential comprising of variety of renewable energy sources such

as wind energy, small hydro power, and biomass fuels including bagasse

from sugar industries, municipal solid waste and other industrial waste

and solar energy. The following table indicates potential of various types

of RE sources (excluding solar energy) in Maharashtra Vis.-a-vis.

Potential in India.

Table No. 1.12

Renewable Energy Potential in Maharashtra (MW)

Sr. No.

Sources Potential in Country (MW)

Potential in Maharashtra

(MW)

% total Potential

1. Wind 45000 4584 10.2%

2. Small Hydro Power

(SHP)

10324 600 5.8%

3. Biomass 16000 781 4.9%

4. Bagasse

Co-generation

5000 1250 25.0%

5. Urban Waste 1700 287 16.9%

6. Industrial Waste 1700 350 20.6%

Total 79724 7852 9.8%

Source :- Maharashtra Energy Development Agency72

From the table it is observed that Potential in Country, wind is

45000 and in Maharashtra 4584 MW. Total Potential in Country is 79724

MW and Maharashtra 7852 MW.

As seen from the above table, the state of Maharashtra has around

10% of the total potential of RE in the country.

Due to the long-term certainly provided by the prevalent regulatory

framework and several other policy initiatives by State Government there

45

has been significant development of installed capacity based on

renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy parsuit to the tariff

orders, as depicted in the following table.

Table No. 1.13

Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Maharashtra (MW)

Sr.

No.

Sources Potential in

Maharashtra

(MW)

Achievement

31st March,

2009, (MW)

Potential /

Achievement

1. Wind 4584 1948.8 42.5%

2. Small Hydro Power

(SHP)

600 211.3 35.2%

3. Biomass 781 95.0 12.2%

4. Bagasse

Co-generation

1250 262.0 21.0%

5. Urban Waste 287 00 0.0%

6. Industrial Waste 350 6.1 1.8%

Total 7852 2523.1 32.0%

Source;- MEDA73

In above table it reveals that potential in Maharashtra wind power

is 4584 MW and actual achievement is 1948.8 MW in March 2009. Total

Potential in Maharashtra is 7852 MW and actual achievement is 2523.1

MW.

As seen from the table, only around 32% of the total assessed

potential of RE has been harnessed till date, indicating that there is good

scope for harnessing additional RE sources.

46

1.14 Brief Description of Non-conventional Energy Resources:-

1.14.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy is energy from the sun and without its presence all life

on earth would end Solar energy has been an important source of energy

for many years because of the vast amount of energy freely available.74

India has huge solar potential. The sunniest parts are situated in the

south/east coast, from Calcutta to Madras. Solar energy can be used in

two ways solar heating and solar electricity, a solar power plant offers

good option for electrification in areas of disadvantageous locations such

as hilly regions, forests, deserts and islands where other resources neither

available nor exploitable in techno economically viable manner most

parts of the country have about 250 to 300 sunny days. There is

tremendous solar potential.

140 MW solar thermal hybrid power plants with 35MW solar

through Rajasthan raising India into the second position in the world in

utilization of solar thermal. Grid interactive solar photovoltaic power

projects aggregating 2440 MW have so far been installed. The estimated

potential of solar power in India is about 20000 MW.75

In November 2009, the government of India launch its Jawaharlal

Nehru National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate

Change with plan to generate 1000 MW of power by 2010 and 20000

MW grid based solar power 2000 MW of off grid solar power and cover

20 million sw.mtr. with collectors by the end of the final phase of the

mission in 2020.76

1.14.2 Wind Energy:-

This type of energy uses the kinetic energy produced by the wind

to make the blades of a rotor move, which are located at the top of a

tower, the wind turbine. This turbine transforms the movement of the

turbine into electricity.77

47

Energy of wind can be economically used to generate electrical

energy. Wind can also be used to provide mechanical power such as for

water pumping. In India generally in speeds obtainable are in the lower

ranges. Therefore, attempts are on the development of low cost, low

speed mills for irrigation of small and marginal farms for providing

drinking water in rural area. The development are being mainly

concentrated on water pumping will mill suitable for operation in a wind

speed range of 8 to 36 kmph. In India high wind speeds are obtainable in

coastal areas of Saurashtra, Western, Rajasthan and some parts of central

India.78

The countries is total wind energy potential has been estimated at

45000 MW. The wind energy sector has seen significant investments

spurred by the development potential, availability of wind farm

equipment at competitive prices and conducive government policies.

Currently, wind power accounts for around 70 percent of the installed

generation capacity from renewable sources.

Presently, India (15700 MW) is in fifth position, following china

(44733 MW), the US (40180 MW), Germany (27215 MW) and Spain

(20676 MW) wind power accounts for nearly 8 percent of India’s total

installed power capacity.79

1.14.3 Hydro Energy :-

In India hydropower project with station capacity of up to 25 MW

fall under the category of small hydro power (5hp). The total installed

capacity of small hydro power projects as on March 31, 2012, was 3200

MW. However, the estimated potential for power generation from such

plants is over 15000 MW. Most of the latent potential is in the Himalayan

states as river based projects and in the other states as irrigation canal-

based projects. The SHP programme is largely private investment driven.

Since, the projects are economically viable, the private sector is on

48

investing in SHP projects. The viability of these projects improves with

increase in the project capacity.80

1.14.4 Waste to Energy:-

Every year about 55 million tones of Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW) and 38 billion liters of sewage are generated in the urban areas of

India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated

by industries; waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in

the future, as more people migrate to urban areas and as income increase,

consumption levels are likely to rise as are rates of waste generation. It is

estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a

per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually. This has significant

impact on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal.

Economic costs of collecting and transporting waste and the

environmental consequences of increased MSW generation levels.81.

1.14.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells:-

Hydrogen fuel cells can transform the way the world uses energy.

Fuel cells generate electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen with

only water as a by-product. They can power everything from laptop,

computers to automobiles. While at least a decade remains before they

can easily by in corporated into everyday life, the promise of zero

emissions and increased fuel efficiency makes hydrogen fuel cells worth

the waste.82

1.14.6 Battery Powered Vehicles:-

Batteries are used to store energy in a chemical form as an

alternative energy, batteries can be used to store energy in battery electric

vehicles. Battery electric vehicles can be charged from the grid when the

vehicle is not in use. Because the energy is derived from electricity,

battery electric vehicles make it possible to use other forms of

49

alternatives energy such as wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear or

hydroelectric.83

1.14.7 Tidal Energy:-

Tidal energy generation involves the construction of a barrage

across an estuary to block the incoming and outgoing tidel. The head of

water is then used to drive turbines to generate electricity from the

elevated water in the basin as in hydroelectric dams.

Barrages can be designed to generate electricity on the ebb side, or

both. Tidal range (4.5-12.4 m) from site to site. A tidal range of at least 7

m is required for economical operation and for sufficient head of water

for the turbines.84

1.14.8 Geothermal Energy:-

Geothermal energy is a very clean source of power. It comes from

radioactive decay in the core of the Earth, which heats the earth from the

inside out and thus energy power can be extracted owing to the

temperature difference between hot rock deep in the earth and relatively

cool surface air and water. This requires that the hot rock be relatively

shallow, so it is site-specific and can only be applied in geologically

active areas. It can be used in two ways.

Geothermal Heating :-

Geothermal Electricity :

As stated above, the geothermal energy from the case of the earth

is closer to the surface in some areas than in others where hot

underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface, it

may be used directly to heat and cool buildings or indirectly it can be

used to generate electricity by running the steam/ gas turbines. Even

otherwise on most of the globe, the temperature of the crust a few feet

below the surface in buffered to a constant 7-14 degree Celsius, so a

liquid can be pre-heated or pre-cooled in underground pipelines,

50

providing free cooling, in the summer and heating in the winter by using

a heat pump.85

1.14.9 Ocean Thermal Energy:-

This is also an indirect method of utilization solar energy. A large

amount of solar energy is collected and stored in tropical oceans. The

surface of the water acts as the collector for solar heat, while the upper

layer of the sea constitutes infinite heat storage reservoir. Thus the heat

contained in the oceans, could be converted into electrical energy by

utilizing the fact that the temperature difference between the warm

surface waters of the tropical oceans and the colder waters in the depth is

about 20-250 k. Utilization of this energy, with its associated temperature

difference and its conversion into work, forms the basis of Ocean

Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems. The surface water, which

is at higher temperature, could be used to heat some low boiling organic

fluid and the vapor of which would run a heat engine. The exit vapor

would be conducted by pumping cold water from the deeper regions. The

amount of energy available for ocean is replenished continuously. All the

systems of OTEC method work on a closed ranking cycle. It uses low

boiling organic fluids like ammonia, propane, R-12, R-I2 etc.86

1.14.10 Biomass Energy:-

Since the beginning of civilization biomass has been a major

source of energy throughout the world. Biomass is the primary source of

energy for early 50% of the world’s populations and wood biomass is a

major renewable energy source in the developing world, representing a

significant proportion of the rural energy supply. In the past decade, the

number of countries exploitation biomass opportunities for the provision

of energy has increased rapidly and has helped make biomass an

attractive and promising option in comparison to other renewable energy

51

sources. The global use of biomass for energy increases continuously and

has doubled in the last 40 years.87

Concerns about sustainable energy supplies, commitments to the

Kyoto protocol (i.e. the additional cost of carbon imposed through carbon

trading increases the cost of fossil fuels and therefore makes “carbonlean”

biomass more competitive, increasing prices for fossil fuels and

availability of stocks of wood raw material have been major influences on

the promotion of wood energy policies. Renewability and versatility are

among many other important advantages of biomass as an energy source.

The biomass resources currently available come from a wide range of

sources these can be classified into woody biomass, agriculture residues

and wastes.88

1.14.10.1 Biomass:-

Biomass is an organic matter and is basically a form of solar

energy. The term is used for all materials originating from

photosynthesis. In one week, the earth receives an amount of energy

equivalent to total reserves of non-conventional energy. In other words,

energy is one day’s sunlight is equivalent of 1/5 of the known reserves of

fossil fuels. By photosynthesis, solar energy can be converted into

biomass, which in turn can be stored and used as fuel in various forms.

Many of the micro-organisms when they digest the biomass in the

absence of air produce alcohol or methane gas which imports energy on

combustion. Since biomass is obtained through the process of

photosynthesis, biomass energy is considered to be another form of

indirect use of solar energy. The reaction of photosynthesis in the

presence of solar radiation can be represented as follow.

H2 O + CO2 – CH2 O + O2

52

In this reaction, water and CO2 are converted into organic material

i.e. CH2O which breaks at high temperature and celeases the amount of

heat equal to 112000 cal. / mole.

CH2O + O2 – CO2 + H2 + 112k. cal./mole

Solar Energy – Photosynthesis – Energy Generation.

For direct burning, moisture contents should be less than 30

percent. Wood and straw is normally used for combustion. Animal

wastes, sewages, compost sludge's, which contain up to 75 percent water,

can also be used.

Biomass means organic matters and photochemical approach to

harness solar energy photosynthesis- bio-mass- bioenergy, Bioenergy

include those processes where biological forms of matter such as plants,

vegetables, bacteria, enzyme, etc. provide the basis for energy or its

conversion form one form to another. The widest use of bio energy is the

conventional way where wood plants and agricultural matter are directly

burnt to provide heat.89

Vegetable biomass is a new name for plant organic material where

in solar energy is trapped and stored through the process of

photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide water are transformed and form

energy rich compounds. Biomass includes both terrestrial as well as

aquatic matter and can be conveniently grouped into new plant growth,

plant residues and waste. The new plant growth includes wood, short-

rotation tree, herbaceous plants, conventional crops algae (fresh water

and marine) aquatic plants. The residues cover not only crop materials,

such as straws husks, bagasses, corn cobs etc., but also secondary level

products such as cow dung, animal droppings forest based residues like

bark, saw dust, wood shaving etc. The term wastes have been loosely

used. It is matter of vegetable origin in wrong place. It is of disposable

nature like garbage, night soil, sewage solids and industrial refuse.90

53

Biomass should be termed not only as a potential renewable source

of energy but also as a renewable feedstock for chemicals.

Technologically, biomass can provide all forms of energy and the

products normally derived from fossil fuels. Biomass can be an attractive

source of solid fuels either for its direct use, or through conversion routes

to meet growing energy demands and do partly replace and conserve

fossil fuels. The production of usable thermal energy form the biomass

can be achieved through the gasification and the combustion process.

India is one of the fast developing countries with ample prospects

for improving specific per capita energy consumption. The conventional

non-renewable energy, i.e. hydel power has also been exploitation.

Biomass is the third largest primary energy resources in the world,

after coal, oil. Currently, in all forms, biomass provides more than 10%

world’s annual energy consumption. The use of biomass provides partial

substitution of fossil fuels, has gained additional importance, since, it has

the potential to be CO2 neutral. This is particularly the case with regard to

agricultural residues or energy plantations which are periodically planted

and harvested.

In addition, the cultivated land from world yield about 1 to 10

tonnes of bio-waste per hectare after the harvest of usable crops. The

annual organic residue of such waste product (rice) husk, coconut shell

etc. would amount to about 111 million tones in India.91

Biomass energy plays a vital role in meeting local energy is widely

used in many developed countries as well as in part of the non-

industrialized world. Biomass is primary source of energy for close to 2.4

billion people in developing countries. It is easily available to many of

the world’s poor and provides vital and affordable energy for cooking and

space heating. Biomass-based industries are a significant source of

enterprise development, job creation and income generation in rural

54

areas. With proper management backed by adherence to appropriate

ecological practices, modern biomass can be a sustainable exploitation,

biomass is not only a vital source of energy in the future.

The share of biomass in global energy consumption has remained

roughly the same over the past 30 years. Biomass energy accounted for

19 percent the world’s final energy consumption in 2002. The

International Energy Agency (IEA, 2004), estimates that at global level

the share of biomass in total final energy consumption is comparable to

that of electricity (16 percent) and gas (16 percent).92

At regional level, however, the share of biomass energy in total

energy consumption varies significantly. Developing regions (Africa,

Asia and Latin America) record high levels of reliance on biomass

energy. Biomass is the principal energy source for the poor of the

developing world. This is especially true for conventional biomass

energy, which is often collected as a free fuel. There appears to be a

correlation between poverty levels and conventional biomass use in many

developing countries. As a rule, the poorer the country the greater the

reliance on conventional biomass resources.93

The use of biomass energy varies significantly across the globe.

Biomass energy is an important source of energy in many developing

countries, especially in sub-saharan Africa, the role of biomass energy in

industrized countries is more modest. Even in developing parts of the

world there are variations in the type of biomass energy resources vary

geographically are not uniformly distributed. Use of Biomass energy is

dependent on various factors such as geographical location, land use

patterns, preferences and cultural and social issues.

The use of biomass power for generation has increased over the

last decade. In the United States, electricity generation from biomass

grew by 7 percent each year between 1990 and 1994, reaching 59000

55

gigawatt-hours in 1994. Such growth could result in an industry with a

capacity of approximately 30 gigawatts, producing 15000 to 20000

gigawatt-hours by 2020. In Europe, biomass energy currently account for

about 2 percent of total consumption.94

Biomass is a renewable energy resources derived from the

carbonaceous waste, various human and natural activities. It is derived

from numerous sources including the by products from the wood

industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, households

wastes etc.

Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it

absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as its releases when

consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate

electricity with the same equipment that is now being used for burning

fossil fuels. Biomass is an important source of energy and the most

important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. Bio energy in the

form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is expected to become

one of the Key-energy resources for global sustainable development.

Biomass offers higher energy efficiency through from biogas than by

direct burning.95

Biomass has been one of the main energy source for the mankind

ever since the dawn of civilization, although its importance dwindled

after the expansion in the use of oil and coal in the late 19th century.

There has been a resurgence of interest in the recent years in biomass

energy many countries considering the benefits it offers. It is renewable,

widely available and carbon-neutral and has the potential to provide

significant productive employment in the rural areas for India; biomass

has always been an important energy source.

Presently, industrial sector consumes approximately 35 percent of

total electricity generated in the country. In the absence of good quality

56

and reliable power from the State Electricity Board (SEBs), industrial

units are increasingly generating their own power (largely through diesel

generators) or meeting their thermal energy requirements through captive

means utilizing fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas, as fossil fuels

are limited and have adverse environmental impact, use of non-

conventional energy sources including biomass energy is being

encourages for meeting partial/total requirements of industries for both

electrical and thermal energy.96

Several industries require electrical as well as thermal energy for

their operations. These requirements can either be met through different

energy sources, or from a single source which is capable of generating

electricity as well as producing thermal energy. Simultaneous production

of power and thermal energy from a single fuel source is termed as co-

generation. The power generated from such co-generation plants can be

used for meeting the captive requirements and the surplus power

produced can be exported to the grid. It has been estimated that there is a

potential for generation of about 1500 MW through co-generation in

various core industries in the country, including sugar industry. In

particular, there is significant potential in breweries, caustic soda plants,

textile mills, distilleries, fertilizer plants, paper and pulp industry, solvent

extraction units sugar mills, rice mills, petrochemical plants etc.97

Similarly, there is a good potential for development of gasifier

systems for the generation of electricity/heat in various industries such as

bakeries, food processing, silica/ceramics, rice mills, steed re-

rolling/scrap, refractory's, cold storages etc.

In Maharashtra, the Vidarbha region receives abundant quality of

energy from biomass, abundant rainy water, non polluted air gifted by

nature. Particularly we are fulfilled about electrical energy as the

maximum amount of electricity is generated in Vidarbha region.

57

The countries like America, Europe, Japan generate electricity

from all renewable sources like biomass energy. Hence, there is no load

shading though they have more demand of electricity. But in vidarbha or

in India due to lack of planning it can’t fulfill our requirements and have

to face load shading for 6 to 10 hours mainly in summer. Students,

farmers, industries, hospitals, patients and general persons are suffered

from it. Rich one can use generator or invertors, which are not in reach of

everybody.

The generator and investors are not the permanent remedy on load

shading. If we enjoy our future life, we must have to use the biomass

energy. We can use biomass energy and can save valuable fossil fuels

such as gaseous fuel. Fossil fuels which are limited and are getting

exhausted at fast rate, this will lead the problem of shortage of fuels in

future.

To avoid the environmental pollution, and its effects on the living

being, it is necessary to use non conventional sources of energy.

Unfortunately, due to high cost of the necessary initial investment at

present, we are unable to utilize this vast and abundant source of energy.

The only need is to aware about its use and give information of

appliances using biomass energy.

Now a day's most of the people in India preferably in Maharashtra

are suffering from electrical cut off i.e. load shading. This load shading

affects the agriculture, industrial, student, hospital fields. Though we

have adequate abundant sources of energy like biomass. We are

dependent of fossil fuels, by extreme use of fossil fuels it will get exhaust

very soon, similarly create pollution, which is hazards to living being.

However, in current development biomass energy is dominantly

used not only in developing countries but also in developed countries an

important industrial energy option.

58

The share of biomass shows large variation amongst countries as

well, as for example at present Finland derives over 20 percent of total

primary energy supply from biomass, while Sweden, Austria and

Australia have shares about 17.11 and 3.3 pre cent, respectively.

Biomass has always been an important energy source in India

although the energy scenario in India today indicates a growing about

32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from

biomass and more than 70% of the country’s population depends upon it

for its energy needs.98

The Government of India, through its Ministry of Non-

conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has been a aware of the potential

and role of biomass energy in the India context and hence, has initiates

number of programmes for promotion of modern technologies for its use

in various sectors of the economy to ensure derivation and maximum

benefits. Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts

investments of over Rs. 600 crores every years, generating more than

5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10

million man-days in the rural areas. The three main technologies being

promoted by the MNES for productive utilization of biomass are

bagasses-based co-generation in sugar mills, biomass power generation

and biomass gasification for thermal and electrical applications. 99

1.15 Biomass Resources:-

Biomass resources that can be used for energy production cover a

wide range of materials. The use of biomass energy can be separated into

two categories.

Conventional biomass is generally confined to developing

countries and small scale usage. It includes fuel wood and charcoal for

domestic use rice husk, other plant residues and animal dung.

59

Modern biomass usually involves large uses and is a substitute for

conventional fossil fuel energy sources. It includes forest wood and

agricultural residues, urban waste and biogas and bio-fuel energy

crops.100

1.15.1 Energy Crops:-

Although the term energy crops may be unfamiliar to some, the

concept of energy crops has been around for many years. In fact,

agricultural and forestry crops and their residues were a measure source

of energy until the discovery of oil in 1859. These crops are fast-growing

plants, trees or other herbaceous biomass which are harvested specifically

for energy production. Rapidly-growing, pest-tolerant, site and soil-

specific crops have been identified by making use of bioengineering. For

example, operational yield in the northern hemisphere is 10-15 tonnes a

annually. A typical 20 MW steam cycle power station using energy crops

would require a land area of around 8000 hq to supply energy on rotation.

Energy crops are generally divided into two types herbaceous and woody.

Since 1980, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has studied

approximately 125 different species of herbaceous and woody crops to

determine which crop would be most appropriate for energy production.

1.15.1.1 Herbaceous Energy Crops:-

Herbaceous energy crops are harvested annually two to three years

to reach full productivity. These include grasses such as switch-grass,

elephant grass, bamboo, sweet sorghum, wheatgrass etc.101

1.15.1.2 Wood Energy Crops:-

Short rotation wood crops are fast growing, hardwood trees

harvested within five to eight years after planting, Wood biomass is the

most important renewable energy source if proper management of

vegetation in ensured.

60

These energy crops include.

1) Acacia Nilotica (babul)

2) Albizzia Lebbek (Siris)

3) Delbergla Sisso (Shisam)

4) Eucalyptus Camaldulusis (Nilgiri)

5) Prosps Chilenis (Pardeshi Babul)

6) Tamrindus Indica (Imli)

7) Zizyphus Jujuba (Ber)

8) Sesbania Grandiflora (Agethi)

9) Poplar Nigra (Poplar)

10) Syzijium Cumini (Jamun)

If these plants be grown at a very right time then 30-40 tones of dry

mass/hectare can be obtained at the age of only 24-28 months.

1.15.1.3 Industrial Crops:-

Industrial crops are grown to produce specific industrial chemical

or materials, e.g. kenaf and straws for fiber and castor for recinoleic acid.

New transgenic crops are being developed that produced the desired

chemicals as part of the plant composition, requires only extraction and

purification of the product.

1.15.1.4 Agricultural Crops:-

Agricultural crops include cornstarch and corn oil, soybean oil and

meal, wheat starch, other vegetable oils etc. and any newly developed

component of future commodity crops. They generally yield sugars, oil

and extractives, although they can also be used to produce plastic and

other chemicals and products.

1.15.1.5 Aquatic Crops :-

A wide variety of aquatic biomass resources exist such as algae,

giant kelp, other seaweed and marine microflora, commercial example

61

include giant kelp extracts for thickness and food additions, algal dyes

and novel biocatalyst for use in bio processing under extreme

environments.102

1.15.2 Residues:-

All processing of biomass yields by products and waste streams

collectively called residues which have significant energy potential. A

wide range of biomass resources are available for transformation into

energy in natural forest, rural areas and urban centers. Some of the

sources have been discussed in following paragraphs.

1.15.2.1 Pulp and Paper Residues:-

The largest sources of energy from wood are the waste product

from the pulp and paper industry called black liquor. Logging and

processing operations generate vast amounts of biomass residues. Wood

processing produces sawdust and a collection of bark, branches and

leaves/needless. A paper mill which consumes vast amount of electricity,

utilizes the pulp residues to create energy for in-house usage.103

1.15.2.2 Forest Residues:-

Forest harvesting is a major source of biomass for energy.

Harvesting may occur as thinning in young stands, or cutting in older

stands for timber or pulp that also yields top and branches usable for bio-

energy. Harvesting operations usually remove only 25 to 50 percent of

the volume, leaving the residues available as biomass for energy. Stands

damaged by insects, disease or fire are additional sources of biomass.

Forest residues have low density and fuel values that keep transport costs

high, so it is economical to insult to reduce the biomass density in the

forest itself.

62

1.15.2.3 Agricultural Crop Residues:-

In India about 200 MT of crop residues are produced each year.

Like rice husk, cotton stalk etc. rural people are largely depending on this

energy, residues availability in India is shown in table below.

Table 1.14

Agricultural Crop Residues Availability

Sr.No. Residues Availability (mt)

1 Rice Husk 18.8

2 Wheat Straw 68.1

3 Wheat Husk 13.1

4 Groundnut Straw 01.8

5 Cotton Stalk 08.6

6 Corn Stalk 28.5

7 Corn Straw 22.1

8 Corn Cobs 16.2

Source :- www.bioenergyconsult.com 104

Table No.1.14 shows that agriculture crop resides availability in

India per year. The availability of wheat straw, corn stalk, corn straw and

rice husk is more i.e. 68.1, 28.5, 22.1 and 18.8 MT respective to generate

bio energy.

By the process of dry burning or wet biological process we can

change these in to any types of energy.

1.15.2.4 Urban Wood Waste:-

Such waste consists of lawn and tree trimmings whole tree trunks,

wood pallets and any other construction and demolition waste made from

lumber. The rejected woody material can be collected after a construction

or demolition project and turned into mulch, compost or used to fuel bio-

energy plants.

63

1.15.2.5 Municipal Solid Waste:-

Residential, commercial and institutional post consumer wastes

contain a significant proportion of plant derived organic material that

constitute a renewable energy resources waste paper, cardboard, wood

waste and yard waste are examples of biomass resources in municipal

wastes. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is conducting research on

municipal wastes and their use in creating bio-energy.105

1.16 Advantages of Biomass Energy:-

1) Biomass energy helps in solid waste management by keeping us

pollution free. Incineration of biological wastes everyday cuts

down the levels expulsion a carbon into the atmosphere. Thus, it

maintains an ecological balance of carbon present in the

environment

2) The use of biomass energy has the potential to greatly reduce

greenhouse gas emission.

3) The use of biomass reduces dependence on foreign oil.

4) Biomass energy is an inexhaustible and renewable energy source.

The products obtained are biogas and bio fuel. Heat and Electricity

are generated during biomass energy production.

5) One of the most important advantages of biomass energy is that it

is cost effective. Generally, the energy is generated and supplied in

the same are due to which installation to large pipelines is not

required.106

6) There is plethora of organic waste and agricultural waste generated

everyday. Biomass is produced from the wastes which makes

biomass an easily available resource.

7) Biomass energy has greatest potential of any renewable energy

option for baseload electric power production.

64

8) Rural economics will grow because of the development of a local

industry convert biomass to either electricity or transportation

fuels.

9) It is also the renewable resource with the most promise for

producing economically competitive liquid transportation fuels.

10) The fuel tends to be cheap.

11) Biomass energy is one of humanity’s earliest sources of energy.

Biomass is used to meet a variety of energy needs, including

generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and

providing process heat for industrial facilities.107

1.17 Options for the Conversion of Biomass to Energy

The conversion of resulting biomass to usable fuels can be

accomplished by biological or chemical means or by a combination of

both, which are summerised in figure No. 1.7

Figure No. 1.7

Options for the Conversion of Biomass to Energy

Solar Energy

65

The technical processing of the biomass depends on many factors,

including moisture level and chemical complexity, material with a high

water content normally undergo aqueous processing which avoids the

need for substrate drying.

Alcoholic fermentation to ethanol, chemical reduction to only

hydrocarbons, are all possible, low moisture burnt to generate heat or to

raise steam for electricity generation. These may be subjected to thermo

chemical processes such as gasification’s and pyrolysis to produce energy

rich commands such as gaseous oil, charcoal and eventually methanol

and ammonia.

From time immemorial, biomass has been in use as reliable source

of energy all over the world burning of cow dung and wood, provide one

third of energy used by developing world. If fact one-seventh of the

energy consumed in the world’s derived from biomass, which is

equivalent to about 3 million tones of oil per day.108

1.18 New Areas of Biomass-to-Energy Conversion Technology:-

Carpentieri et al (1992) and Goldemberg et al (1992) while

discussing the bioenergy conversion technologies have identified five

fundamental forms of biomass energy use.

1. The "Conventional” domestic use in the developing countries for

household cooking lighting and space heating. In this role, the

efficiency of conversion of the biomass to useful energy has been

raised from 5 per cent to 20 percent.

2. The "Conventional industrial" use of biomass for the processing of

tobacco, tea, pig iron, bricks and tiles etc. where the biomass

feedstock is often regarded as a free energy source. There is

generally little incentive to use biomass efficiently and so the

conversion of the feedstock to useful energy commonly occurs at

an efficiency of 15 to 30 per cent.

66

3. The "Modern industrial" activities relates to thermal conversion

technologies. Expected conversion efficiencies are between 30 to

55 per cent.

4. Newer "Chemical Conversion" technologies (Fuel Cell) are

capable of bypassing the entropy-dictated Carnot Cycle limit which

describes the maximum theoretical conversion efficiencies of

thermal units.

5. "Biological conversion" techniques, including anaerobic digestion

of biogas production and fermentation of alcohol.

In general, biomass conversion technologies have to deal with

feedstock which can be highly variable in mass and energy density size,

moisture, content and intermittent supply. Therefore, modern industrial

technologies, are often hybrid fossil fuel / biomass technologies which

was the fossil fuel for drying, preheating and maintaining fuel supply

when the biomass supply is interrupted.109

1.19 Process for Biomass Conversion to Energy:-

It is evident from the above discussion that a variety of feedstock

available for exploitation for conversion to the bio fuels as well as for

power generation applications. In view of this a variety of process exists

for biomass conversions, bio-chemical and chemical conversions and

direct combustion. The thermal conversion process consist of fast and

slow pyrolysis and biomass gasification, the bio chemical conversion is

fermentation and anaerobic digestion chemical conversion are trans-

esterfication and other processes to convert plant and vegetable oils to

bio-diesel and direct combustion of wood and other biomass is being used

for a very long. This subsection presents a critical review of these known

processes in Indian scenario.110

67

1.19.1 Thermal Conversion Processes- Liquefaction, Pyrolysis and

Gasification -

The main thermal conversion processes known for biomass

conversion are liquefaction, slow and fast pyrolysis and gasification. The

chemical composition of biomass is very different from that of coal, oil,

oil shales, etc.. The presence of large amount of oxygen in plant

carbohydrate polymers means the pyrolytic chemistry differs sharply

from these other fossil feeds. Wood and other plant biomass is essentially

a composite material constructed from oxygen-containing organic

polymers. The plant biomasses mainly consist of low molecular weight

organic extractives and inorganic minerals and macro-molecules like

polysaccharides e.g. cellulose and polyoses and lignin. The species

undergoing chemical change during thermal conversion are cellulose,

hemicelluloses, and lignin. Pyrolysis is the fundamental chemical reaction

process that is the precursor of both the gasification and combustion of

solid fuels. In simple terms pyrolysis is defined as the chemical changes

occurring when heat is applied to a material in the absence of oxygen.

Combustion of biomass for use in internal combustion engines for power

generation provides an important alternate renewable energy resource.

Gasification is partial combustion of biomass to produce gas and

char at the first stage andsubsequent reduction of the product gases,

chiefly CO2 and H2O by the charcoal into CO and H2. The process also

generates some methane and other higher hydrocarbons depending on the

design and operating conditions of the reactor.

Flash pyrolysis of biomass is the thermo-chemical process that

converts small dried biomass particles into a liquid fuel (bio-oil or bio-

crude) for almost 75% and char and non condensable gases by heating the

biomass to 755 k in the absence of oxygen.111

68

1.19.2 Bio-chemical Conversion-Anaerobic or Fermentation:-

The process of bio-chemical conversion of biomass carried out by

alcoholic fermentation to produce liquid fuels and anaerobic digestions or

fermentation, for producing biogas. High moisture herbaceous plants

(vegetables, sugarcane, sugar beet, corn, sorghum and cotton) marine

crops and manure are most suitable for anaerobic digestion. Intermediate-

heat gas is methane mixed with CO and CO2. Methanol (high-heat gas)

can be efficiently converted into methanol. Biogas has emerged as an

important component of the renewable energy programmes of several

developing countries.

Indian rules governing MSW treatment permit only biological

methods such as fraction while large cities in India have access to

sophisticated fermentation technologies; small towns in the range of

50000-500000 population resulting in USW collection in the range of 10-

100 t/ day (available component 5-50 tones) do not have access to viable

technology. Usually these urban local bodies are cash starved and find it

difficult to find finances for collection and processing. Conversion to

biogas, compost or vermicompost provides good revenues that can match

the collection and operating cost pilot plants of 1-2 t/day have been built

in three towns and preliminary trials were encouraging.112

1.19.3 Chemical Conversion Process:-

A range of chemical process may be used to convert biomass into

other forms, such as to produce fuel that is more conveniently used,

transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself.

Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based

processes such as Fisher-Tropsch synthesis, methanol production, olefins

(ethylene and propylene) and similar chemical or fuel feed stocks. In

most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the

most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk. Biomass is more

69

difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore

biomass gasification frequently is done at atmospheric pressure and often

involves mainly pyrolysis, as opposed to gasification, which by strict

definition involves conversion of char to carbon monoxide and

hydrogen.113

1.20 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy:-

1) Availability of some biomass round the year and collecting the

waste in sufficient quantities can be difficult.

2) Over-collecting wood results in deformation which causes soils

erosion, depleting moisture content, increased run-off that can

cause flooding at downstream.

3) When plant and animal wastes are used as fuel, they cannot be

added to the soil as fertilizer, soil without fertilizer an be depleted

of nutrients and produce fewer crops.

4) Biomass has less calorific value than a similar volume of fossil

fuels.

5) Greenhouse gases produced by burning.

6) Extra costs of installing technology to process and recycle wastes.

7) Expensive to collect, harvest and store equal materials.114

1.21 Biomass-based Power Generation:-

India produces a huge quality of biomass material in its

agricultural, agro industrial and forestry operations. A portion of these

materials is used for fodder and fuel in the rural economy, most of the

biomass material do not found much productive in use and can be made

available for alternative uses at an economical cost. These materials

include a variety of husks and straws. In addition, electricity can also be

generated from biomass grown on wastelands, road / and rail trackside

plantations etc.

70

Among the various forms of promotion of renewable energy,

biomass is the important mode with potential to generate power to the

extent to more than 57% of the entire countries, requirement. India is

predominantly agricultural country, with perennial rivers flowing through

the country, the country a boast of one of the largest producers of

agricultural and forest produce. Huge quantity of biomass in the form of

husk, straw, shells of coconuts etc. and wild bushes are available. With

advent of combustion technology definite progress has been made in the

development of biomass based power projects.115

The technology for generation of electricity from this biomass

material is similar to the conventional coal-based thermal power

generation which drives a turbo alternator for generation of electricity.127

Major types of biomass based power systems are direct-fired, co-

firing, gasification, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, most of the higher

capacity biomass based power plants in the world use direct fired

systems. They burn bio energy feed stocks directly to produce steam.

This steam is used to drive a turbine and a generator coupled to the

turbine then converts it into electricity. In some industries, the steam from

the power plant is also used as process steam. These are known as

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) facilities or co-generation plants for

instance, rice husk and wood waste are often used to produce both

electricity and steam. In process plants many coal-fired power plants can

use co-firing systems to significantly reduce emissions, especially sulphor

dioxide emissions.116

1.21.1 Advantages of Biomass for Power Generation are as following:-

1.21.1.1 Social and Economic Well-being:-

a) Project has been generated employment for the local populace

which improved the economic conditions and standard of living of

the people. The generation of employment opportunities in the

71

rural area prevents migration from rural areas to cities. Indirect

employment is created in activities such as collection,

transportation and handling of biomass residues.

b) The project activity is utilized locally available biomass resources,

normally, cotton stalks and other crop residues like sugarcane top

and trash for power generation. The sale of biomass residues is

improved the economic levels of farmers in the area as they earn

additional revenues which in the absence of this project would not

have been possible.

c) The implementation of power project is encouraged setting up of

more industries in the region due to uninterrupted power supply in

the region, thereby bringing in additional investment into the

region and hence leading to overall socio-economic development.

1.21.1.2 Environmental Well-being:-

1. The project activity has been generated power through utilization

of renewable energy sources, which regenerate unlike fossil fuel

resources. Hence, it reduces pressure and continuous dependence

on the rapidly depleting fossil fuel resources for power generation.

2. The biomass residues are carbon neutral in nature and hence no

environmental problems would arise due to implementation of

power project.

3. The project activity avoids unintended emissions from uncontrolled

burning and decay of biomass in the fields and indirectly protects

the local environment from air pollution.

4. The project activity reduced GHG emissions in to the atmosphere;

thereby support the climate change mitigation.

72

1.21.1.3 Technological Well-being:-

1. The project activity leads to an increase in utilization of biomass

resources for power generation and contributes to the energy

security in the country.

2. The project activity employs the state of the art technology in

biomass power sector and contribute to technology development in

the region.117

1.22 Significance of Topic:-

Maharashtra state is aggressive in power generation or production

is more than other states. But deficits power generation is causing

increase in load shedding. Increasing load shedding is badly affecting

farming and other industries. Maharashtra state is importing power from

other states due to this deficit power. Therefore, employment and income

of state is transforming towards another state and resulting in adverse

effects on economical condition of state. So conservation of power and

availability are most important aspects. But it is needed to utilize

available power and use of modern power technology. Coal, natural

gases, and petroleum fuel, etc. natural resource takes lots of time to

prepare. In present as well as in past never ending non-conventional or

modern resources like wind, solar energy, biological factors will be very

important.

Solar energy, wind, biogas, biomass and wave, tidal gives clear and

environment friendly energy and it is renewable, so it gets more

importance. And biomass power project is a big option to Renewable

power generation. It is helping Maharashtra for employment generation,

agricultural development and in joint business conservation and balance

of environment, availability of cheap power in place of costlier renewable

power, urban rural regions industrial farming and development and

finally towards human development. Biomass power project of

73

Maharashtra is giving a lot to state. So study of biomass power project of

Maharashtra is essential. It is essential to do research study on

economical view.

1.23 Formulation of Topic:-

Biomass power plant can provide long lasting and permanent

power. But it is not possible due to problems in front of such projects, so

it is needed to find out problems and reasons of problem in research. Is

biomass power project facing technical problems? Is there continuous

availability of biomass fuel? Is there any uncertainty in price of biomass

fuel? Is any separate market available for biomass fuel? Is the project has

capacity to store biomass fuel? Is there trained person available to handle

biomass fuel or they are given training for that purpose? Is project cause

any harms to environment? Is there any labour problem? Is useful water

available for all? Is there any difference between power generation cost

and expense cost? and is this project is profitable to us? The interrogation

leads to a proper design and formulation of the problem.

1.24 Objectives of the Present Study:

The following are the main objectives of the present study.

1) To study the present position of non-conventional energy resources in

India.

2) To review the present status of biomass power projects in India and

Maharashtra.

3) To study the development of Biomass energy in India and

Maharashtra.

4) To workout economic analysis of the Biomass Power Projects.

5) To assess the operational problems faced by biomass power projects in

Maharashtra.

74

6) To make suggestions to improve the formulation and implementation

of biomass energy development programme in India and particularly

in Maharashtra State.

1.25 Research Methodology:-

The present research study based on primary and secondary data.

In Maharashtra; there are 14 biomass power projects. Out of them only

three projects are in working now. These three biomass power projects

are located at Aurangabad, Nanded, and Chandrapur. So the present study

is confined to these three biomass power projects in Maharashtra state.

While bringing about the work of research, diagnostic and discritptive

research designs are used.

For primary data collection survey and observation methods are

used. Three biomass power projects from Aurangabad, Nanded and

Chandrapur districts were selected using purposive samapling method.

General Managers of each selected biomass power poejct were contacted

for collection of information pertaining to economic conditions and

operational problems with the help of questionnaire.

The secondary data have been collected from reference books,

publications government reports, project reports of biomass power

projects, monthly magazines, newspapers and internet etc. The researcher

has arrived at conclusion after analyzing the data with the help of

mathematical and statistical tools. Simple statistical tools such as average,

percentage, ratio, graph and diagrams are used for this purpose.

1.26 Limitation of Research:-

This research is limited to the biomass power projects at

Aurangabad, Nanded and Chandrapur district only and economic analysis

of these projects is dependent on economical reports of the projects for

the year 2012-13 only.

75

1.27 Scope of the Research:-

The scope of the research is significant due to various local,

national and international level importance of non-conventional

production of energy. The study also has the scope for studying the

peculiar and particular problems of the projects in order to offer the

solutions to them for improvement and advancement

1.28 Scheme of Chapters.

The present study divided in six chapters:

Chapter I: Introduction:-

The First chapter deals with the concept of energy, use of energy,

forms of energy, sources of renewable energy, demand and supply of

energy in India and Maharashtra, current status of renewable energy in

India, objectives, research methodology, and scheme of chapters.

Chapter II: Review of Literature:-

The second chapter is taken with the review of literature on non-

conventional energy in general and biomass energy in particular.

Chapter III: Historical Development of Biomass Energy In India and

Maharashtra:-

The third chapter presents applications of the various biomass

technologies, historical development of biomass energy in India &

Maharashtra, current status of biomass energy in world, India and

Maharashtra, Barriers Of development of biomass energy in India.

Chapter IV: Profile of Selected Biomass Power Projects In

Maharashtra State:-

The fourth chapter deals with profile of selected biomass power

projects in Maharashtra state.

76

Chapter V: Economic analysis of Biomass Power Projects In

Maharashtra State:-

The fifth chapter deals with the economic analysis of selected

biomass power projects in Maharashtra state.

Chapter VI: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:-

The Six chapter and final chapter elementary chapters, it covers the

conclusions and recommendations to solve the problems faced by

biomass power projects in Maharashtra, Finally it also suggests a proper

strategy for effective implementation of the biomass energy development

programme.

77

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80

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81

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57. Ibid., P. 17.

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64. Ibid., P. 10.

65. Ibid., P. 10.

66. www.mner.gov.in

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82

70. Zenith Corporate Services (2006), Detailed Project Report on 10

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71. Ibid., P. 13.

72. Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (2010),

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to Fy 2015-16), Mumbai, P. 23.

73. Ibid., P. 23-24.

74. Fernandez D. and Harom (2011), Electricity power plant, 30 A

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75. Korhale Rucha (2005), "Renewable Energy Sources-Policies of

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76. Ibid. P. 8.

77. Ibid.

78. TERI (2000), "TERI Energy Data Directory and year book",

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79. Gyan, Research and Analytics Pvt. Ltd., (2012), Opp-cit. P. 4-5.

80. Ibid., P. 5.

81. Kumar S. Rathi M., Patil A. and Nadrajog P. (2012), Opp-cit., P. 3.

82. Sinha P. C. (2009), "Handbook of Alternate Energy SBS

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83. Ibid., P. 66.

84. Taylor R. H. (1983), "Alternative Energy Sources", Published by

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85. Sidhu K. A. (2006), "Non-Conventional Energy Resources" P. 5.

86. Dhillon G. S., Sasfey V. V. (1992), "Approriate Technology for 5

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87. Karekezi S., Kithyoma W. (2006), "Bioenergy and Agriculture :

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88. Sims R. H. (2003), "Bioenergy to mitigate for climate change and

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89. Tiwari Vijay Kumar (2012), "Textbook of Environmental studies",

Himalaya Publishing House, P. 125-26.

90. Ibid.

91. Robert H.M. and Collins J. H. (2007), "Handbook of Energy

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92. Karekezi S., Lata K., Coelbo (2004), Traditional Biomass Energy,

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93. Ibid., P. 231.

94. Ibid., P. 232.

95. Iba Usa (2011), India Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations

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96. Ibid., P. 8.

97. Ibid., P. 8.

98. Gumartini Tini (2009), "Biomass Energy in the Asia-pecific

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P. 17.

84

99. Pillai Venugopal (2013), Maharashtra Aims Higher in Biomass

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P. 4.

100. Komarek K. R. (2008), "Woody Biomass Resources", Paper

Published in National Association of Conservation District,

Mumbai, P. 1.

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101. Srivastava S. and Srivastava H. (2010), "Biologoical Approach to

Energy Management", Journal of International Environmental

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102. Ibid., P. 22-23.

103. Zafar Salman (2013), "A Glance at wood Biomass Resources"

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104. Ibid, P. 2.

105. Ibid. P. 2-.

106. www.wiki.answer.com.

107. www.library.thinkquest.org.

108. Robert H. M. and Collins J. H. (2007), Opp-cit, P. 161.

109. Chaturvedi Pradeep (1994), Bio-Energy Resources, Planning

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110. Singh J. and GU Sai (2010), "Biomass Conversion to Energy in

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111. Ibid., P. 1372-13173

112. Ibid., P. 1374-1375.

113. Ibid., P. 1375-1376.

85

114. www.healthandlifestyle.ilikeit.asia

115. Dwivedi Rishi Moni (2011), Energy Sources and Polices in India,

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116. www.renewableenerggy.com

117. www.netinform.com