CHAPTER FOUR

HISTORY, MISSION, AND “WORKING PERSONALITY” OF POLICE

POLICE FUNCTION

Central part of gov’t since people began creating gov’t

POLICE = MILITARY

HISTORY

1500 B.C.E. Mesopotamia had police forces Their mission: torture suspects to obtain

confessions and mistreat prisoners 1750 B.C.E.

King Hammurabi

CODE OF HAMMURABI

Set of laws engraved on black stone tablets Lex Talionis—”eye for an eye”

Covered: theft, ownership, sexual relationships and interpersonal violence

300 Clauses of law Lended predictability to punishments “If a man has kidnapped the son of a free

man, he shall be put to death”

MODERN POLICING

Created in London in 1829 LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE

ENGLISH HISTORY

Initially a local responsibility

FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM: every male over the age of 12 was required to form a group with nine neighbors into a “tithing”. Ten tithings were grouped into a “hundred”. Hundrends were supervised by a “hundredman”

ENGLISH HISTORY

1066----WILLIAM THE DUKE OF NORMANDY Divided the country in counties or shires and

appointed reeves to collect taxes, seize property and stop political dissent

SHIRES plus REEVES SOUNDS LIKE????

MAGNA CARTA 1215MAGNA CARTA 1215

King John ultimately was forced to sign

Protected certain rights of the King’s subjects allowing appeals against unlawful imprisonment

His will could be bound by law

TAXATION FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

Constables worked for courts Served warrants and

summonses Arrested suspects Helped prosecute criminals

Night watchmen (all men) Patrol from dusk to dawn Public duty Made fun of

ENGLISH REFORM

Henry Fielding (writer, Tom Jones) 18th Century became magistrate of Bow Street Region of London because he was having $$ problems

At this time there were 223 crimes for which a person could be hanged

BOW STREET RUNNERS

First group to emphasize crime prevention

Joined by the Bow Street Horse PatrolBow Street Horse Patrol

““Redbreasts” Redbreasts”

SIR ROBERT PEEL 1829

First modern police force He was England’s home secretary Got through Parliament on “Act for Improving

the Police in and Near the Metropolis” 1000 uniformed, handpicked men Structured along military lines

Metropolitan Police—Bobbies, walked beats

Also called “PEELERS”PEELERS”

The police must be stable, efficient, and organized along military lines. The police must be under government control The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of police. The distribution of crime news is essential. The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of

temper; a quiet, determined manner has more effect than violent action. Good appearance commands respect. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency. Public security demands that very police officer be given a number. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the

people. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. Police records are necessary for the best distribution of police strength.

AMERICA

English dominated early settlers

NIGHTWATCHES

SLAVE PATROLS

CONSTABLES

Large areas of uncharted territory Wealth Dispersed population Wild west

Charles Lynch—Virginia farmer Vigilante justice—lynching Judge Roy Bean

Wild Bill Hickok Bat Masterson Wyatt Earp

1830-1860 cities grew, urban unrest, riots

Use of force was a BIG ISSUE

FIRST POLICE DEPARTMENTS

First city to have a paid police force was: NEW YORK

TEXAS RANGERS

1874

First Agency Similar to

State Police

Responsible for boarder patrol

Apprehend Mexican Cattle Rustlers

FEATURES OF EARLY PD

Organized, military hierarchy Part of Executive Branch Uniforms—didn’t go over well Proactive—out on patrol

Downsides Patrol on foot---no backup Corruption Politics

1902 International Association of Chiefs of Police—voice for police reform

1915 Fraternal Order of Police

1910 Alice Stebbins Wells—LAPD first Policewoman

1919 Boston police strike—State Militia took over

PROHIBITION

Volstead Act----18th Amendment

Contributed to the rise of organized crime

Police corruption

“CROOKING CATCHING”

Police were expected to take a proactive approach to laws that many citizens opposed

CRIME FIGHTERS vs PUBLIC CRIME FIGHTERS vs PUBLIC OPINIONOPINION

President Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 1931 Wickersham Commission Report found

Police supervisors term was too short Lack of effective, efficient and honest patrolmen No effort to train, educate and discipline Equipment necessary

PROFESSIONAL ERA OF POLICING---1950’s Police departments adopted the military

model for policing recommended by Sir Robert Peel

Abolished foot patrols—motorized patrol

Central Headquarters

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Police record systems Fingerprints Serology Toxicology Evidence collection Radio communication

CONSEQUENCES

Officers were discouraged from getting involved with citizens for fear of breeding corruption

Efficiency of the operation was more important than solving problems

Human relation skills not important

1960’s TURMOIL AND CRISIS

Supreme court decisions Civil rights movement Vietnam War demonstrations Crime rate grew Drug abuse Police unionization

President John F. Kennedy was killed—1963

Martin Luther King Jr.----1968

Robert F. Kennedy---1968

Medgar Evers---1963

1968

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS FINDINGS:

Abrasive relationship between police and minorities

Police had lost touch with citizens

Police had no intelligence information prior to incidents

Police did not comprehend that disorders were imminent

RESULTS

OMNIBUS CRIME CONTROL AND SAFE STREETS ACT

1970’S

End of war

Training in cultural sensitivity

Federal government support

More training and $$ for equipment

Recruitment of women and minorities

Community Oriented Policing

1980’s and 1990’sAwareness of community issues

COP

POST 9/11

PLACES GREATER EMPHASIS ON AGGRESSIVE POLICING

DEPARTMENTS MUST PLAN ON HOW TO RESPOND TO A TERRORIST ATTACK

HOMELAND SECURITY HAS BECOME HIGHEST PRIORITY

HOMELAND SECURITY

ESTABLISHED AFTER THE WORLD TRADE CENTER ATTACK OF 2001

PATRIOT ACT PASSED ON OCTOBER 26, 2001 GOAL; DETER TERRORISTS FROM

ENTERING AND OPERATING WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR

BOARDER AND DOMESTIC PROTECTION

COMMON COMPENT IN TERRORISM??

AGENCIES UNDER DHS

FEMA

US COAST GUARD

SECRET SERVICE

FORMAL STRUCTURE

On the outside Military model of policing Command structure Uniforms Ranks Insubordination/punishment

INFORMAL PROCESS Officers use discretion most of the time

Chiefs handle administrative duties

Patrol officers do the policing

RESPONSIBILITIES

Police have the responsibility to: protect property, protect life and defend rights

NOT: stereotype people, decide guilt or innocence

Should be: objective and maintain professional demeanor

PRIVATE POLICE/SECURITY Allan Pinkerton—mid 1800’s First for the RR For profit industry

Sworn officers work off-duty jobs Regulated by departments

ASSETS PROTECTION

LOSS PREVENTION

PROACTIVE APPROACH TO INVENTORY CONTROL

POLICE MANAGEMENT STYLES Differ according to

Community they serve Goals set by Chief

What citizens expect from police Styles

Watchman Maintain order and provide public service Avoid formal arrests, settle disputes informally Refer to Social Services

Legalistic Emphasize criminal law enforcement Impartial arrests Discretion at a minimum

Service Rely on formal rules Take requests for service seriously whether

law related or not

POLICE MISSIONS

• Criminal law enforcement• Prevent crime• Investigate crime• Find suspect• Help in prosecution

• FULL ENFORCEMENT VS SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT

Maintain order “Do something” wide range of decision

making Settle problems Do it right now

Police can use “force” Monopoly of force—separated police from

other public service agencies

DEFINATION OF ORDER

ORDERBehaving according to

ordinary standards of decency when in public

PROBLEMS FACING OFFICERS

LACK OF PUBLIC CONFIDENCE

ISSUES OF BRUTATILITY

“WORKING PERSONALITY” How does a Police Officer look at the world?

Suspicious Dangerous Officer safety issues Adventure

Competence Pulling your own weight

Morality Personal values

Solidarity Code of silence

DEPARTMENT GUIDELINES & LAWS & CONSTITUTION Creates and defines police power Sets the boundaries of discretionary decision

making Law defines order Law is the way officers define a problem Tells how to resolve a problem

5 STEPS FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS 1---RESEARCH

2—PLANNING

3—ACTION

4—COMMUNICATION

AND?????

WHICH ONE?????

SERVICE???

TRAINING??

PAYMENT??

EVALUATION???

HOW TO EVALUATE???

ALMOST THE END