chapter 9 the spine: objectives
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives. Explain how anatomical structure affects movement capabilities of the spine Identify factors influencing relative mobility and stability of different regions of the spine Explain the ways in which spine is adapted to carry out its biomechanical functions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives
• Explain how anatomical structure affects movement capabilities of the spine
• Identify factors influencing relative mobility and stability of different regions of the spine
• Explain the ways in which spine is adapted to carry out its biomechanical functions
• Explain the relationship between muscle location and the nature and effectiveness of muscle action in the trunk
• Describe the biomechanical contributions to common injuries of the spine
![Page 2: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Spine: Outline
• Structure • Muscles and movements • Low Back Pain • Strengthening exercises• Lifting guidelines• Common low pack problems• WebSite for spine and spinal problems:
MMG - Patient Education back TOC
• Study questions for exam:– Introductory problems, p 305: 1,6,7,9,10– Additional problems, p 306: 1,5,8
![Page 3: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Structure of the Spine
![Page 4: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Structure of Vertebrae
Note: orientation of facets largely determines amount of movement possibleFacets and discs share load bearingQuestion #5, p 306
![Page 5: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Facet Orientation – relatedTo movement capability
![Page 6: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Segmental Movements
Question #1, P 305
![Page 7: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Spine: Muscles• Spinal flexors – abdominal muscles
– Rectus abdominis– External and internal obliques
• Spinal extensors– Splenius cervicis and capitis (cervical)– Erector spinae (lumbar and thoracic)– Quadratus lumborum (lumbar)
![Page 8: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Muscle force vectors
![Page 9: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Flexion Exercises
• Effect of– Anchoring feet?– Bending knees?– Placement of hands and
arms?– Inclined board?
![Page 10: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Back Extension Exercises to Avoid:
Good morning exercise:Hyperextended back:
![Page 11: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Recommended Extension Exercise
![Page 12: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Loads on the spine:Line of gravity for upper body passes anterior to vertebral column, creating a forward torque
It is important to keep pelvicgirdle balanced! (Question # 6, 7 p 305)
![Page 13: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Effect of posture on lumbar compression force:
![Page 14: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Torque while lifting
![Page 15: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lifting recommendations
(1)bend knees , (2) keep weight close to hips
![Page 16: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(3) Avoid lifting while twisting and asymmetrical frontal plane loading of the trunk– it places 3 times more stress on the spine (question #9, p 205)(4) Avoid rapid, jerking motion while lifting
Lifting recommendations
![Page 17: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Common Spinal Injuries
• Lumbar spinal injury is by far the most prevalent of all areas of the spine
• Low back pain is most common and most expensive injury in work place
• Low back pain is usually related to mechanical stress• 60% of cases are ideopathic
![Page 18: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stress Fractures
• Most common type of vertebral fracture is in pars interarticularis– Spondylolysis– Spondylolisthesis
• Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis don’t tend to heal with time– Common with sports involving repeated
hyperextension of the lumbar spine.
![Page 19: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Common low back problems
Disc degeneration
Spondylolisis – separation of vertebraSpondylolisthesis – forward movement of vertebral body
![Page 20: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Disc Herniations
• Cause of 1-5% back pain cases• Protrusion of part of nucleus pulposus from the
annulus.• Traumatic or stress related.• Common sites: between 5th-6th and 6th-7th cervical
vertebrae and 4th-5th lumbar and 5th lumbar and 1st sacral.
• Sensory nerves supplying anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments generate pain signals.
![Page 21: Chapter 9 The spine: Objectives](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56812ef0550346895d948dc7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Two common causes of low back pain
Compressive, or neurogenic:Symptoms are referred due to Spinal nerve compression
Mechanical - localized pain due toDamage to facets, discs, and/or softtissue
•Illustrations below are from: MMG - Patient Education back TOC