Chapter 9 Section 1

Notes

Reforming Society

Chapter 9 Section 1

Notes

Reforming Society

1. The Second GreatAwakening

1. The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Problems in the Cities• Poverty, alcoholism, illiteracy, Poverty, alcoholism, illiteracy,

overcrowded housing, poor healthcare, overcrowded housing, poor healthcare, abuse of women, declining moral valuesabuse of women, declining moral values

• these were the problems that began to these were the problems that began to plague America's young cities in the early plague America's young cities in the early 1800s.1800s.

• Because these problems occurred first in Because these problems occurred first in the urban North, it was there that a the urban North, it was there that a powerful movement to reform American powerful movement to reform American society first took holdsociety first took hold

• Poverty, alcoholism, illiteracy, Poverty, alcoholism, illiteracy, overcrowded housing, poor healthcare, overcrowded housing, poor healthcare, abuse of women, declining moral valuesabuse of women, declining moral values

• these were the problems that began to these were the problems that began to plague America's young cities in the early plague America's young cities in the early 1800s.1800s.

• Because these problems occurred first in Because these problems occurred first in the urban North, it was there that a the urban North, it was there that a powerful movement to reform American powerful movement to reform American society first took holdsociety first took hold

Protestant Revivalists• Some of the reform Some of the reform

movements were led by movements were led by Protestant reformers Protestant reformers Charles Grandison Finney Charles Grandison Finney and Lyman Beecher and Lyman Beecher

• They preached that God They preached that God allowed people to control allowed people to control their own destinies and their own destinies and that individuals could that individuals could reform themselves reform themselves through hard work. through hard work.

• Some of the reform Some of the reform movements were led by movements were led by Protestant reformers Protestant reformers Charles Grandison Finney Charles Grandison Finney and Lyman Beecher and Lyman Beecher

• They preached that God They preached that God allowed people to control allowed people to control their own destinies and their own destinies and that individuals could that individuals could reform themselves reform themselves through hard work. through hard work.

Charles Grandison Finney

LymanBeecher

Charles Grandison Finney• The central figure in the revivalist The central figure in the revivalist

movement was Charles Grandison movement was Charles Grandison FinneyFinney

• reached thousands and promised reached thousands and promised renewing power and the love of Jesusrenewing power and the love of Jesus

• His common-sense sermons His common-sense sermons emphasized individuals' power to emphasized individuals' power to reform themselvesreform themselves.

• The central figure in the revivalist The central figure in the revivalist movement was Charles Grandison movement was Charles Grandison FinneyFinney

• reached thousands and promised reached thousands and promised renewing power and the love of Jesusrenewing power and the love of Jesus

• His common-sense sermons His common-sense sermons emphasized individuals' power to emphasized individuals' power to reform themselvesreform themselves.

Lyman Beecher• Another major revivalist came from Connecticut. Another major revivalist came from Connecticut. • Lyman Beecher attended Yale University and Lyman Beecher attended Yale University and

became a popular preacher in Boston. became a popular preacher in Boston. • He became popular in 1806, after giving a sermon He became popular in 1806, after giving a sermon

concerning the duel between Alexander Hamilton concerning the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.and Aaron Burr.

• Living up to his own teachings, Beecher himself Living up to his own teachings, Beecher himself raised a flock of 13 children.raised a flock of 13 children.

• Harriet Beecher Stowe-Author of “Uncle Tom’s Harriet Beecher Stowe-Author of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”Cabin”

• Catherine Beecher-famous women’s rights leader.Catherine Beecher-famous women’s rights leader.• Henry Ward Beecher-famous social reformer, Henry Ward Beecher-famous social reformer,

abolitionist and speakerabolitionist and speaker..

• Another major revivalist came from Connecticut. Another major revivalist came from Connecticut. • Lyman Beecher attended Yale University and Lyman Beecher attended Yale University and

became a popular preacher in Boston. became a popular preacher in Boston. • He became popular in 1806, after giving a sermon He became popular in 1806, after giving a sermon

concerning the duel between Alexander Hamilton concerning the duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.and Aaron Burr.

• Living up to his own teachings, Beecher himself Living up to his own teachings, Beecher himself raised a flock of 13 children.raised a flock of 13 children.

• Harriet Beecher Stowe-Author of “Uncle Tom’s Harriet Beecher Stowe-Author of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”Cabin”

• Catherine Beecher-famous women’s rights leader.Catherine Beecher-famous women’s rights leader.• Henry Ward Beecher-famous social reformer, Henry Ward Beecher-famous social reformer,

abolitionist and speakerabolitionist and speaker..

The Transcendentalists• Other movements were inspired by transcendentalismOther movements were inspired by transcendentalism• Transcendentalism-a philosophy that people could find Transcendentalism-a philosophy that people could find

truth through spiritual discovery rather than reason.truth through spiritual discovery rather than reason.• a group of philosophers and writers who rejected a group of philosophers and writers who rejected

traditional religion were centered in Concord, traditional religion were centered in Concord, MassachusettsMassachusetts

• They founded a philosophical movement known as They founded a philosophical movement known as transcendentalism. (To transcendentalism. (To transcendtranscend means to “rise above.”) means to “rise above.”)

• transcendentalists declared that humans are naturally transcendentalists declared that humans are naturally goodgood

• people could lead moral, meaningful lives. people could lead moral, meaningful lives. • To many, a moral life involved helping to reform society.To many, a moral life involved helping to reform society.

• Other movements were inspired by transcendentalismOther movements were inspired by transcendentalism• Transcendentalism-a philosophy that people could find Transcendentalism-a philosophy that people could find

truth through spiritual discovery rather than reason.truth through spiritual discovery rather than reason.• a group of philosophers and writers who rejected a group of philosophers and writers who rejected

traditional religion were centered in Concord, traditional religion were centered in Concord, MassachusettsMassachusetts

• They founded a philosophical movement known as They founded a philosophical movement known as transcendentalism. (To transcendentalism. (To transcendtranscend means to “rise above.”) means to “rise above.”)

• transcendentalists declared that humans are naturally transcendentalists declared that humans are naturally goodgood

• people could lead moral, meaningful lives. people could lead moral, meaningful lives. • To many, a moral life involved helping to reform society.To many, a moral life involved helping to reform society.

Ralph Waldo Emerson• The leader of the transcendental The leader of the transcendental

movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)(1803–1882)

• a Boston-area lecturer and writer a Boston-area lecturer and writer • became one of America's greatest became one of America's greatest

thinkers. thinkers. • Emerson entered the ministry, becoming Emerson entered the ministry, becoming

pastor of a church in Boston in 1829pastor of a church in Boston in 1829• When his young wife died of When his young wife died of

tuberculosis in 1831, he resigned his tuberculosis in 1831, he resigned his ministry the following year.ministry the following year.

• In 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, In 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, where he started a writing career that where he started a writing career that would help launch an “American would help launch an “American renaissance” in literature. renaissance” in literature.

• Like other transcendentalists, Emerson Like other transcendentalists, Emerson supported various reform causes and supported various reform causes and urged others to do sourged others to do so

• The leader of the transcendental The leader of the transcendental movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)(1803–1882)

• a Boston-area lecturer and writer a Boston-area lecturer and writer • became one of America's greatest became one of America's greatest

thinkers. thinkers. • Emerson entered the ministry, becoming Emerson entered the ministry, becoming

pastor of a church in Boston in 1829pastor of a church in Boston in 1829• When his young wife died of When his young wife died of

tuberculosis in 1831, he resigned his tuberculosis in 1831, he resigned his ministry the following year.ministry the following year.

• In 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, In 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, where he started a writing career that where he started a writing career that would help launch an “American would help launch an “American renaissance” in literature. renaissance” in literature.

• Like other transcendentalists, Emerson Like other transcendentalists, Emerson supported various reform causes and supported various reform causes and urged others to do sourged others to do so

Henry David Thoreau• Thoreau was born in Concord, MaThoreau was born in Concord, Ma• Thoreau studied at Harvard between Thoreau studied at Harvard between

1833 and 18371833 and 1837• Thoreau returned home to Concord, Thoreau returned home to Concord,

where he befriended Ralph Waldo where he befriended Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson

• Thoreau was a philosopher of nature Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition.and its relation to the human condition.

• Like Emerson, Thoreau suffered tragedy Like Emerson, Thoreau suffered tragedy in his life. in his life.

• An early attempt at teaching failed An early attempt at teaching failed miserably. miserably.

• A wedding engagement fell through in A wedding engagement fell through in 1840, and two years later Thoreau's 1840, and two years later Thoreau's brother diedbrother died

• Thoreau was born in Concord, MaThoreau was born in Concord, Ma• Thoreau studied at Harvard between Thoreau studied at Harvard between

1833 and 18371833 and 1837• Thoreau returned home to Concord, Thoreau returned home to Concord,

where he befriended Ralph Waldo where he befriended Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson

• Thoreau was a philosopher of nature Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition.and its relation to the human condition.

• Like Emerson, Thoreau suffered tragedy Like Emerson, Thoreau suffered tragedy in his life. in his life.

• An early attempt at teaching failed An early attempt at teaching failed miserably. miserably.

• A wedding engagement fell through in A wedding engagement fell through in 1840, and two years later Thoreau's 1840, and two years later Thoreau's brother diedbrother died

Thoreau cont.• In 1845, Thoreau began his In 1845, Thoreau began his

famous stay at Walden Pond, famous stay at Walden Pond, which was located on land owned which was located on land owned by Emerson. by Emerson.

• Thoreau built a small cabin for Thoreau built a small cabin for himself and spent the next two himself and spent the next two years in a mostly solitary life of years in a mostly solitary life of thinking, reading, writing, and thinking, reading, writing, and observing natureobserving nature

• Published in 1854, Published in 1854, WaldenWalden contains 18 essays that describe contains 18 essays that describe his experiment in living simply. his experiment in living simply.

• A strong opponent of the war with A strong opponent of the war with Mexico in 1846Mexico in 1846

• refused to pay his taxesrefused to pay his taxes• Thrown in jail for thisThrown in jail for this• Later, he devoted his time to the Later, he devoted his time to the

anti-slavery movementanti-slavery movement.

• In 1845, Thoreau began his In 1845, Thoreau began his famous stay at Walden Pond, famous stay at Walden Pond, which was located on land owned which was located on land owned by Emerson. by Emerson.

• Thoreau built a small cabin for Thoreau built a small cabin for himself and spent the next two himself and spent the next two years in a mostly solitary life of years in a mostly solitary life of thinking, reading, writing, and thinking, reading, writing, and observing natureobserving nature

• Published in 1854, Published in 1854, WaldenWalden contains 18 essays that describe contains 18 essays that describe his experiment in living simply. his experiment in living simply.

• A strong opponent of the war with A strong opponent of the war with Mexico in 1846Mexico in 1846

• refused to pay his taxesrefused to pay his taxes• Thrown in jail for thisThrown in jail for this• Later, he devoted his time to the Later, he devoted his time to the

anti-slavery movementanti-slavery movement.

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

Temperance Movement• American reformers went to work American reformers went to work

on numerous social problemson numerous social problems• One of these reform efforts was One of these reform efforts was

the temperance movement, an the temperance movement, an organized campaign to eliminate organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.alcohol consumption.

• emerging social problems were emerging social problems were often blamed on drunkennessoften blamed on drunkenness

• Americans consumed more Americans consumed more alcoholic beverages per person alcoholic beverages per person than at any other time in the than at any other time in the country's historycountry's history

• Water was probably more Water was probably more dangerous to drink at that time dangerous to drink at that time than alcohol.than alcohol.

• American reformers went to work American reformers went to work on numerous social problemson numerous social problems

• One of these reform efforts was One of these reform efforts was the temperance movement, an the temperance movement, an organized campaign to eliminate organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.alcohol consumption.

• emerging social problems were emerging social problems were often blamed on drunkennessoften blamed on drunkenness

• Americans consumed more Americans consumed more alcoholic beverages per person alcoholic beverages per person than at any other time in the than at any other time in the country's historycountry's history

• Water was probably more Water was probably more dangerous to drink at that time dangerous to drink at that time than alcohol.than alcohol.

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Temperance cont.• In 1851 Maine became the In 1851 Maine became the

first state to ban alcohol. first state to ban alcohol. • 4 years later, 12 states joined 4 years later, 12 states joined

MaineMaine• The act was unpopular with The act was unpopular with

many working class people many working class people and immigrants.and immigrants.

• Opposition to the law turned Opposition to the law turned violent in Portland, Maine on violent in Portland, Maine on June 2, 1855 during an June 2, 1855 during an incident known as the Maine incident known as the Maine law riot.law riot.

• In 1851 Maine became the In 1851 Maine became the first state to ban alcohol. first state to ban alcohol.

• 4 years later, 12 states joined 4 years later, 12 states joined MaineMaine

• The act was unpopular with The act was unpopular with many working class people many working class people and immigrants.and immigrants.

• Opposition to the law turned Opposition to the law turned violent in Portland, Maine on violent in Portland, Maine on June 2, 1855 during an June 2, 1855 during an incident known as the Maine incident known as the Maine law riot.law riot.

Public Education• Reformers were concerned Reformers were concerned

with the lack of public with the lack of public education in the USeducation in the US

• Everybody did not have Everybody did not have equal access to an education.equal access to an education.

• Usually, only the rich could Usually, only the rich could afford a good education.afford a good education.

• Schools were private-had to Schools were private-had to pay pay

• In the 1820s many working-In the 1820s many working-class citizens began class citizens began demanding tax-supported demanding tax-supported public schools. public schools.

• The taxes that citizens pay The taxes that citizens pay on their property would on their property would increase to pay for a school increase to pay for a school system in the town they live system in the town they live in. in.

• Reformers were concerned Reformers were concerned with the lack of public with the lack of public education in the USeducation in the US

• Everybody did not have Everybody did not have equal access to an education.equal access to an education.

• Usually, only the rich could Usually, only the rich could afford a good education.afford a good education.

• Schools were private-had to Schools were private-had to pay pay

• In the 1820s many working-In the 1820s many working-class citizens began class citizens began demanding tax-supported demanding tax-supported public schools. public schools.

• The taxes that citizens pay The taxes that citizens pay on their property would on their property would increase to pay for a school increase to pay for a school system in the town they live system in the town they live in. in.

Boston Latin

Public Education-Horace Mann• People argued that a democracy People argued that a democracy

could not survive without literate, could not survive without literate, informed votersinformed voters

• This demand had strong oppositionThis demand had strong opposition• Taxpayers with no children, or those Taxpayers with no children, or those

with children who attended private with children who attended private schools, objected to supporting schools, objected to supporting public schools.public schools.

• Still, the movement for educational Still, the movement for educational reform gained strength in the 1830s. reform gained strength in the 1830s.

• It owed much of its eventual success It owed much of its eventual success to a reformer from Massachusetts to a reformer from Massachusetts named Horace Mann.named Horace Mann.

• People argued that a democracy People argued that a democracy could not survive without literate, could not survive without literate, informed votersinformed voters

• This demand had strong oppositionThis demand had strong opposition• Taxpayers with no children, or those Taxpayers with no children, or those

with children who attended private with children who attended private schools, objected to supporting schools, objected to supporting public schools.public schools.

• Still, the movement for educational Still, the movement for educational reform gained strength in the 1830s. reform gained strength in the 1830s.

• It owed much of its eventual success It owed much of its eventual success to a reformer from Massachusetts to a reformer from Massachusetts named Horace Mann.named Horace Mann.

Horace Mann cont.• He supported the raising of He supported the raising of

taxes to provide for free public taxes to provide for free public education. education.

• Under his leadership, Under his leadership, Massachusetts pioneered Massachusetts pioneered school reform. school reform.

• Mann began a system in which Mann began a system in which schools were divided into grade schools were divided into grade levels. levels.

• He established consistent He established consistent curricula and teacher training.curricula and teacher training.

• Massachusetts established the Massachusetts established the nation's first public high school nation's first public high school in 1821-Boston Latinin 1821-Boston Latin

• By 1860, the number of public By 1860, the number of public high schools in the United high schools in the United States had risen to 300.States had risen to 300.

• He supported the raising of He supported the raising of taxes to provide for free public taxes to provide for free public education. education.

• Under his leadership, Under his leadership, Massachusetts pioneered Massachusetts pioneered school reform. school reform.

• Mann began a system in which Mann began a system in which schools were divided into grade schools were divided into grade levels. levels.

• He established consistent He established consistent curricula and teacher training.curricula and teacher training.

• Massachusetts established the Massachusetts established the nation's first public high school nation's first public high school in 1821-Boston Latinin 1821-Boston Latin

• By 1860, the number of public By 1860, the number of public high schools in the United high schools in the United States had risen to 300.States had risen to 300.

Reforming Prisons• In the early 1800s, many In the early 1800s, many

states built prisons to house states built prisons to house those who had committed those who had committed crimes. crimes.

• the states isolated them in the states isolated them in institutions for a period of institutions for a period of years. years.

• The hope was that prisoners The hope was that prisoners would use their time in jail would use their time in jail to lead regular, disciplined to lead regular, disciplined lives, reflect on their sins, lives, reflect on their sins, and perhaps become law-and perhaps become law-abiding citizens.abiding citizens.

• In the early 1800s, many In the early 1800s, many states built prisons to house states built prisons to house those who had committed those who had committed crimes. crimes.

• the states isolated them in the states isolated them in institutions for a period of institutions for a period of years. years.

• The hope was that prisoners The hope was that prisoners would use their time in jail would use their time in jail to lead regular, disciplined to lead regular, disciplined lives, reflect on their sins, lives, reflect on their sins, and perhaps become law-and perhaps become law-abiding citizens.abiding citizens.

Prison Reform-Dorothea Dix• A Boston schoolteacher named A Boston schoolteacher named

Dorothea Dix visited a Dorothea Dix visited a Massachusetts jail in 1841 Massachusetts jail in 1841

• Dix discovered men and women, Dix discovered men and women, young and old, sane and insane, young and old, sane and insane, first-time offenders and hardened first-time offenders and hardened criminals, all crowded together in criminals, all crowded together in shocking conditions. shocking conditions.

• Many of the inmates were dressed Many of the inmates were dressed in rags, poorly fed, and chained in rags, poorly fed, and chained together in unheated cells.together in unheated cells.

• Dix was a strong advocate of Dix was a strong advocate of providing separate facilities for providing separate facilities for

the mentally illthe mentally ill.

• A Boston schoolteacher named A Boston schoolteacher named Dorothea Dix visited a Dorothea Dix visited a Massachusetts jail in 1841 Massachusetts jail in 1841

• Dix discovered men and women, Dix discovered men and women, young and old, sane and insane, young and old, sane and insane, first-time offenders and hardened first-time offenders and hardened criminals, all crowded together in criminals, all crowded together in shocking conditions. shocking conditions.

• Many of the inmates were dressed Many of the inmates were dressed in rags, poorly fed, and chained in rags, poorly fed, and chained together in unheated cells.together in unheated cells.

• Dix was a strong advocate of Dix was a strong advocate of providing separate facilities for providing separate facilities for

the mentally illthe mentally ill.

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix cont.• Dix spent the next two years Dix spent the next two years

visiting every prison in visiting every prison in Massachusetts. Massachusetts.

• She then submitted a detailed She then submitted a detailed report on her findings to the report on her findings to the Massachusetts legislatureMassachusetts legislature

• Treating the mentally ill as Treating the mentally ill as criminals rather than patients “is criminals rather than patients “is to condemn them to mental to condemn them to mental death,” she stated. death,” she stated.

• Her powerful testimony convinced Her powerful testimony convinced the state to improve prison the state to improve prison conditions and create separate conditions and create separate institutions for the mentally ill. institutions for the mentally ill.

• Dix's efforts led 15 other states to Dix's efforts led 15 other states to build hospitals for the mentally build hospitals for the mentally ill.ill.

• Dix spent the next two years Dix spent the next two years visiting every prison in visiting every prison in Massachusetts. Massachusetts.

• She then submitted a detailed She then submitted a detailed report on her findings to the report on her findings to the Massachusetts legislatureMassachusetts legislature

• Treating the mentally ill as Treating the mentally ill as criminals rather than patients “is criminals rather than patients “is to condemn them to mental to condemn them to mental death,” she stated. death,” she stated.

• Her powerful testimony convinced Her powerful testimony convinced the state to improve prison the state to improve prison conditions and create separate conditions and create separate institutions for the mentally ill. institutions for the mentally ill.

• Dix's efforts led 15 other states to Dix's efforts led 15 other states to build hospitals for the mentally build hospitals for the mentally ill.ill.

Utopian Communities• While most reformers worked to improve society, some While most reformers worked to improve society, some

formed utopian communities- small societies dedicated to formed utopian communities- small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions.perfection in social and political conditions.

• The term The term utopiautopia described a fictional place where human described a fictional place where human greed, sin, and egotism did not exist, and where people greed, sin, and egotism did not exist, and where people lived in prosperity as equals.lived in prosperity as equals.

• Utopian reformers, disturbed by the ill effects of urban and Utopian reformers, disturbed by the ill effects of urban and industrial growth, believed that it was truly possible to industrial growth, believed that it was truly possible to create a place that was free from these troublescreate a place that was free from these troubles.

• utopian communities arose across the United States.utopian communities arose across the United States.• the most famous was New Harmony, Indiana, founded in the most famous was New Harmony, Indiana, founded in

1825 by Scottish industrialist and social reformer Robert 1825 by Scottish industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen. Owen.

• Owen envisioned a town in which well-educated, Owen envisioned a town in which well-educated, hardworking people would share property in common and hardworking people would share property in common and live in harmony.live in harmony.

• While most reformers worked to improve society, some While most reformers worked to improve society, some formed utopian communities- small societies dedicated to formed utopian communities- small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions.perfection in social and political conditions.

• The term The term utopiautopia described a fictional place where human described a fictional place where human greed, sin, and egotism did not exist, and where people greed, sin, and egotism did not exist, and where people lived in prosperity as equals.lived in prosperity as equals.

• Utopian reformers, disturbed by the ill effects of urban and Utopian reformers, disturbed by the ill effects of urban and industrial growth, believed that it was truly possible to industrial growth, believed that it was truly possible to create a place that was free from these troublescreate a place that was free from these troubles.

• utopian communities arose across the United States.utopian communities arose across the United States.• the most famous was New Harmony, Indiana, founded in the most famous was New Harmony, Indiana, founded in

1825 by Scottish industrialist and social reformer Robert 1825 by Scottish industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen. Owen.

• Owen envisioned a town in which well-educated, Owen envisioned a town in which well-educated, hardworking people would share property in common and hardworking people would share property in common and live in harmony.live in harmony.

3. Utopian Communities3. Utopian

Communities

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Utopian Socialist

“Village of Cooperation”

New Harmony, IN

New Harmony, IN

Utopian communities cont.• Brook Farm, a utopian community near Brook Farm, a utopian community near

Boston (West Roxbury), attracted some of Boston (West Roxbury), attracted some of the country's top intellectuals and writers, the country's top intellectuals and writers, including transcendentalists from nearby including transcendentalists from nearby ConcordConcord

• There was a school on Brook Farm.There was a school on Brook Farm.• During the first two years there were no During the first two years there were no

specific study hours. specific study hours. • Each student studied when and where they Each student studied when and where they

could and an emphasis was put on personal could and an emphasis was put on personal responsibility.responsibility.

• Brook Farm, a utopian community near Brook Farm, a utopian community near Boston (West Roxbury), attracted some of Boston (West Roxbury), attracted some of the country's top intellectuals and writers, the country's top intellectuals and writers, including transcendentalists from nearby including transcendentalists from nearby ConcordConcord

• There was a school on Brook Farm.There was a school on Brook Farm.• During the first two years there were no During the first two years there were no

specific study hours. specific study hours. • Each student studied when and where they Each student studied when and where they

could and an emphasis was put on personal could and an emphasis was put on personal responsibility.responsibility.

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

New Harmony in 1832

Utopian Communities-Shakers• Far more numerous were the Shakers, an offshoot Far more numerous were the Shakers, an offshoot

of the Quakers, who established their first of the Quakers, who established their first community at New Lebanon, New York, in 1787. community at New Lebanon, New York, in 1787.

• The Shakers strived to lead lives of productive The Shakers strived to lead lives of productive labor, moral perfection, and equality among women labor, moral perfection, and equality among women and men. and men.

• They are best known today for their simply styled, They are best known today for their simply styled, well-crafted furniture. well-crafted furniture.

• The name "Shakers," originally was derived from The name "Shakers," originally was derived from the term "Shaking Quakers" and was applied as a the term "Shaking Quakers" and was applied as a mocking description of their rituals of trembling, mocking description of their rituals of trembling, shouting, dancing, shaking, singing.shouting, dancing, shaking, singing.

• the demonstrations of shaking and trembling were the demonstrations of shaking and trembling were caused by sin being purged from the body by the caused by sin being purged from the body by the power of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshipperpower of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshipper

• Far more numerous were the Shakers, an offshoot Far more numerous were the Shakers, an offshoot of the Quakers, who established their first of the Quakers, who established their first community at New Lebanon, New York, in 1787. community at New Lebanon, New York, in 1787.

• The Shakers strived to lead lives of productive The Shakers strived to lead lives of productive labor, moral perfection, and equality among women labor, moral perfection, and equality among women and men. and men.

• They are best known today for their simply styled, They are best known today for their simply styled, well-crafted furniture. well-crafted furniture.

• The name "Shakers," originally was derived from The name "Shakers," originally was derived from the term "Shaking Quakers" and was applied as a the term "Shaking Quakers" and was applied as a mocking description of their rituals of trembling, mocking description of their rituals of trembling, shouting, dancing, shaking, singing.shouting, dancing, shaking, singing.

• the demonstrations of shaking and trembling were the demonstrations of shaking and trembling were caused by sin being purged from the body by the caused by sin being purged from the body by the power of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshipperpower of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshipper

Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)

e If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness.

e Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.

e If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.

The Shakers

R1-4

Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting

Shaker HymnShaker Hymn

'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.

When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

e Millenarianism --> the 2nd

coming of Christ had already occurred.e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents

married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”