chapter 9: information, decision support, artificial intelligence, and special- purpose systems...
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Chapter 9: Information, Decision Support, Artificial Intelligence, and Special-Purpose Systems
Succeeding with Technology: Second Edition
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Objectives
Define the stages of decision making and problem solving
Discuss the use of management information systems in providing reports to help solve structured problems
Describe how decision support systems are used to solve nonprogrammed and unstructured problems
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Objectives (continued)
Explain how a group decision support system can help people and organizations collaborate on team projects
Discuss the uses of artificial intelligence and special-purpose systems
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Decision Making and Problem Solving
Decision making Process that takes place in three stages
Intelligence Design Choice
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Decision Making and Problem Solving (continued) Intelligence stage
Identify and define potential problems or opportunities
Design stage Develop alternative solutions
Choice stage Select a course of action
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Decision Making and Problem Solving (continued) Problem solving
Includes and goes beyond decision making Implementation stage
Action is taken to put the solution into effect Monitoring stage
Decision makers evaluate the implementation of the solution
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Decision Making and Problem Solving (continued) Reactive problem-solving approach
Wait until problem surfaces before taking action Proactive approach
Seek out potential problems before they become serious
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Programmed versus Nonprogrammed Decisions
Programmed decisions Made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative
method Management information systems
Often used to support programmed decisions Nonprogrammed decisions
Deal with unusual or exceptional situations
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Optimization and Heuristic Approaches
Optimization model Will find the best solution Utilizes problem constraints
Heuristics (“rules of thumb”) Commonly accepted guidelines Usually find a good solution, but not the optimal
solution
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Management Information System Often used to
Support programmed decisions made in response to structured problems
Primary purpose To help individuals and organizations achieve their
goals
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Inputs to a Management Information System
Input data can originate from internal or external sources
TPS Most significant internal source of data for the MIS Major activity is to capture and store data resulting
from ongoing transactions Databases
Supply data to MIS
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Outputs of a Management Information System Scheduled reports
Produced periodically or on a schedule Key-indicator report
Special type of scheduled report Summarizes previous day’s critical activities Available at the beginning of each workday
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Outputs of a Management Information System (continued) Demand reports
Give certain information at a person’s request Exception reports
Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires action
Used to help fight terrorism
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Decision Support Systems
Focus is on decision-making effectiveness Should assist people and organizations with all
aspects of decision making The approach realizes that people, not machines,
make decisions
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Characteristics of a Decision Support System
Handle a Range of Data Obtain and Process Data from Different Sources Provide Report and Presentation Flexibility Perform complex, sophisticated analysis and
comparisons using advanced software packages
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Characteristics of a Decision Support System (continued) Support Optimization and Heuristic Approaches Perform What-if and Goal-seeking Analysis
What-if analysis Process of making hypothetical changes to problem
data and observing the impact on the results Goal-seeking analysis
Process of determining what problem data is required for a given result
Simulation DSS attempts to mimic an event that could happen in
the future
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The Group Decision Support System DSS approaches
Many not suitable for a group decision-making environment
Group decision support system (GDSS) Also called a computerized collaborative work
system Hardware, software, people, databases, and
procedures needed to provide effective support in group decision-making settings
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Characteristics of a GDSS
Special Design Flexibility Anonymous Input Reduction of Negative Group Behavior Support of positive group behavior
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GDSS Software or Groupware Helps with joint work group scheduling,
communication, and management Lotus Notes
Popular groupware package Can capture, store, manipulate, and distribute
memos and communications Using groupware
Gives every employee rapid access to a vast source of information
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Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose Systems Artificial intelligence (AI)
Computers with ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
Advances in AI Have led to systems that work like the human brain
to recognize complex patterns
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Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose Systems
AI systems are helping to Make medical diagnoses Explore for natural resources Determine what is wrong with mechanical devices
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The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence One driving force behind AI research
An attempt to understand how human beings actually reason and think
Turing Test Attempts to determine if the responses from a
computer with intelligent behavior are indistinguishable from responses from a human
No computer has passed
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Components of Artificial Intelligence Robotics Vision systems Natural language processing Learning systems Neural networks Genetic algorithms Intelligent agents Expert systems
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Robotics
Developing mechanical or computer devices to Perform tasks that require a high degree of
precision Contemporary robotics
Combine high-precision machine capabilities and sophisticated controlling software
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Vision Systems
Include hardware and software that Permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate
visual images and pictures Can be used to give robots “sight” U.S. Justice Department
Makes use of vision systems to perform fingerprint analysis
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Natural Language Processing Referred to as speech recognition Allows computers to
Understand and react to commands made in a “natural” language
Three major challenges of natural language Interpreting ambiguous words Sentence parsing Being able to interpret the unique ways in which
people pronounce words
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Learning Systems
Combination of software and hardware Allows computer to change how it functions or
reacts to situations based on feedback Learning systems software
Requires feedback on the results of its actions or decisions
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Neural Networks
Act like or simulate the functioning of a human brain Features of neural networks
Ability to retrieve information Fast modification of stored data Ability to discover relationships and trends in large
databases Ability to solve complex problems for which all
information is not present
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Fuzzy Logic
Deals in probabilities rather than absolutes Example of fuzzy logic
Unclear terms, like “tall” or “many” Fuzzy logic theory
Allows people to incorporate interpretations and relationships that are not completely precise
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Genetic Algorithms
An approach to solving large, complex problems Based on the theory of evolution First step in generating the algorithm
Change or vary a number of competing solutions to the problem
Second step Select only the best models or algorithms, which
continue to evolve
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Intelligent Agents
Also called an intelligent robot or bot Consist of
Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task
Used by the U.S. Army to Route security clearance information for soldiers
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Expert Systems
Act or behave like a human expert in a field or area Computerized expert systems have been developed
to Diagnose diseases given a patient’s symptoms Suggest the cause of a mechanical failure of an
engine
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Specialized Systems
Virtual Reality Systems Computer-simulated environment or event
Geographic Information Systems Capable of storing, manipulating, and displaying
geographic or special information
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Specialized Systems (continued) Game Theory Systems
Develop strategies for people who are competing against each other
Other Specialized Systems Informatics
Combines traditional disciplines with computer systems and technology
Bioinformatics: combines biology and computer science
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Summary Three phases of decision making
Intelligence, design, and choice Problem solving
Takes decision making a step further Implements the choice Monitors the effects of the decision
MIS Provide managers with insight into the regular
operations of the organization Output
Scheduled reports, demand reports, and exception reports
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Summary (continued)
Decision support systems Can handle large amount of data Can obtain and process data from different sources Can provide report and presentation flexibility
Group decision support system (GDSS) A computerized collaborative work system
Artificial intelligence (AI) includes Robotics Learning systems Neural networks