chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. Is this a process of turning food into energy?. Rs - Equation. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O and energy - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
Energy
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Is this a process of turning food into energy?
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Rs - Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
and energy
The energy is released from the chemical bonds in the complex organic molecules.
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Respiration - Preview
The process of releasing Energy from food.
Food - Stored Energy in chemical bonds.
ATP - Useable Energy for cell work.
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Focus of Chapter
1. Purpose - what is the reaction suppose to do?
2. Location - where is it at?3. Requirements - what is
needed to make it run?4. Products - what does it
produce?
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Oxidation - definitions
Loss of electrons. Loss of energy. Loss of Hydrogens from
Carbons.
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Reduction - definitions
Gain of electrons. Gain of energy. Gain of Hydrogens to
Carbons.Comment - be careful not to
use “reduction” in lay terms.
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Redox reactions
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Redox reactions
Reactions are usually paired or linked together.
Look for these links as we study Rs.
Many of the reactions will be done by phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.
The phosphate group adds “energy” to the molecule for chemical reactions.
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Phosphorylation
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Cell Respiration - parts
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
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Glycolysis
Glyco- glucose. -lysis: to split Universal step in all Rs types. Likely to earliest type of cell
energy processes.
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Glycolysis
Function - To split glucose and produce NADH and ATP.
Location - Cytoplasm.
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Electron Carrier Compounds
Molecules that transport or shuttle electrons within the cell.
Exist it two forms: Oxidized (ox) Reduced (red)
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NAD
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD+ + 2 e- NADH
NAD+ = oxidized form
NADH = reduced form
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Glycolysis -Requirements
Glucose 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 NAD+
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Glycolysis - Products
2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid) 2 ADP 4 ATP 2 NADH
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Net Result
2 ATP per glucose 2 NADH
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Energy Investment Phase
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Energy Harvest Phase
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Let’s check out the reaction as it happens…
Go to here http://www.science.smith.edu/de
partments/Biology/Bio231/ And click on “Glycolysis”
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Krebs Cycle
Also called: Citric Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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Krebs Cycle
Function: Oxidize pyruvic acid to CO2
Produce NADH and FADH2
Location: Mitochondria matrix
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Formation of Acetyl CoA
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Krebs Cycle -Requirements
Pyruvic acid (3C acid) Coenzyme A 4 NAD+
1 ADP 1 FAD Double this list for each
glucose.
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Krebs Cycle - Products
3 CO2
Acetyl CoA 4 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH2
Double this list for each glucose.
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Krebs Cycle
Produces most of the cell's energy in the form of NADH and FADH2
Does NOT require O2
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Comment The ATPs produced directly
in Krebs Cycle and in Glycolysis are by:
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The Pi group is transferred from a substrate to ADP.
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Let’s see how the Krebs cycle works…
Go to here http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/
And click on “Citric Acid Cycle” Just another name for the Krebs Cycle!
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Electron Transport Chain
ETC or Electron Transport System (ETS).
A collection of proteins that are structurally linked into units.
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ETC
Uses sets of Cytochromes, Fe containing proteins to pass electrons.
The Cytochromes alternate between RED and OX forms and pass electrons down to O2
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ETC
Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP.
Location: Mitochondria cristae.
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ETC - Requirements
NADH or FADH2
ADP O2
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ETC - Products
NAD+ and FAD ATP H2O
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ETC - ATP Yields
Each NADH -- 3 ATP Each FADH2 -- 2 ATP
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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
ETC energy is used to move H+ (protons) across the cristae membrane.
ATP is generated as the H+
diffuse back into the matrix.
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ATP Synthase
Uses the flow of H+ to make ATP.
Works like an ion pump in reverse, or like a waterwheel under the flow of H+ “water”.
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Let’s see how the ETC works!
Go to here http://www.science.smith.edu
/departments/Biology/Bio231/ And click on “ ETC”
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Super mega awesome tutorial at this site:
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/cellresp/cellresp_index.html
Let’s go! Here
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Catabolism of Proteins and Fats
Can use these as energy sources as well!
Proteins first broken down into AA’s Amino group (containing N) is
removed from each AA by deamination Converts the remaining C chain into a
molecule to be used in the Krebs Cycle or Glycolysis
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Cell Resp of Fat Fats are broken down into FA + glycerol
-CH2 links and many H+ in tails provide much energy
FA oxidized in mitochondria where enzymes remove the 2C acetyl groups from whole FA until all is converted – goes to bind w/ coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA
Process is “ oxidation”
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Results? Respiration of a 6C FA yields 20% more
ATP than the same glucose Also weighs less than 2/3 as much as
glucose, therefore gram for gram, fat has more kilocalories than glucose
Let’s see that in motion! http://
nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=23&debug=0
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Done by yeast, a kind of fungus.
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Alcoholic Fermentation Uses only Glycolysis. An incomplete oxidation -
energy is still left in the products (alcohol).
Does NOT require O2
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Uses only Glycolysis. An incomplete oxidation -
energy is still left in the products (lactic acid).
Does NOT require O2
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Done by human muscle cells under oxygen debt.
Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes soreness and stiffness in muscles.
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Fermentation - Summary
Way of using up NADH so Glycolysis can still run.
Provides ATP to a cell even when O2 is absent.
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Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Aerobic - Rs with O2
Anaerobic - Rs without O2
Aerobic - All three Rs steps. Anaerobic - Glycolysis only.
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Strict vs. Facultative
Strict - can only do Rs this one way.
Facultative - can switch Rs types depending on O2 availability. Ex - yeast
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Question
Since yeast can do both aerobic and anaerobic Rs, which is the better process if given a choice?
Check the ATP yields from both processes.
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ATP yields by Rs type
Anaerobic - Glycolysis only Gets 2 ATPs per glucose.
Aerobic - Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC. Generates many more ATPs per glucose.
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Aerobic ATP yield
Glycolysis - 2 ATPS, 2 NADHs Krebs - 2 ATPS, 8 NADHs,
2 FADH2
Each NADH = 3 ATP Each FADH2 = 2 ATP
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ATP Sum
10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATPs 2 ATPs (Gly) = 2 ATPs 2 ATPs (Krebs) = 2 ATPs
Max = 38 ATPs per glucose
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However...
Some energy is used in shuttling the NADH from Glycolysis into the mitochondria.
Actual ATP yield ~ 36/glucose
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Yeast
Would rather do aerobic Rs; it has 18x more energy per glucose.
But, anaerobic will keep you alive if oxygen is not present.
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Importance of Rs
Convert food to ATP. Provides materials for use in
other cellular pathways.
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Other Importances of Respiration
Alcohol Industry - almost every society has a fermented beverage.
Baking Industry - many breads use yeast to provide bubbles to raise the dough.
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Question
Why is the alcohol content of wine always around 12-14%?
Alcohol is toxic and kills the yeast at high concentrations.
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Swiss Cheese
Holes are bubbles of CO2 from fermentation.
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Summary
Know the 3 main reactions of Rs and the 4 required items for each.
Appreciate the importances of Rs.
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Rs - Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
and energy
Which part of the equations represent which of the 3 Rs reactions?
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MatchingSugar Cane Gin
Barley Saki
Grapes Tequila
Juniper Cones Vodka
Agave Leaves Beer
Rice Wine
Potatoes Rum
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Answers!!
Sugar cane Rum Barley Beer Grapes Wine Juniper Gin Agave Tequila Rice Saki Potatoes Vodka Remember…no partaking until
you’re 21!