chapter 9 baroque instrumental music concerto and concerto grosso: bach
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9Baroque Instrumental Music
Concerto and Concerto Grosso:
Bach
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Key Terms
Concerto
Concerto grosso
Concertare
Movement
Ritornello form
Ritornello
Cadenza
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Concerto and Concerto Grosso
The most important orchestral genres of the Baroque era
Latin concertare = to contend
Concerto signifies a contest between—•Soloist & orchestra (concerto)•Group of soloists & orchestra (concerto
grosso)•Virtuoso brilliance of solos & orchestra’s
power, stability
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Johann Sebastian Bach(1685-1750)
Came from family of musiciansEarly positions as church organistSoon took prestigious court positions1723–Cantor & Director musices, LeipzigProlific–wrote in almost every late Baroque genre except opera•Lutheran church music–cantatas, passions•Organ music–fugues, chorale preludes•Keyboard music–Well-Tempered Clavier, suites•Orchestral music–concertos, suites
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J.S. Bach
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Bach’s church in Leipzig
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Baroque Orchestra
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The Concerto Grosso
Concerto for a group of solo instruments & orchestra
Otherwise similar to solo concerto•Three movements: Fast–Slow–Fast•Ritornello form often used in fast movements•Emphasis on contrast (contest) between
soloists & orchestra
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Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos
Set of six concertos written before 1721
Beautiful manuscript copy sent as gift to the Margrave of Brandenburg•Bach may have been looking for a job
Each concerto uses different group of solo instruments–often unusual combinations
Often dazzling tone colors
Imaginative contrasts between soloists & orchestra
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Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5
For three solo instruments–flute, violin, & harpsichord–and orchestraSome soloists do double duty—•Solo violin also leads orchestra in ritornellos•Harpsichord also provides continuo chords
Uses standard three-movement format• I – Fast; II – Slow; III – Fast•1st movement in ritornello form•2nd movement uses reduced instrumentation:
only soloists & continuo
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Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (1)
Allegro movement in ritornello form
Extended movement–nearly ten minutes
To sustain interest, Bach introduces progressively more dramatic contrasts
Bright, vivacious ritornello theme•Homophonic feel–dominated by melody•Complete theme used only at beginning & end
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Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (2)
Bright, vivacious ritornello theme (cont.)•Divides into three subsections (a, b, c)•Complex, irregular rhythms, melodic contour,
& phrase lengths (especially b & c)
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Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (2)
Solo episodes provide contrast•These sections feature the three solo
instruments with continuo accompaniment•Solo sections use rich, imitative polyphony•Progressively more dramatic contrasts
(especially central solo & cadenza)
Many concertos feature a cadenza•Cadenza = improvised passage for soloist•Typically used near end of 1st movement•A cadenza this long was unusual in 1721
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Conclusions
Concerto the most significant Baroque orchestral genre
Usually feature one or more soloists•Contest between soloist(s) & orchestra
Three movements, Fast–Slow–Fast•Differ in tempo, mood, key or mode, & form
Fast movements often use ritornello form
Bach’s music is more sophisticated & complex than Vivaldi’s