chapter 9 (aquatic ecosystems) student...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 18, 03 Nov 2003Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems)
Student Presentations
Conservation BiologyECOL 406R/506R
University of ArizonaFall 2003
Kevin Bonine
![Page 2: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1 Aquatic Ecosystems (CH9)2. Thank you cards3. Syllabus Shuffle (Bob Steidl back one class)
Overview of Reserve Design http://www.co.pima.az.us/cmo/sdcp/reports/d20/096OVE.PDFListed Species Reserve http://www.co.pima.az.us/cmo/sdcp/reports/d10/021LIS.PDF
Readings for Wed (SDCP):
![Page 3: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter 9 group presentations Monday:8 minute highlights presentation, + 2 min QnA(board, or overhead, or powerpoint [late Sunday])
230-234 Amy Tendick, Galia Bobman, Aurora Fabry-Wood, Leonides Corral
234-238 Ben Joslin, Andrea Vasquez, Bridget Barker, Louise Misztal
239-243 Christopher Deegan, Michael Gilliland, JD Friedrichs
243-248 Dana Backer, Cori Carveth, Sarah Hartwell, Jenna Ramsey
248-255 Erica Sontz, Meghan Jarvie, Ginny Newsome, Linh Nguyen
255-264 Maeveen Behan, Justin Dodds, Lauren Merin
Pages:
![Page 4: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
230-234
TendickBobmanFabry-WoodCorral
![Page 5: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
234-238
JoslinVasquezBarkerMisztal
![Page 6: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Conservation Challenges inFreshwater Habitats
• Eutrophication• Acidification• Habitat Alteration
– Invasive plant species– Invasive invertebrates– Invasive vertebrates
![Page 7: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ConservationChallenges of
Freshwater Habitat
![Page 8: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Issues
• Eutrophication• Acidification• Habitat Alteration by NIS’s
– Plant– Animal
![Page 9: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Eutrophication
• Natural process of the aging of a lake• In a young lake, the water is cold and
clear, and supports little life• Streams drain into the lake, introducing
nutrients such as nitrogen andphosphorus, which encourage thegrowth of aquatic organisms
• The lake's fertility increases, andorganic remains begin to be depositedon the lake bottom
![Page 10: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Eutrophication• Silt and organic debris increase on lake
bottom, lake becomes shallower and warmer,less oxygen
• Warm-water organisms supplant those thatthrive in a cold environment
• Marsh plants take root in the shallows andbegin to fill in the original lake basin and thelake gives way to a bog, and finally into land
• Depending on climate, size of the lake, andother factors, the natural aging of a lake mayspan thousands of years
![Page 11: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eutrophication
• Pollutants fromman's activitiescan radicallyaccelerate thenatural agingprocess
• Lakes have beenseverelyeutrophied bysewage,agricultural andindustrial wastes
![Page 12: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Eutrophication• Primarily from increased nitrates and
phosphates, which act as plant nutrients• Stimulate the growth of algae• Cause unsightly scum and unpleasant odors• Reduction of dissolved oxygen, which is vital
to other aquatic life• Other pollutants flowing into a lake may
poison whole populations of fish• Decomposing remains further deplete the
water's dissolved oxygen content
![Page 13: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pollutants
• In 1996, the EPA reported to Congressin the National Water Quality Inventory– Approximately 40% of the nation's
surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries weretoo polluted for such basic uses as drinkingsupply, fishing, and swimming
– The pollutants include grit, asbestos,phosphates and nitrates, mercury, lead,caustic soda and other sodium compounds,sulfur and sulfuric acid, oils, andpetrochemicals
![Page 14: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pollutants• Manufacturing plants pour off undiluted corrosives,
poisons, and noxious byproducts• The construction industry discharges slurries of gypsum,
cement, abrasives, metals, and poisonous solvents• A pervasive group of contaminants is polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB): components of lubricants, plasticwrappers, and adhesives
• Hot water discharged by factories and power plants causesthermal pollution, lower oxygen
![Page 15: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Acidification
• Hydrogen sulfide,NOx and SO2 fromcoal burning forelectricity
• Nitrous oxide from carexhaust
• Combine with water toform sulfuric andnitric acid
![Page 16: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acidification• Rain is slightly acidic• Buffering by carbonates, some freshwater systems are
more susceptible to acidification• High acidity affects reproduction of fish, amphibians and
invertebrates• Direct mortality• Change in chemical reactions, metallic ions may
precipitate out of solution• Acidification can happen rapidly: pH from 7 to 4 in 24
hour period in Scotland during heavy rain, massive fish kill
![Page 17: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Habitat Alteration By NonindigenousSpecies
Aquatic Enviroments Vulnerability•Recent disturbance•Predators absent•Effective Competitors absentInvasion by Aquatic Plants 1. Introduction Usually by humans 2. Dispersal occurs after survival and reproduction 3. Adaptation via selection and establishment 4. Colonization
![Page 18: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Eurasian Water Milfoil• Reproduces vegetatively• Often transported by Human activity• Reproduces Rapidly•
![Page 19: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Distribution in the United States
![Page 20: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Other Aquatic Invaders1. Purple Loosestrife
– Chokes out natural vegetation in shallow water2. Water hyacinth
– forms dense mats in deep water
![Page 21: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Animal NIS’s in Freshwater
• Properties:– High reproductive rates– Wide environmental tolerances– Large dispersal distances
3 Examples:
![Page 22: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Zebra Mussel
![Page 23: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Spread of…
![Page 24: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Carp (Cyrinus carpio)
![Page 25: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)
![Page 26: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The demise of the Haplochromis spp.of cichlid fish
![Page 27: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Take Home Lesson?–“Managers must consider that if (there
are chemical alterations to a system or a)nonindigenous (species) enters a system,habitat management and conservationstrategies may have to be fundamentallyaltered to preserve biodiversity.”
Van Dyke 2003 (pg 238)
![Page 28: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
239-243
DeeganGillilandFriedrichs
![Page 29: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conserving Aquatic Habitats
Managing Sedimentation &Eutrophication
![Page 30: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Why?
![Page 31: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mmm ...
![Page 32: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
… yummy!
![Page 33: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Culprits
• Us! (surprise)
![Page 34: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Primary Cause: Erosion
• modern agricultural runoff• urban sewage & waste disposal• land development -- “impermeability”
![Page 35: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sociopolitical causes needsociopolitical remedies:
• We must enact laws & policies to:• Reduce chemical fertilizer use• Remove compounds from urban discharge• Reduce agricultural & landscaping erosion
![Page 36: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Urban Abatement no.1
![Page 37: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Urban Abatement no.2
![Page 38: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Restoration
• Dredging• Chemistry• Biomanipulation
![Page 39: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dredging
• Remove & Purify Contaminated Sediments
![Page 40: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chemistry -- Riplox method
• Oxidize sediment surface to precipitate outphosphorus.
• Additional reactions raise O2 levels,stabilize pH, & encourage denitrifyingbacteria in the sediment to release excessnitrate as gas into the atmosphere.
![Page 41: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bioremediation
![Page 42: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Bioremediation continued
![Page 44: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Alternative Stable States
• Nutrient inputs• Fish populations• Macrophyte & Periphytic algal populations
Turbidity is balanced by:Turbidity is balanced by:
![Page 45: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Thanks.
![Page 46: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
243-248
BackerCarvethHartwellRamsey
![Page 47: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Legislation and Managementfor Freshwater Environments
Sarah, Jenna, Cori and DanaMonday November 3, 2003
![Page 48: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
• Most significantlegislationprotecting streamsand rivers
• Introduced in 1968Verde River, Arizona
![Page 49: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is it??• Under this act, a stream or section of a
stream is designated as wild and scenic
• Protected from any action by any federalagency that would adversely affect its waterquality
![Page 50: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Problems…
• 1990- Less than 2% of U.S. streams weredeemed sufficient to merit protection underthis act
• This means that lessthan 100,000km outof 5.2 million km’sare protected
San Pedro River, Arizona
![Page 51: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Water Pollution Control Act,1972
• Amendment to the Clean Water Act
Directed EPA to “restore and maintain thephysical, chemical and biological integrity ofthe nation’s waters” and to enhance all forms
of aquatic life
• A more biologically oriented approach toprotecting the nations waters
![Page 52: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Problems…
• Only chemicalstandards enforced– Does not ensure that
entire ecosystem isfunctional
– Many impacts thatdegrade aquaticsystems are notdetected by chemicalmonitoring
Cienega Creek, Arizona
![Page 53: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Indices of Biotic Integrity (IBI)• Ecologically based measurements of water quality• A particular taxon (i.e. fish) is rated and scored
based on 3 different attribute groups– Species Richness and Composition
• i.e.Number and identity of benthic species
– Trophic Composition• i.e. Percentage of omnivores
– Fish abundance and Condition• i.e. Number of individuals with disease, fin damage and
skeletal anomalies
![Page 54: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
IBI’s Continued..• Site scored and assigned an “integrity class ranking”
Few fish present, mostintroduced species
Very Poor12-22
Growth rates and conditionfactors depressed
Poor28-34
Signs of deteriorationskewedtrophic structure
Fair40-44
Species richness belowexpected
Good48-52
Comparable to best situationw/out human disturbance
Excellent58-60
AttributesIntegrity Class of SiteTotal IBI Score
![Page 55: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Advantages…• Focuses on distinct attributes of the system
• Inexpensive
• Simple andsensitive toecological change
• Incorporatesprofessionalecological opinion
![Page 56: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
International and NationalLegislation for Wetlands
• Wetlands were one of the first cases in whichinternational legislation focused on the protectionof an ecosystem instead of a species.
• The Ramsar Convention, was the first globalconservation convention to focus on the wetlandsecosystem. The convention obligates its signers toidentify and designate at least one wetland in theircountry as a “wetland of international importance”and to establish wetland nature reserves.
![Page 57: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Canada’s federal policy onwetland conservation is one ofthe best national examples ofimplementing the ideals of
Ramsar and has experiencedremarkable success.
![Page 58: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Canadian policy articulates strategiesfor sustainable use and management of the
nation’s wetlands.• Provides for the maintenance of overall wetland
function.• Enhances and rehabilitates degraded wetlands.• Recognizes wetland functions in planning,
management, and economic decision making in allfederal programs
• Secures and protects wetlands of nationalimportance.
• Uses wetlands in a sustainable manner.• Allows no net loss of wetlands on federal lands
and waters.
![Page 59: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The U.S. has designed a numberof legislation acts to address
wetland conservation in an act toincrease preservation andrestoration of these areas.
![Page 60: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The 1985 Food Security Act, aka“Swampbuster” is designed to stop theprocess of draining wetlands in private
agricultural lands.• Denies most U.S. Department of
Agriculture benefits to farmers who drainwetlands on their land.
• Creates an eligibility requirement forfarmers to receive Administration loans andother benefits.
![Page 61: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Wetland Reserve Program (WRP)
• Provides for payment of subsidies tofarmers who remove croplands fromproduction in former wetland areas and toreestablish the land as wetlands
• To enroll in WRP, the landowner’s planmust include drainage alterations and theestablishment of marsh plants on theenrolled site.
![Page 62: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Other examples of U.S. programs or actsimplemented to protect and preserve
wetlands.• Clean Water Act• Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamps• Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act• Wetlands Loan Act• Land and Water Conservation Fund• Water Bond Program• Executive Order 11988 Floodplain Management• Executive Order 11990 Protection of Wetlands• Coastal Zone Management Act• Payment-in-kind program
![Page 63: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Despite conservation efforts,wetlands loss in the U.S. still
continues in part because:• There is a lack of agency coordination in wetland
conservation.• Most legislation does not regulate private activity
on private lands (cause of majority of wetlandloss).
• Some U.S. legislation still encourages the drainingof wetlands. For example the U.S. tax codeencourages farmers to drain and clear wetlands byproviding tax deductions for many types ofdevelopment activities.
![Page 64: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Setting Priorities forConservation in Freshwater
Habitats
• WWF-US criteria for assessment of lakesand streams1. Biological distinctiveness2. Conservation status
![Page 65: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Gives priority to regions that containsystems that contribute to biodiversity
1. Globally outstanding2. Continentally outstanding3. Bioregionally outstanding
4. Nationally important
• Priority declines as the importance of thesystem decreases
![Page 66: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Rankings...
I Critical (intact habitat reduced to small,isolated patches; small probability ofpersistence over the next 10 years withoutimmediate action)
II Endangered (intact habitat of isolatedpatches with low to medium probability ofpersistence over the next 10 years withoutimmediate or continuing protection)
![Page 67: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
III Vulnerable (intact habitat remaining inlarge and small areas, persistence is likelyover the next 10 years with protection andrestoration)
IV Relatively Stable (disturbance andalteration in certain areas, but overall stable;external practices unlikely to impacthabitat)
V Relatively Intact (minimally disturbed)
![Page 68: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Rule-Based Models
• Used to determine ifhabitat loss orenvironmental changeare random
• Evaluate possiblemechanisms ofdistributional changesin a species
![Page 69: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Disappearance of Frogs
• Isolation model: due to distances betweenchanges in distribution ponds
• Succession model: changes in distributiondue to altered vegetation in and aroundponds
• Null model: changes in distribution were random
![Page 70: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
• Results of the study showed that theSuccession Model was correct
• Frogs could best be preserved by managingthe vegetation
• Rule-based models require minimal data,don’t necessarily need to prove that changesin vegetation cause frog declines, only thatmanaging vegetation may help frogs morethan another type of plan
![Page 71: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
248-255
SontzJarvieNewsomeNguyen
![Page 72: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Marine Habitats and Biodiversity
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/coelacanth/coelacanths.html
![Page 73: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Marine Habitats
• Intertidal• Pelagic• Benthic• Abyssal
•Coral Reefs•Estuaries•Seagrass Beds (benthic)
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/regions/bluewater1.htm
![Page 74: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Coral Reefs• Shallow, tropical water• 20o N and S of equator• Indo-Pacific, Western Atlantic, Red Sea
http://www.reefrelief.org/Coral%20Forest/map.html
![Page 75: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Coral Reefs
• Structure-coral polypssecrete calcium
• Nutrients-erosion of reefsreleases calcium
• Water quality-spongesfilter water
• Light-coral forms in well-lit waters, favorable forphotosynthesis
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/reef/reef2584.htm
![Page 76: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Benthos
• Ocean bottom,excluding the deepestareas
• Sand, silt anddecomposing organicmatter
• Often dark• Often cold• Nutrient rich http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nurp/nur00512.htm
![Page 77: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Seagrass Beds
• 15% decline in pastdecade
• Flowering plants• Food resource, nursery,
habitat• Prevent erosion• Reduce wave impact• Filter water
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/sanctuary/sanc0211.htm
![Page 78: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Hydrothermal Vents
• Mid-ocean ridges,tectonic plates
• Chemosyntheticbacteria
• Huge taxonomicdiversity
• Old?• Relict species?• Metapopulations?http://www.whoi.edu/institutes/doei/general/mission.htm
![Page 79: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Whale Fall Communities
• Succession ofcommunities
• Decomposition ofbones yields hydrogensulfide
• DNA analyses offauna
• Implications forwhaling? http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Spotlight%20Articles/whales.html
![Page 80: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Major threats to Marine Habitats:
• 1. Exploitation of commercial species• 2. Direct destruction of marine habitats• 3. Indirect degradation of marine habitats
![Page 81: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
1. Exploitation of CommercialSpecies
• Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY):– Used to manage fisheries as renewable
resources– Calculated based on catch per unit effort– Reproductive surplus was the only requirement
for a sustainable fishery– Not used in fisheries anymore because it caused
depletion in fish stocks
![Page 82: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
1. Exploitation of CommercialSpecies
• Current Estimates:– 70% of the world’s fish stocks are exploited or
depleted– 45% of all species are over-harvested
![Page 83: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
1. Exploitation of CommercialSpecies
• Over-harvested Populations:– Show widely ranging cycles of high and low
abundance.– Do not necessarily show a strong correlation
between recruitment and number of adultspresent.
– Do not necessarily show advanced warning ofpopulation decline.
![Page 84: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
1. Exploitation of CommercialSpecies: EffectsEffects
• Removal of a prey species may reduce thepopulations of predators.Ex. Decline of sea otters in CA followingover-fishing of abalones.
2. Removal of predator species disruptsequilibria of prey species.
![Page 85: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
1. Exploitation of CommercialSpecies: Effects cont.Effects cont.
3. The take of non targeted species contributesto exploitation problems.
Ex. In shrimp fisheries, the discarded by-catch can exceed that of the targeted catch.
![Page 86: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
2. Direct destruction of MarineHabitats
• Examples of Direct Destruction:– The use of explosives to harvest coral reef
species. One blast can devastate 1000m3.– Trawling nets destroy complex and diverse
communities on the ocean floor. (figure 9.15)
![Page 87: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
255-264
BehanDoddsMerin
![Page 89: Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentationseebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol406R_506R/406_lect18… · · 2003-11-03Chapter 9 (Aquatic Ecosystems) Student Presentations Conservation](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020315/5b09830e7f8b9a51508d65c8/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
END