WORLD WAR 1

Chapter 9, 2014Content VocabularyKey People, Events, Acts, Plans, and Organizations

Content Vocabulary

nationalism

intense loyalty to one’s country or group

caused tension in Europe

alliance system

agreements to defend other alliance countries if they were attacked

posed a great danger because an attack on one nation could trigger a war involving many countries

entente

French for “an understanding among nations”

U-boat

German submarine

balance of power

The alliance system was supposed to keep peace by creating this.

prevents any one country from dominating the others

militarism

the strengthening of armies and navies to protect a nation’s interests

in turn threatens rivals to build up their military

ethnic group

people who share a common language and traditions

propaganda

information used to influence public opinion

autocracy

one person with unlimited powers rules

This is the type of government that existed in Russia prior to their revolution in 1917.

The temporary government promised free elections and to continue the fight against Germany.

convoy

teams of navy destroyers escorting groups of merchant ships across the Atlantic

armistice

an agreement to end fighting began on November 11:

11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month

Germany had to withdraw land forces and its fleet along with surrendering huge amounts of equipment.

kaiser

emperor German kaiser stepped down as

revolution against him spread in Germany

This led to Germany being declared a republic.

New leaders agreed to Wilson’s terms for armistice.

mobilization

gathering of resources preparation for war

ration

limited use of food led to Americans using less food,

expanding food production, and increasing food export

socialists

people who believe industries should be publicly owned

They thought war would only help rich business owners and hurt working people.

pacifist

people opposed to the use of violence

They were obviously against war in general.

dissent

disagreement opposition

national self-determination the right of people to decide how

they should be governed

reparations

payments for damage caused in war

Key People

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

next in line to the throne in Austria-Hungary

He and his wife were assassinated by Serbian nationalists/terrorists.

This was the spark that led to the chain reaction of European countries declaring war with one another.

Bolsheviks

group of Communists overthrew the democratic

government of Russia

Vladimir Lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks

John J. Pershing

Supreme commander of the American Expeditionary Force

doughboys

American soldiers fighting for the Allies

Henry Cabot Lodge

powerful opponent of the Treaty of Versailles

longtime foe of President Wilson delayed a vote on the treaty Played a major role in the rejection of

the treaty by the U.S. Senate

Key Events, Acts, Plans

Battle of Verdun

German offensive (attack) One of the longest and bloodiest

battles of the war

Battle of the Somme

Allies begin their offensive

Great Migration

thousands of African-Americans moved from the rural south to Northern cities

huge population movement thousands of Mexicans migrated to

the U.S. in search of jobs

Food Administration

headed by Herbert Hoover encouraged American farmers to

produce more persuaded the public to eat less Price controls on agricultural

products to encourage voluntary rationing

War Industries Board

supervised industrial production oversaw the changeover of factories

to produce war-related goods set prices for key consumer products

Fuel Administration

managed the nation’s coal and oil introduced Daylight Savings Time called for “Heatless Mondays”

Committee on Public Information promote the war as a battle for

democracy and freedom launched a massive propaganda

campaign Distributed millions of pro-war

pamphlets, posters, articles, and books Provided newspapers with government

accounts of the war and advertisements Hired speakers, writers, artists, and

actors to build support for the war

Effects of the War at Home helped the American economy Hurt American society government silenced opposition Some Americans became intolerant

of those who were different.

Battle of Argonne Forest

Allied offensive defeated the Germans most massive attack in American

history 7 weeks long turns the war in favor of the Allies

Lusitania

British passenger liner torpedoed by German U-boats

killed more than 1000 people, including 128 Americans

Selective Service Act

set up a military draft to raise an army quickly

Men aged 21-30 must register to serve, then a portion of those registered are called to serve

Zimmerman Telegram

sent by a German foreign minister to Mexico

offered an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.

Germany offered financial support and lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

between Russia and Germany allowed Russia to focus on their new

communist government gave Germans substantial territory Allowed Germans to move troops

from the Eastern Front to the Western Front and almost win the war by taking Paris

Great Migration

Espionage Act

People against the war were seen as unpatriotic.

stiff penalties for spying People who aided the enemy or

interfered with army recruiting could be penalized, too.

Sabotage Act & Sedition Act It became a crime to say, print, or

write any criticism perceived, or recognized, as negative about the government.

It was considered sabotage – secret action to damage the war effort.

Thousands were convicted. Most believed we needed to take

action against traitors and disloyal Americans.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s peace plan adjusted boundaries in Europe created new nations included principles for conducting

international relations with free trade and freedom of the seas

end to secret treaties or agreements Limits on arms peaceful settlement of disputes over

colonies

League of Nations

the 14th point of Wilson’s 14 points to improve peace and prevent future

wars respect and protection of one

another’s independence

Treaty of Versailles

signed by the Allies and Germany dealt harshly with the Germans Germany had to take full responsibility for

the conflict Germany had to disarm completely and

give up its overseas colonies along with territory in Europe

Carved up Austria-Hungarian and Russian Empires

New nations created, old nations restored

Europe After World War I

Changed boundaries of Europe Dividing land weakened Central Powers Germany’s land area greatly reduced New nations emerged in Eastern

Europe: Poland Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

Economic depression aided the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Japan

France, Britain, and U.S. sent troops to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks.