chapter 8: the romantic movement and romantic literature 浪漫運動 與 浪漫文學 i.the spheres...
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Chapter 8: The Romantic Movement and Romantic Literature
浪漫運動 與 浪漫文學
I. The Spheres of the Movement
The movement occurred in literature, art, music, philosophy, religion, politics, education, architecture, gardening, landscape, etc. —almost all spheres of culture.
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II. The Romantic Movement:Its Characteristics
浪漫運動的特徵
• 1. The use of autobiographical material.• 用自傳性材料• 2. An exaltation of the primitive and the common.• 喜原始與平常• 3. An appreciation of external nature, esp.,
untamed disorderly scenery. • 要野性自然• 4. An interest in the remote, esp., the medieval.
好遠古• 5. A predilection for melancholy. • 喜憂傷• 6. A preoccupation with death and decay.• 講死亡腐朽• 7. A tendency towards pantheism, animism,
mysticism, transcendentalism. • 傾向 泛神論、有靈論、神秘論、超越論
8. Love of freedom & hate for restraint. • 好自由• 9. A rebellious or revolting spirit & a revolutionary attitude.
反叛與革命精神 10. A belief in the natural goodness of man. • 相信性善論
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II. The Romantic Movement :Its Characteristics
浪漫運動的特徵• • 11. A fondness of the extraordinary, the Gothic,
the supernatural. • 愛非凡、怪異、超自然• 12. A view of the individual as the center. • 講個人• 13. An emphasis on emotions, feelings, sentiment or
passion. • 重情緒、情感、情懷、情愛• 14. The extolment of the imagination. • 贊想像• 15. Valuing the expressive theory of art • 重「表現論」 (expressing: genius, soul, originality, spontaneity, sincerity,
loose open form, organic form, the fragmentary and incomplete, experimental, etc.)
( 表現:才華、心 靈、原創、自發、真誠、 鬆開形式、有機形式、片斷不全、試驗 等 )
• 16. Reacting against neo-classicism in numerous aspects. 反對 諸多新古典特徵
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III.The Romantic Periods: Some Western countries witnessed Romanticism earlier than others:
England:
the pre-romantic period & the “Romantic Triumph”• (late 18th C.—1798—1832)• The Lyrical Ballads was first published in 1798.
• The Reform Bill was passed in 1832
• Germany: Early Romantics & High Romantics• (late 18th C.—early 19th C.—middle 19th C.)• Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress, 狂飆運動 ) in 1760s-1780s• emphasized individual subjectivity and free expression of emotion.
France: after middle 19th C. America: 1830-65
Generally speaking, European and American Romantic Movement occurred in early and middle 19th century.
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IV. The Manifestos: 宣言• Preface to Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌謠》前言 by Wordsworth & Coleridge. (1800, 1802) They want common things & common language: they want nature.
要平常話、平常事:要自然
• Preface to Cromwell 《克隆威爾》前言 by Hugo. (1827) They want no social rules or regulations: they want natural laws.
不要社會規則,只要自然規律
• Preface to Leaves of Grass 《草葉集》前言 by Whitman. (1855) They want self-expression & freedom: they want no restraint.
要表現自我、要自由:不要限制
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V. The Major Authors:• England: • Blake, Burns, Wordsworth, Coleridge,
Byron, Shelley, Keats, Scott, Lamb, Hazlitt, • De Quincey, etc.• Germany: • Goethe, Schlegel, Tieck, Schelling, Novalis,
HÖlderlin, Hoffmann, Heine, etc.• France: • Rousseau, Lamartine, Nodier,
Chateaubriand, Madame de Staël, Hugo, • America: Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,
Melville, Poe, Longfellow, Whitman, Thoreau, Emerson, etc.
Italy: Leopardi, Manzoni, Foscolo, etc. Spain: Espronceda. Poland: Slowacki. Hungary: PetrÖfi. Denmark: Oehenschläger. Russia: Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.
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VI. Romantic Literature:A. Chief genres:
• Poetry: • lyric ( 抒情詩 )• including: love lyric, reflective lyric, nature lyric,
lyric of morbid melancholy and other sub-genres. ballad ( 民謠 ), folk song ( 民歌 ),
• ode ( 頌詩 ), dirge ( 哀歌 ), conversation piece ( 會話詩 ),
• vision ( 靈象詩 ), (supernatural) narrative poem ( 超自然 ) 故事詩 , etc.
• Fiction: • sentimental ( 濫情 ) novel, historical novel, Gothic ( 誌怪 ) novel, • fairy tales, romance, etc. 情、古、怪• Prose: • familiar essay ( 隨筆散文 ), confession ( 表白錄 ), autobiography, • letters, etc.
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VI. Romantic Literature:• B. Some Famous Works• England: Blake ( 布雷克 ) : Songs of Innocence and of Experience, Wordsworth ( 渥玆華斯 ) : Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, Coleridge ( 柯立基 ) : The Ancient Mariner, Christabel, Byron ( 拜倫 ) : Don Juan, Manfred, Shelley ( 雪萊 ) : Prometheus Unbound, “Ode to the West Wind,”
Keats ( 濟慈 ) : “ Ode to the Nightingale,” Lamia, etc.
• Germany: • Goethe ( 歌德 ) : The Sorrows of Young Werther, Faust I, • Heine ( 海涅 ) : Book of Songs, • Hoffmann ( 霍夫曼 ) :“ A New Year’s Eve Adventure,” etc.
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VI. Romantic Literature• B. Some Famous Works • France: Rousseau ( 盧梭 ): Confessions, 懺悔錄 Chateaubriand ( 沙妥布里昂 ) : Renè,
Hugo ( 雨果 ): The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 鐘樓怪人 The Miserable Ones, 悲慘世界 [ 孤星淚 ]
• America: • Irving ( 艾爾文 ) : Rip van Winkle, 李伯大夢• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, 睡谷傳說• Cooper ( 庫柏 ) : The Leatherstocking Tales, 皮襪故事
• Melville ( 梅爾維爾 ) : Moby Dick, 白鯨記• Whitman ( 惠特曼 ) : Leaves of Grass (Song of Myself), • Poe ( 愛倫波 ) : “The Raven,” The Fall of the House of Usher, • Emerson ( 愛默生 ) : Nature, • Thoreau ( 梭羅 ) : Walden, 湖濱散記• Hawthorne ( 霍桑 ) : The Scarlet Letter, 紅字
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VII. Some Major Subjects or Themes:
• 人: The man of feeling.• The fatal woman.• The Noble Savage, the natural man.• Children, idiots, rustic people, borderers.• Wanderers, lonely figurers, social outcasts.• The metaphysical quester. • The supernatural beings.
• 物: Historical or mythological figurers. • Birds, beasts, flowers, plants.• Moon, star, cloud, wind.• River, fountain, lake, sea, waterfall.• Rock, hill, vale, landscape.
• 事: Seasons, evening, night, dawn. • Voyage, adventure, quest, tour.• Good past, bad present, nostalgia.• Love, aspiration, dream, vision.• Impulse, inspiration, imagination.• Soul, death, immortality.• Change, eternity, revolution.• Marriage, apocalypse.
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VIII. Some Typical Romantic Heroes:
• Prometheus, Satan : They revolt against authorities. 反權威
• Werther, Renè: They are confined and controlled by passions and feelings. 重情感
• Faust, Napoleon: Facing human limitations, they seek to have infinite power. 追求無限
• Don Juan, Eugene Onegin, Byron:• They are weary of social life. 反社會
• Natty Bumpo, Thoreau, Rousseau:• They are fond of nature. 喜自然
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IX. Some Questions to Be Considered:
– What is the central idea of romanticism?
– Is there any purely romantic author, work, culture, or period?
– How is romanticism related to neo-classicism, realism, symbolism, modernism, postmodernism, etc.?
– Can we say the romantic movement is a democratic revolution in art and literature?
– What are our Chinese representative romantic authors and works?