chapter 8 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

Chapter 8 Study Guide

Part I: Vocabulary Terms: Define the following terms toughly. This means that each term must be defined using the five W’s at a minimum. What are the five W’s?

What is it?When did it occur?Where was it?Who was it or who was influenced by it?Why is this term important to the time or what is its lasting impact?

Terms1. Capitalism2. Business Cycle3. Middle Class4. Suffrage5. Sentimentalism6. Companionate Marriage7. Republican Motherhood8. Missouri Crisis9. Richard Allen10. Established Church

Section 2: Short Answers1. How did promoters of mercantilism (the common wealth system) use state and national

government to promote economic growth?

2. Why did many Americans believe that the granting of special privileges and charters to private business violate Republican principles?

3. How did republican ideas shape parent-child interactions, marriage relationships, and intellectual life?

4. How did the Aristocratic Republicanism of the South differ from The Democratic Republicanism of the North?

5. What compromises over slavery did the members of Congress make to settle the Missouri Crisis? Who benefited most from the agreement?

6. Why did Protestant Christianity and Protestant women emerge as focuses for social change?

Section 3: Summary Questions1. Explain how the republican ideas of the Revolutionary era shaped American society and

culture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. What regional differences in

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the social development of republicanism emerged? How can we account for these differences?

2. The text argues that a distinct American identity had begun to emerge by 1820. How would you describe this identity? What were the forces for unity? And what were the points of contention?

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Capitalism

Capitalism is a system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money. For entrepreneurial minded merchants, farmers, and political leaders, republicanism meant the advance of capitalism: they wanted governments to solidify capitalist cultural values and create a dynamic markets economy.

1820–1850

The United States

Farmers, merchants, and other leaders

Capitalism is important because it allows everyone to do what they want so they could have a good economy and potentially become successful. Also, it helped create a better democratic nation.

Business Cycle

The Business Cycle was the periodic rise and fall of business activity that is usual of market-driven, capitalist economies. To increase profits, producer increase production and lower wages: this means that the workers can’t buy all the goods they produce. In the United States, major periods of expansion were followed either by relatively short financial panics (1819–1822 and 1857– 1860) or extended economic depressions.

1819

The United States

Capitalists

The Business Cycle was important because it served as a representation of what happens in an economy and helps people understand what is occurring in economies either national or international. It also demonstrates whether an economic system is sustainable or incorrect. If in a business cycle there is much growth and development then it is good but if there is great decline then it's a failure. In some economic systems like capitalism there is a period of boom and bust.

Middle Class

Middle Class people embraced democratic republicanism that celebrated political equality and social mobility. In Europe, the Middle Class were traders and townspeople who were not part of either the aristocracy or the peasantry. The term was introduced in America to describe both an economic group like successful farmers, artisans, and traders and a cultural outlook of self-discipline, hard work, and social mobility.

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After independence in early 19th century

The United States and Europe

American citizens

The middle class was important it led to an increase of educational opportunities for women and middle class family would probably be wealthy enough to be able to afford a maid, and a better off household might have two or three servants. Additionally, Middle Class people helped the US develop successfully during the 19th century.

Suffrage

Suffrage was the right to vote, which mostly included the woman’s suffrage. The classical republican ideology limited suffrage to those who held property and therefore had a stake in society. However, between 1810 and 1860, state constitutions extended the vote to virtually all adult white men and some free black men. Throughout our American history, suffrage has expanded as barriers of race, gender, and age have collapsed.

1807

New Jersey

State Constitution granted it to all property holders

Suffrage was important because to woman, the resulted in passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which finally allowed women the right to vote. The effect on subsequent generations is evident in a range of educational, civil rights, and health care reforms, as well as in the growing number of women elected to governmental positions.

Sentimentalism

Sentimentalism is a European cultural movement that emphasized emotions and a physical appreciation of God, nature, and people. Sentimentalism came to the United States in the early nineteenth century and was a factor in the shift to marriages based on love rather than on financial considerations.

After the 1800’s it spread quickly through all classes of American society

Europe and the United States

Young adults and children that were getting married

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Sentimentalism was important because young men and women chose their own partners and rejected the Enlightenment emphasis on rational thought and celebrated the importance of feelings, such as physical, sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and fellow humans. This new emphasis in deep emotional feelings infused German and English literary works, popular theatrical melodramas, and emotional rhetoric of revivalist preachers. This developed a new marriage system to the United States and subsequently the world.

Companionate Marriage

Companionate Marriage was a marriage based on equality and mutual respect, which were both republican values. Although husbands in these marriages retained significant legal power, they increasingly came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents.

1760’s-1800’s

The United States

Republican Principles

The Companionate Marriages were important because in the marriage communication and support between spouses are considered important, rather than only material inheritance and other objects that are valuable.

Republican Motherhood

Republican Motherhood is the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and frame them into a good republican citizens.

1760’s

The United States

Christian Ministers

Republican Motherhood was important because it centered on the belief that the young children and upcoming generations should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the ideal citizens of the new nation. Republican motherhood was an important civic duty for all mothers and soon leads to the vote for women.

Missouri Crisis

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The Missouri Crisis was when the Northeastern reformers, for the first time, sought to mobilize public opinion against the westward expansion of slavery. When Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a slave state in 1819, Congressman James Tallmadge of New York proposed a ban on the importation of slaves into Missouri and the gradual emancipation of its black inhabitants; when Missouri whites rejected Tallmadge’s proposals, the northern majority in the House of Representatives blocked the territory’s admission to the Union. The task of reconciling regional differences had become difficult, and the specter of civil war lurked in the background.

1819-1821

Missouri

Henry Clay put together a series of political arguments known collectively as the Missouri Compromise; the compromise set a precedent for admission of states to the Union in pairs and southern congressmen accepted legislation that prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30°, the southern boundary of Missouri. Also James Tallmadge of New York and Congress were involved in the Crisis.

The Missouri Crisis was important because it was a compromise on whether to allow slavery in the new territory of Missouri. It attempted to limit the slavery boundaries and was later declared unconstitutional. Also, it was one of many events which led towards the American Civil War

Richard AllenMinister, educator and writer Richard Allen was born into slavery. He is best-known as an African American in early Republic that founded a separate congregation for Philadelphia’s black Methodists. He converted religions. Bought his freedom in 1783 and in 1816, he founded the first national black church in the United States.

1816

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Richard Allen

Richard Allen was important because he was the founder of the First Independent African American Church and was one of that city's well-known preachers in Philadelphia. He was a leader of Philadelphia's free African American community and thought African Americans should have their own place to worship.

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Established ChurchAn Established Church is a church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes, and were often the only legally permitted religious institutions.

1776

Rhode Island, New England and other United States Colonies

Colonies supporters that received taxes from the colonial legislature

Established Church was important because the idea of the church and compulsory religious taxes lost credibility and usefulness. Republicanism eroded the idea of an established church, creating an environment favorable to the rise of other Protestant sects during the Second Great Awakening.

Section 2: Short Answers

1. How did promoters of mercantilism (the common wealth system) use state and national government to promote economic growth?

Promoters of mercantilism petitioned state legislatures for assistance. Legislatures granted

special charters, rights, and laws to private companies to promote economic growth and the

market economy. As a large and undeveloped nation, the United States lacked an efficient

transportation system, and needed to raise large amounts of revenue to fund infrastructure

improvements. American entrepreneurs encouraged expansion by developing rural

manufacturing networks like the ones in Europe. Enterprising merchants bought raw materials,

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hired workers in farm families to process them, and sold the finished manufactured in regional or

national markets. Merchants shipped shoes, brooms, and palm leaf hats as well as cups, banking

pans, and other tin utensils to stores in seaport cities. This business expansion resulted

innovations in organizing production. Also, during the 1780’s, New England and Middle

Atlantic merchants built water powered mills to run machines that combed wool and later cotton

into long strands. The growth of manufacturing offered farm families new opportunities and new

risks as well.

2. Why did many Americans believe that the granting of special privileges and charters to private business violate republican principles?

Many Americans believe that the granting of special privileges and charters to private business

violate republican principles because the special privileges violated the equal rights of all

citizens and restricted the sovereignty of the people to shape governmental affairs and national

development. The critics believed that the privileges given to private enterprises were schemes of

an evident Anti-Republican tendency. Also, the voting rights increased for white men and the

emerging Middle Class helped the nature of family and education by seeking more democratic

marriages and more loving ways of rearing and educating children. Black Americans and women

were obviously limited in their legal and political rights through new state laws designed to

lower opportunities for both groups and restrict suffrage to white men.

3. How did republican ideas shape parent-child interactions, marriage relationships, and intellectual life?

The Republican ideas changed the notion of political equality and called into question patriarchal

authority, giving women more social latitude for advocating rights for social and political

equality. Then as patriarchal authority over the family decreased, young men and women began

to create companionate marriages and choose their own marriage partners for love, affection, and

happiness. This was the Sentimentalist movement that made many young people fall in love and

marry whoever they decided to. Many fathers saw their roles change from authoritarian

patriarchs to watchful paternalists. Furthermore, by the 1790’s, the birthrate in the northern states

was dropping dramatically. The couples in the urban Middle Classes deliberately limited the size

of their families

4. How did the Aristocratic Republicanism of the South differ from The Democratic Republicanism of the North?

Aristocratic Republicanism of the South differed extremely from The Democratic Republicanism

of the North. The presence of slaves exposed the blatant contradiction of the Southern slave

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society with Republican values. Also, because of the regional importance of slavery, Southern

Republicanism was based more on property rights than a respect for liberty. Aristocratic

Republicanism of the South cared more about the benefit they got from having slaves than how it

contradicted religious beliefs. Slavery helped create a Southern culture based on racism toward

blacks and racial unity with whites across class lines. The focus on establishing slave plantations

diminished against the creation of educational institutions, and in general ruined Southern culture

through the inactivity of rich planters who relied on slave labor and engaged in extravagant

displays of wealth. Southern owners were completely dependable on slavery for their workforce,

whereas most Northern owners would not have been able to use slaves because of the new laws.

Also Northern puritans disapproved of slavery even though most Northerners weren’t

Abolitionists.

5. What compromises over slavery did the members of Congress make to settle the Missouri Crisis? Who benefited most from the agreement?

Southern politicians accepted the prohibition of slavery in the Northern section of the Louisiana

Purchase, the lands North of latitude (36°, 30°). The task of compromise had become more

difficult. It took only two months in 1787 but over two years in 1820 to resolve the issue. Also,

the Congress admitted Maine as a Free State. The Congress chose latitude line and decided that

South of that line would have slavery and it would be illegal North of the line. Missouri was the

exception. Although it was not a permanent fix, it worked for a few decades. Even though the

Southern states still had slaves, the ones that benefitted were the slaves (mostly from the North)

because the main discussion was slavery.

6. Why did Protestant Christianity and Protestant women emerge as focuses for social change?

In the United States, the power of the Protestant faiths was established during the colonial

period, and even though women outnumbered men in the churches, the church hierarchy was

completely patriarchal. The Second Great Awakening and its independent religious importance

supported the connections between the American people and Protestant Christianity, increasing

the positions of new churches and groups of Protestants and making the members of the

congregation active reformers. Additionally, the Second Great Awakening impacted women’s

lives and their search for social, political, and cultural equality. This also increased the

confidence and role of women as a positive force for social change accomplished through active

efforts in the church, public field, educational institutions, and home.

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Section 3: Summary Questions

1. Explain how the republican ideas of the Revolutionary era shaped American society and culture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. What regional differences in the social development of republicanism emerged? How can we account for these differences?

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Republican ideas impacted all aspects of American society, politics, and economy. In society, the

ideas of abolishing slavery had a tremendous reaction on the states. Like the Missouri Crisis

which brought the Missouri Compromises, saying that of the north of the latitude 36°30° slavery

would be illegal and not practice, but south of the latitude, slavery could still be practice.

Southern colonies wanted slavery more than any other states because they depended to the

extreme on labor, house work and other luxurious things that the people wanted. Moving on, the

idea of equality increased the development of capitalism and a market economy in the capitalist

commonwealth. Republicanism also increased racial unity among whites and racism and

exclusion toward blacks, thus establishing slavery as an institution. Relations between men and

women and parents and children became less conservative, patriarchal, and coercive, and based

more on love, affection, companionate marriage, and paternalism. Also, the European movement

of Sentimentalism, a marriage system based on feelings and emotions, separated young adults

from their parent’s because they started to choose who they wanted to marry. Furthermore,

Republicanism gradually destroyed the idea of an established church, producing a climate

favorable to the rise of other Protestant sects during the Second Great Awakening. Women

increased their rights to education, divorce, and playing an active role in public by calling on the

need to apply republican values to the United States society. Regional differences included a

much more property rights based idea of Republicanism in the slave based South, where free

labor and a respect for liberty were minimal. Slavery and heavy Southern investments in the

institution over Industrial Development accounted for the main value differences in

Republicanism between North and South. Thomas Jefferson had hundreds of slaves and knew it

was wrong but he saw it as a “necessary evil”, just like most of the Northern states. The Northern

states abolished slavery and the South did not because they depended heavily on slavery.

2. The text argues that a distinct American identity had begun to emerge by 1820. How would you describe this identity? What were the forces for unity? And what were the points of contention?

The American identity that begun to emerge by 1820 was based on Republicanism, strong faith

in equality among whites in society and politics. Slavery had produced a race-based society

where whites exercised class and racial unity by excluding blacks from political rights and

enslaving them. But the North wanted to exclude slavery from their system because it was

wrong, that’s why in the Missouri Crisis they separated the South because all they wanted was to

have slaves so they could do all their work. Furthermore, there was a strong rural and capitalist

identity based on Indian removal and the growth of a market and transportation system utilized

by white immigrants heading to the trans-Mississippi west. Slavery was a force of unity and

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controversy because it united whites racially but divided the white population regionally,

politically, and economically as slavery became more profitable.

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chapter 8 study guide

Education