chapter 8 rise of islam 600-1200. the origins of islam the arabian peninsula before muhammad...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8 Rise of Islam
600-1200
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The Origins of Islam
• The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad
• Muhammad in Mecca
• The Formation of the Umma
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The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad
• The Arabs in 600 CE lived usually in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq
• It was in these Arab lands that Islam took its shape
• Nomads in these lands gained income from providing camels, guides, and safe passage through their land
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The Ka’ba
• A shrine, the Ka’ba, contained idols
• Killing was prohibited
• Some people who lived in Mecca affiliated the shrine with stories of the Christians and Jews
• They believed Abraham was the man who built the Ka’ba
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Muhammad in Mecca
• Born in Mecca in 570• One night, while meditating,
Muhammad was spoken to by the angel Gabriel who told him revelations about their Lord
• He shared his revelations at first only with close friends and family
• He claimed to hear the words of God
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The Formation of the Umma
• Muhammad- threat to leaders• Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina
in 622; this marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar
• The Meccan migrants in Medina bound themselves into a Umma
• Umma: a community defined solely by acceptance of Islam and of Muhammad as the “messenger of God.”
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5 Pillars of Islam-Belief in one God
-Prayer 5 times a day
-Paying alms,
-Fasting
-One pilgrimage to Mecca in a lifetime
Qu’ran
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Civil War
• Umma disagreed regarding the succession to the Caliphate
• After the assassination of the 3rd caliph, civil war struck
• Rebels from the army nominated Ali to be the new caliph
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The Umayyad Caliphate
• The Umayyad Caliphate started when Mu’awiya chose his son to succeed him
• The Shi’ites believed Ali was the rightful successor and that Ali’s descendants should succeed him
• The Sunnis considered the caliphs to be cover ups
• They revolved into Kharijite sects who claimed honor for themselves alone
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The Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate/ Start of Abbasid
• The family of Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, took over and established the Abbasid Caliphate
• The Abbasid Caliphate held power until 1258
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Political Fragmentation
• The Abbasid Decline became apparent in the middle of the 9th century as the conversion to Islam increased
• Keeping up with a vast empire wasn’t easy• The empire was so big that they couldn’t
control the people or get word across to other parts of their empire without difficulty
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Arab Forces
• During expansion, Arab forces were organized into regular, paid armies
• Kept military camps and military towns so they didn’t overrun the countryside
• Arab Muslims became minority-rulers
• Didn’t try to convert conquered people
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Literature and Learning • Thrived under the Abbasids• Translated the Greek texts and secular
Arab poetry• Baghdad was the center of the Abbasid
culture• Acceleration of the rate of conversion of
non-Muslim subjects to Islam at this time
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Decline of Abbasid Power
• 2nd half of the 9th century as the caliphs found it nearly impossible to maintain control over their vast empire
• Factors:- difficulty of transportation and communication-dissatisfaction of non-Muslim populations
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Result of Decline
• 9th century local results carved the Abbasid realm into smaller Muslims states
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Baghdad
• Caliphs in Baghdad relied on Turkish slave troops called Mamluks
• Later in the 9th century, Mamluks were not paid properly
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The Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate
• 945- Caliphate under control of Iranian Shi’ite people
• Abbasid Caliphate declined
• Various provincial regimes rose to power
-Samanids in Bukhara
-Fatimids in Egypt
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Political Diversity
• Underlying the political diversity of the fragmented Muslim world was a strong sense of religious identity preserved by the religious scholars: The Ulama
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Assault from Within and Without
• In Central Asia and the Middle East, a nomad group called the Seljuk Turks took advantage of the decline of the Abbasids to establish the Suljik Sultanate
• They ruled a territory that stretched from Afghanistan to Baghdad
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Collapse of Baghdad
• Their collapse was caused by:
-Substantial urbanization
-Introduction of citrus crops
-Diverse irrigated agricultural sector
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Crusades
• The Crusades put some pressure on the Islamic lands
• There were further invations by:
-Turkish in 1250
-Mongols in 13th century
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Islamic Civilization
• Law and Dogma
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Hadith• Most important source of law was the
traditions of the Prophet (Sunna) as revealed in the reports (hadith) about his words and deeds
• Islamic specialists on law reviewed tens of thousands of hadith
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Converts and Cities
• During early expansion converts to Islam needed to learn about their new religion
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Urban Life
• Variation in urban social and religious life was due to no central authority to prescribe religious dogma
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Academic Advances
• Significant advances in medicine and astronomy
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Islam and Women
• Muslim women were veiled and secluded
• They could be influential in the family, but only slave women could have public appearance
• Muslim men feared women committing sexual infidelity or meddling in politics
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Rights of Muslim Women
• Right to own property
• Retain property in marriage
• Right to divorce and remarry
• Right to testify in court
• Right to go on pilgrimage
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Islam and Slaves
• Muslims were not permitted to enslave their fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians. (exception: only when taken as prisoners of war)
• Muslims could and did hold non-Muslim slaves, but the status of slaves was not hereditary
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Recentering of Islam
• Decline of Caliphate= no Islam religious center
• During the 12th and 13th centuries, two sources of religious authority developed:– Madrasas (religious colleges)– Sufi brotherhoods
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Activity
• Directions: Match the number and letter that go together.
• For example, if #1 is letter C, you would write:
1.) C
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• 1. Abbasid Caliphate • 2. Umayyad Caliphate• 3. Mecca• 4. Abraham• 5. Ka’ba• A. a shrine containing idols• B. started when Mu’awiya chose his son to
succeed him • C. believed to be the man who built the Ka’ba• D. where an uncle of Muhammad, took over and
established this Caliphate• E. the city where Muhammad was born