chapter 8. pretest 1.which cells surround and consume harmful organisms that invade the body? a....
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Chapter 8
Cells
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Pretest1. Which cells surround and consume harmful
organisms that invade the body?A. antibodiesB. phagocytesC. epithelial cellsD. Hormones
2. Which system carries oxygen in the body?A. endocrine systemB. skeletal systemC. circulatory systemD. nervous system
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3. ____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
A. chloroplastB. nucleusC. cytoplasmD. Mitochondria
4. The system that fights disease and other foreign agents.
A. circulatoryB. immuneC. endocrineD. urinary
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5. Mucus, skin, tears, saliva, and ____________ are all part of your first line of defense.
A. earwaxB. eyeballC. finger nailD. tongue
6. __________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands.
A. hormonesB. cellsC. tissuesD. glucose
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*What do cells do?
Chapter 8 Lesson 1
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Big Idea:
All living things are made of cells. To
stay alive and healthy, cells need food,
water, and a way to eliminate waste.
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A single cell is the smallest structure that carries out the activities necessary for life.
*Animals and plant cells have 3 features in common:1. cell membrane2. nucleus3. cytoplasm
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cell membrane: outer covering of the cell; water & food enter through it; wastes move out of the membrane
nucleus: part of cell that directs all cell activities & carries info for cell reproduction
cytoplasm: gel-like material that spreads around the internal parts of the cell
Organelle: structure that has a specific task within the cell*for example: mitochondria (energy), vacuoles (stores materials), golgi bodies (transports), endoplasmic reticulum
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Nucleus cell control center;
reproduction
Cell Membrane structure and transport
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Only plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
cell walls: adds support to a plant cell
chloroplast: organelle that makes food from sunlight, water & carbon dioxide
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Cell Transportation
• A cell membrane allows water, gases, and wastes to pass in and out of the cell.
• Cell membranes use both passive & active transport.
passive transportno energy needed
active transportrequires energy
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Diffusion: process that spreads substances through a gas or liquid from a HIGHER to a LOWER concentration
Special Type of Diffusion:
Osmosis: a type of diffusion that allows water to pass, but not the solutes in the water; keeps water inside the cells
passive transport
Active transport requires energy & goes from LOWER to HIGHER.
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Using Energy
Photosynthesis: process that plants use to make food by using the energy of sunlight
Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________ and depends on a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Sugar that plants produce in photosynthesis is called _________.
Mitochondria breaks down these sugars into energy. The energy is stored in an ATP molecule.
glucose
chloroplasts
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Did you know?
Your body is made up of trillions of cells. Yet you began as just a single cell!
How did you grow?
Cell division
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*How are cells specialized?
Chapter 8 Lesson 2
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Main Idea:Complex organisms have many types of cells. Each cell has special structures that allow it to carry out
specific tasks.
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Different Cells for Different Jobs
Tissues: group of cells that has a common structure and function
Organs: 2 or more types of tissues that work together
Example: brain, heart, kidneys
Organ systems: group of organs that work together to perform complex tasks
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Organ Systems
The more complex the organism, the greater the number of organ systems it needs to survive.
Humans have 11 organ systems.
Each system plays a particular role in the body.
Systems influence each other.
Some organs work for more than one system.
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ORGAN SYSTEM FUNCTION
Circulatory System carries oxygen and removes CO2 via blood
Musculoskeletal System
supports body and allows you to move
Nervous System controls movements and other organ systems; brain-controlled
Endocrine System works like a chemical communication system; has glands that produces hormones
Respiratory System exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the organism and the environment (breathing)
Hormone: chemical message that travels through the blood and carries special info. Humans have about 50 hormones. They do things such as regulate growth and energy use, control blood sugar, and cause specific body changes
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Organ Systems (7 of the 11 systems)
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Musculoskeletal System
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
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Organization of Living Thingscells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
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*How does disease affect
cells?Chapter 8 Lesson 3
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infectious disease: contagious; disease caused by organisms or viruses
noninfectious disease: disease caused by malfunction of an organ system
immune system: organ system that fights disease & foreign agents
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1st line of defense
Examples: skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus2nd line of defense
Starts if harmful agents enter your bodyinflammation: blood reacts to fight infectionphagocytes: cells surround & consume harmful disease agents
Includes ways your body stops disease agents from entering the body
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3rd Line of Defense
Immune System - this system fights harmful agents of disease
*produces antibodies to fight invading agents
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A vaccination puts a small amount of a live or dead virus
into the body. The vaccine causes the immune system to
develop antibodies.
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In summary,The Human Body’s Defenses Against
Disease
tears, saliva, mucus, skin, ear wax
inflammation
phagocytes
immune system
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Let’s see what you have learned!
Diffusion is ________ transport that allows water to pass through the membrane from an area of _______ to ____ concentration.
We start as a single cell. We grow as a result of ________________.
____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
passive
high low
cell division
Cytoplasm
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A sugar that plants produce through photosynthesis is _______________.
______________ are cells that surround and consume harmful organisms that invade the body.
The _____________ system carries blood (which contains oxygen) to all parts of the body.
The __________ system fights disease.
_____________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands. (hint: efgh)
glucose
Phagocytes
circulatory
immune
Hormones
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carries blood & oxygen all over the body
supports the body and allows for movement
brain is the center; controls other parts of the body
has glands that produces chemical messages called hormones
ORGAN SYSTEMS
word bank: musculoskeletal endocrine circulatory nervous
nervoussystem
musculoskeletal
system
circulatory
system
endocrine system
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Study Guide
3 things cells have in common: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
2 things plants cells have that animal cells don’t:cell wall, chloroplasts
organ systems
1st, 2nd, 3rd defense systems
Vocabulary diffusion glucose cell division hormones
phagocytes