chapter 8 powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8Scheduling
Michael Slemp
Peter Renault
Rethinking High School.
Daniels, Bizar, Zemelman
Pages 174-190
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Making the right choices
What is the ideal time for instruction to begin?
Is using bell to mark the beginning and the end of the lessons beneficial or harmful?
What is better?
Traditional or
alternative schedule?
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Starting Time
Problem with adolescent students• Instruction starts too early
• Students are forced to get up before sunrise
• “adolescent sleeping phenomenon” – students are tired and sleepy for most of the morning
• By lunchtime students start to feel more alert
• After lunch students get tired and sleepy again
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Starting Time
Reasons for this tiredness• Adolescents’ hormonal changes as they go through
puberty causes shift in their biological clock
• “phase delay” in sleep time• Students are not tired and ready to fall a sleep at appropriate
evening hours
• Students stay up till late night
• Early start of the classes forces students to get up early
• Students do not get enough sleep and feel tired in the morning
• Overall result – students are not engaged and learn less
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Starting Time
Solutions• To better synchronize high school schedule with the
biological alignment of the students’ biological clock.
• No ideal start time set but the overall suggestion is to have a later starting time
• Seems not practical for educators that are used to get up early
• Later start times can be viewed as an opportunity for teachers’ prep time or school and department meetings.
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Bell: friend or enemy?
History of bell• Invented around 1911
• Have been used ever since
• Creates structure and organization
• Regulates movement of students and teachers
• In 1920s “school efficiency” movement• Organize school like industrial plants
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Bell – friend or enemy?
So what happens towards the end of the lecture when students sense the bell will ring soon?
5 minutes before the end of the lecture:• Teacher talks
• Students’ glances at the clock increases
• Students' attention decreases
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Bell – friend or enemy?
3 minutes before the end of the lecture:• Teacher continues with instruction
• Students are quietly closing books
• Students are gathering their materials
• Students are packing their backpacks
• No student will volunteer any comments
• No student will ask questions
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Bell – friend or enemy?
1 minute before the end of the lecture• Students are fully packed
• Students pay no attention to the teacher
• All students are watching the second hand on the clock
• Students anticipate the bell
ringing any second
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Bell – friend or enemy?
The bell rings• Students bolt from their seats
• Students ignore any final instructions from their teacher
• Even if teacher asks students to stay extra minute, students do not pay attention and likely do not remember what teacher said.
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Bell – friend or enemy?
So what would happen if bell would be eliminated?
Positive effects• Teachers would decide within minute or two when their
class would end
• Lecture would end more naturally (when work was done and questions answered)
• Students are more likely to pay attention till the end of the lecture
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Bell – friend or enemy?
So what would happen if bell would be eliminated?
Negative effects• Different classes are dismissed at different times
• Dismissed students are loud
• Students dismissed earlier can disrupt other lectures in progress.
• Harder to supervise students dismissed at different times
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Bell – friend or enemy?
There is no clear solution to keeping or eliminating the school bell
One thing remains
Time allotted to instruction is precious
and needs to be used effectively
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Traditional schedule• 7 or 8 periods a day
• Each period is about
50 minutes long
• Variety of subjects
and topics
Art2:01-2:51Period 7
PE1:08-1:58Period 6
Lunch 12:02-1:05Period 5
Geometry11:09-11:59Period 4
Social Studies
10:16-11:06Period 3
English9:23 – 10:13Period 2
Physics8:30 – 9:20Period 1
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• 50 minutes is not enough for significant intellectual engagement
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule• Short periods encourages teachers to use
lecture rather than more experimental, interactive teaching methods
versus
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• Different school subjects need different amount of instructional time
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• A 7-period day contains too many time-wasting transitions
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• Students’ and teachers’ motivation decreases with 180 days of mundane routine
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• Dividing studies into variety subjects and periods sends a wrong message about the nature of knowledge and learning in the real world.
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Problems with traditional schedule
• Issues with creation of complex schedule with variety classes and several ability levels
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Recommendations
(Federal government Prisoners of Time report)
• Longer school year
• Relocation of nonacademic pursuits (driver education, physical education) to after-school programs
• Endorsement of flexible block schedule
• Longer variable chunks of time
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Reasons for considering alternative schedule?
It is all about effective use of time!
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
With better us of schedules
there will be more time for
• Ample teaching time
• Opportunity for faculty and department meetings
• Adequate prep time
• Administrative and busy work
• Individual consultations with students and parents
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Sample of block schedule
• Each block is somewhere between 90-100 minutes
• Students alternate between day 1 and day 2
PE1:08-2:51Period 5
Lunch
English10:16-11:59Period 3
Science8:30 – 10:13Period 1
Day 1
Day 2
Spanish1:08-2:51Period 6
Lunch
Math10:16-11:59Period 4
History8:30 – 10:13Period 2
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Alternate day modelStudents take six typical classesEach class meets for ninety-minutes every other dayExample• Day 1 –English, math, music and elective A• Day 2 – science, social studies, foreign
language and elective B
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
4x4 model
Traditional year-long courses are compressed into semester-long versions
Each semester students take only 4 classes
Each class meets for 90 minutes
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Copernican model
Derived from summer school programs
School year is divided into three 60-day segments
Each segment is dedicated to few concentrated courses
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Trimester model
Two 70-day sessions • Students take 5 classes
30-day spring semester• Intensive study of one or two subject
• Time to make up lost credits
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Potential obstacles of alternative schedule• Hard to rework old schedules
• Teachers used to old routines
• Transfers between traditional and alternative schools
• Deciding best instruction for given class (e.g. music requires daily practice all year long)
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Traditional versus alternative schedule
Potential problems with alternative schedule• How to make up absences in block schedules
(large chunks of material covered)
• What about kids who fail class
• Increase the qualification and development of teachers to insure the effective us of longer time slots