chapter 8 pictures. potential and kinetic energy
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8 Pictures
![Page 2: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Potential and Kinetic Energy
![Page 3: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Potential Energy-Fuel Kinetic Energy 25% drives the pistons75% lost as heat
*In every chemical reaction, some energy is lost as heat.
![Page 4: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Theoretical metabolic pathway
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3
A B C DReaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3
Startingmolecule
Product
![Page 5: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig 5.2. Catabolic vs. Anabolic Reactions
• Condensation → reactions (anabolic)
• Hydrolysis → reactions (catabolic)
![Page 7: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Catabolic Rxns – • O-O O + O + Energy
• Anabolic Rxns-
O + O + Energy O-O
Figure 8.6
![Page 8: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
In exergonic rxns∆G is a negative
number
ALL rxns require some input of energy
Fig 8.14 Energy Profile for a Catabolic (Exergonic) Reaction
![Page 9: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Question 8.1
Example 1: Baking soda + vinegar (fast reaction)
fructose + glucose
Example 2: Sucrose hydrolysis (very slow reaction)
+ H2O
![Page 10: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Examples of an exergonic and endergonic reaction
Glutamine
+
Glutamic AcidAmmonia
ΔG = - 3.4 kcal/mol
Glutamine
+
Glutamic AcidAmmonia
ΔG = + 3.4 kcal/mol
![Page 11: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chemical Equilibrium
![Page 12: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
An organism in metabolic equilibrium
![Page 13: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Equilibrium
ATP
![Page 14: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ATP
Metabolic Disequilibrium
ATP
ATP
Food
Waste Products
![Page 15: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fig 8.3
![Page 16: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Chapter 8-ATP
![Page 17: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ATP = Currency of the Cell
![Page 18: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fig 8.11
![Page 19: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fig 8.9 ATP hydrolysis
![Page 20: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig 8.8
![Page 21: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Coupled Reactions
![Page 22: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig 8.10ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
![Page 23: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Question 8.2
![Page 25: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chapter 8 - Enzymes
![Page 26: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fig 8.13. Enzyme-catalyzed reaction: hydrolysis by sucrase
![Page 27: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Metabolic Map
![Page 28: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fig 8.13. Enzyme-catalyzed reaction: hydrolysis by Sucrase
![Page 29: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fig 8.14Energy Profile
Energy (heat)absorbed from the surroundings
Energy (heat)released by the reaction
![Page 30: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fig 8.15 Energy Profile +/- Enzyme
Progress of the reaction
Products
Course of reaction without enzyme
Reactants
Course of reaction with enzyme
EA
withoutenzyme
EA with enzymeis lower
∆G is unaffected by enzymeF
ree
ener
gy
![Page 31: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig 8.17
![Page 33: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig 8.16
![Page 34: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig 8.18aOptimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic
Rat
e o
f re
actio
n
0 20 40 80 100Temperature (Cº)
(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes
Optimal temperature fortypical human enzyme
(heat-tolerant) bacteria
![Page 35: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig 8.18bR
ate
of
reac
tion
(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes
Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) Optimal pH
for trypsin(intestinalenzyme)
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
![Page 36: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Question 8.3
![Page 37: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig 8.19 a, b
Figure 8.19 (b) Competitive inhibition
A competitiveinhibitor mimics the
substrate, competingfor the active site.
Competitiveinhibitor
A substrate canbind normally to the
active site of anenzyme.
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
(a) Normal binding
![Page 38: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig 8.19c
Figure 8.19
A noncompetitiveinhibitor binds to the
enzyme away fromthe active site, altering
the conformation ofthe enzyme so that its
active site no longerfunctions.
Noncompetitive inhibitor
(c) Noncompetitive inhibition
![Page 39: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig 8.21
![Page 40: Chapter 8 Pictures. Potential and Kinetic Energy](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0131a28abf838cccc62/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Question 8.4