chapter 8. movement across the cell membrane
TRANSCRIPT
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2005-2006AP Biology
Chapter 8.
Movement across the CellMembrane
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2005-2006AP Biology
Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
governs biological systems Universe tends towards disorder
Diffusion movement from high → low concentration
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2005-2006AP Biology
Diffusion of 2 solutes Each substance diffuses down its own
concentration gradient, independent ofconcentration gradients of othersubstances
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2005-2006AP Biology
Diffusion Move for HIGH to LOW concentration
“passive transport” no energy needed
diffusion osmosis
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2005-2006AP Biology
Cell (plasma) membrane Cells need an inside & an outside…
separate cell from its environment cell membrane is the boundary
INfoodcarbohydratessugars, proteinsamino acidslipidssalts, O2, H2O
OUTwasteammoniasaltsCO2H2O products
cell needs materials in & products or waste out
IN
OUT
Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO!
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2005-2006AP Biology
Building a membrane How do you build a barrier that keeps
the watery contents of the cell separatefrom the watery environment?
Your choices→ carbohydrates?→ proteins?→ nucleic acids?→ lipids?
→ LIPIDS ←oil & waterdon’t mix!!
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2005-2006AP Biology
Lipids of cell membrane Membrane is made of phospholipids
phospholipid bilayer
phosphate
lipid
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
inside cell
outside cell
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2005-2006AP Biology
Phospholipids
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2005-2006AP Biology
Semi-permeable membrane Need to allow passage through the
membrane But need to control what gets in or out
membrane needs to be semi-permeable
So how do you build asemi-permeable membrane?
aa H2Osugar lipid salt NH3
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2005-2006AP Biology
Phospholipid bilayer What molecules can get through directly?
inside cell
outside cell
fats & other lipidscan slip directlythrough thephospholipid cellmembrane, but…
what about otherstuff?
lipid
salt
aa H2Osugar
NH3
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2005-2006AP Biology
Simple diffusion across membrane
inside cell
outside cell
Which way willlipid move?
low
high
←
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid lipid
lipidlipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
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2005-2006AP Biology
Permeable cell membrane Need to allow more material through
membrane needs to be permeable to… all materials a cell needs to bring in all waste a cell needs excrete out all products a cell needs to export out
inside cell
outside cell
lipidsugaraaH2O
salt
“holes”, orchannels, in cellmembrane allowmaterial in & out
NH3
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2005-2006AP Biology
Diffusion through a channel Movement from high to low
inside cell
outside cell
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugarsugar
sugar sugar
sugarsugarsugar
Which waywill sugarmove?
low
high
←
sugar
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2005-2006AP Biology
Semi-permeable cell membrane But the cell still needs control
membrane needs to be semi-permeable specific channels allow
specific material in & out
inside cell
outside cell
sugaraaH2O
saltNH3
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2005-2006AP Biology
How do you build a semi-permeablecell membrane? What molecule will sit “comfortably” in
a phospholipid bilayer forming channelsbi-lipid
membraneprotein channels
in bi-lipid membrane
whatproperties
does itneed?
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2005-2006AP Biology
Why proteins? Proteins are mixed molecules
hydrophobic amino acids stick in the lipid membrane anchors the protein in membrane
hydrophilic amino acids stick out in the watery
fluid in & around cell specialized “receptor”
for specific molecules
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2005-2006AP Biology
Facilitated Diffusion Globular proteins act as doors in membrane
channels to move specific molecules throughcell membrane
“The Bouncer”
open channel = fast transporthigh
low
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2005-2006AP Biology
Active Transport
“The Doorman”
conformational changelow
high
Globular proteins act as ferry for specific molecules shape change transports solute from one side of
membrane to other → protein “pump” “costs” energy
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2005-2006AP Biology
Getting through cell membrane Passive transport
diffusion of hydrophobic (lipids) molecules high → low concentration gradient
Facilitated transport diffusion of hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel
high → low concentration gradient Active transport
diffusion against concentration gradient low → high
uses a protein pump requires ATP
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2005-2006AP Biology
Facilitated diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
through a protein channel passive transport no energy needed facilitated = with help
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2005-2006AP Biology
Gated channels Some channel proteins open only in
presence of stimulus (signal) stimulus usually different from
transported molecule ex: ion-gated channels
when neurotransmitters bind to a specificgated channels on a neuron, these channelsopen = allows Na+ ions to enter nerve cell
ex: voltage-gated channelschange in electrical charge across nerve cellmembrane opens Na+ & K+ channels
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2005-2006AP Biology
Active transport Cells may need molecules to move
against concentration situation need to pump against concentration protein pump requires energy
ATP
Na+/K+ pumpin nerve cellmembranes
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2005-2006AP Biology
Active transport
using ATPusing ATP
Many models & mechanisms
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2005-2006AP Biology
Transport summary
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2005-2006AP Biology
How about large molecules? Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis
phagocytosis = “cellular eating” pinocytosis = “cellular drinking” receptor-mediated
endocytosis exocytosis
exocytosis
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2005-2006AP Biology
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediatedendocytosis
fuse withlysosome fordigestion
non-specificprocess
triggered byligand signal
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2005-2006AP Biology
The Special Case of Water
Movement of water acrossthe cell membrane
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2005-2006AP Biology
Osmosis is diffusion of water Water is very important, so we talk
about water separately Diffusion of water from
high concentration of water tolow concentration of water across a
semi-permeablemembrane
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2005-2006AP Biology
Concentration of water Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
hypotonic hypertonic
water
net movement of water
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2005-2006AP Biology
Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing
water uptake & loss
freshwater balanced saltwater
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2005-2006AP Biology
Managing water balance Isotonic
animal cell immersed inisotonic solution blood cells in blood no net movement of water
across plasma membrane water flows across
membrane, at same rate inboth directions
volume of cell is stable
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2005-2006AP Biology
Managing water balance Hypotonic
animal cell in hypotonic solutionwill gain water, swell & burst Paramecium vs. pond water Paramecium is hypertonic H2O continually enters cell to solve problem, specialized
organelle, contractile vacuole pumps H2O out of cell = ATP
plant cell turgid
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2005-2006AP Biology
Water regulation Contractile vacuole in Paramecium
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2005-2006AP Biology
Managing water balance Hypertonic
animal cell in hypertonicsolution will loose water,shrivel & probably die salt water organisms are
hypotonic compared to theirenvironment
they have to take up water &pump out salt
plant cells plasmolysis = wilt
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2005-2006AP Biology
Aquaporins Water moves rapidly into & out of cells
evidence that there were water channels
1991 | 2003
Peter AgreJohn Hopkins
Roderick MacKinnonRockefeller
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2005-2006AP Biology
More than just a barrier… Expanding our view of cell membrane
beyond just a phospholipid bilayerbarrier phospholipids plus…
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2005-2006AP Biology
Fluid Mosaic Model In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson
proposed that membrane proteinsare inserted into the phospholipidbilayer
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2005-2006AP Biology
A membrane is a collage of different proteinsembedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
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2005-2006AP Biology
Membrane Proteins Proteins determine most of membrane’s
specific functions cell membrane & organelle membranes each
have unique collections of proteins Membrane proteins:
peripheral proteins = looselybound to surface of membrane
integral proteins = penetrate intolipid bilayer, often completelyspanning the membrane =transmembrane protein
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2005-2006AP Biology
Membrane Carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
ability of a cell to distinguishneighboring cells from another
important in organ &tissue development
basis for rejection offoreign cells byimmune system
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2005-2006AP Biology
Membranes provide a variety of cell functions
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2005-2006AP Biology
Any Questions??Fluid Mosaic Model
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2005-2006AP Biology
Cell (compared to beaker) → hypertonic or hypotonicBeaker (compared to cell) → hypertonic or hypotonicWhich way does the water flow? → in or out of cell
.05 M .03 M
Osmosis…