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CHAPTER 8
JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
STRUCTURAL VS FUNCTIONAL
The most moveable type of joint is a …
1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis
FIBROUS JOINTS
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Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Suture
line
Root of
tooth
Socket of
alveolar
process
Periodontal
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS
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Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
A suture joins two cranial bones via…
1) Tendons
2) Ligaments
3) Dense fibrous connective tissue
4) Hyaline cartilage
5) Fibrocartilage
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial cavity (contains synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Articular capsule
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Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromion of scapula
Joint cavity containing
synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Humerus
Hyaline cartilage
Coracoacromial ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Fibrous articular capsule
Tendon
sheath
Tendon of long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
True or false: All synovial joints have bursae.
1) True
2) False
True or false: All synovial joints have
articular capsules.
1) True
2) False
MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
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Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
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Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Hyperextension Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and
hyperextension of the vertebral column
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Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the
shoulder and knee
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and
circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
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Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Supination
(radius and
ulna are
parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation
(radius
rotates
over ulna)
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Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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Figure 8.6c Special body movements.
Eversion Inversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
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Figure 8.6d Special body movements.
Protraction
of mandible Retraction
of mandible
(d) Protraction and retraction
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Figure 8.6e Special body movements.
Elevation
of mandible
Depression
of mandible
(e) Elevation and depression
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Figure 8.6f Special body movements.
(f) Opposition
Opposition
Turning your palms face down is ________.
1) Rotation
2) Circumduction
3) Pronation
4) Supination
Bending your knee is an example of ________.
1) Flexion
2) Extension
3) Dorsiflexion
4) Plantar flexion
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
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Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
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Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
d Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
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Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb)
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
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Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
b c
d
e
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Which of the following joints produces
multiaxial movement?
1) Gliding joint
2) Saddle joint
3) Condyloid joint
4) Ball-and-socket joint
JOINT INJURIES:
FOCUS ON THE KNEE
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(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon of quadriceps femoris
Suprapatellar bursa
Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament
Infrapatellar fat pad
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Patellar ligament
Articular capsule
Lateral meniscus
Anterior cruciate ligament
Tibia
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
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Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Medial meniscus
Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle
Anterior
Anterior cruciate ligament
Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle
Lateral
meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament
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Figure 8.8c The knee joint.
Quadriceps femoris muscle
Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Medial patellar retinaculum
Tibial collateral ligament
Tibia
Fibular collateral ligament
Fibula
(c) Anterior view of right knee
Patellar ligament
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Figure 8.8d The knee joint.
Articular capsule
Oblique popliteal ligament
Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle
Fibular collateral ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Tibia
Femur
Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle
Tendon of semimembranosus muscle
(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,
including ligaments
Popliteus muscle (cut)
Tendon of adductor magnus
Bursa
Tibial collateral ligament
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Fibular collateral ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial condyle
Tibial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament
Patella
Quadriceps tendon
Lateral condyle of femur
Lateral meniscus
Fibula
Tibia
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate
ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
Figure 8.8e The knee joint.
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Figure 8.8f The knee joint.
Medial femoral condyle
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus on
medial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral Medial
Patella (outline)
Tibial collateral
ligament
(torn)
Medial
meniscus (torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament (torn)
Hockey puck
A meniscus is…
1) A pad of fibrocartilage between bones
2) The same as articular cartilage
3) Found in all synovial joints
4) All of the above
DEGENERATIVE JOINT CONDITIONS
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Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
The progressive joint disease due to
autoimmune reaction is…
1) Paget’s Disease
2) Osteoarthritis
3) Rheumatoid arthritis
4) Tendonitis