chapter 8 harvesting energy: glycolysis and cellular respiration
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
What is Glucose Metabolism?Answer: The breakdown of glucose to release energy from
its chemical bonds
+ LightEnergy6 CO2
CarbonDioxide
+ 6 H2OWater
= C6H12O6
Glucose
+ 6 O2
Oxygen
Photosynthesis:
Glucose Metabolism:
= 6 CO2
CarbonDioxide
+ 6 H2OWater
+ Energy
ChemicalHeat
+ 6 O2
Oxygen
C6H12O6
Glucose
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Major Steps of Glucose Metabolism
Glucose
1) Glycolysis (2 ATP)
PyruvateNo oxygen present
(Anaerobic)
2) Fermentation
EthanolLactate
Oxygen present(Aerobic)
3) Cellular Respiration(36 ATP)
Carbon DioxideWater
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
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Major Steps in Glucose Metabolism:
(Figure 8.1)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysis (Greek: “To break down a sweet”)• Ancient biochemical pathway (all organisms do it...)• Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen
Two Major Components:A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy)
2 ATP 2 ADP
(Activation Energy)C C C CCC
Glucose
CCC x 2P
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
(G3P)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysis (Greek: “To break down a sweet”)• Ancient biochemical pathway (all organisms do it...)• Occurs in the cytoplasm; Does not require oxygen
Two Major Components:A) Glucose Activation: Initiate the reaction (takes energy)B) Energy Harvesting: Complete the reaction (makes energy)
4 ADP 4 ATP
CCC x 2P
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
CCC x 2
Pyruvate2 NAD+ 2 NADH
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Glycolysis in Review:
Net ATP Gain = 2 ATP
(Figure 8.2)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Major Steps of Glucose Metabolism
Glucose
1) Glycolysis (2 ATP)
PyruvateNo oxygen present
(Anaerobic)
2) Fermentation
EthanolLactate
Oxygen present(Aerobic)
3) Cellular Respiration
Carbon DioxideWater
(36 ATP)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
2) Fermentation: Process for regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis• Occurs in organisms which live where oxygen is rare
• Intestines / stomach; soils / sediments / bogsTwo Types of Fermentation:A) Lactate Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to lactate (lactic acid)
CCC x 2
Lactate
CCC x 2
Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NAD+ (Back to glycolysis)
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Lactate Fermentation:
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
2) Fermentation: Process for regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis• Occurs in organisms which live where oxygen is rare
• Intestines / stomach; soils / sediments / bogsTwo Types of Fermentation:A) Lactate Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to lactate (lactic acid)
B) Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO2
CCC x 2
Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NAD+ (Back to glycolysis)
CCC x 2
Ethanol
x 2
CarbonDioxide
+
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Alcohol Fermentation:
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Yeast
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Major Steps of Glucose Metabolism
Glucose
1) Glycolysis (2 ATP)
PyruvateNo oxygen present
(Anaerobic)
2) Fermentation
EthanolLactate
Oxygen present(Aerobic)
3) Cellular Respiration(36 ATP)
Carbon DioxideWater
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
3) Cellular Respiration: Series of reactions producing ATP• Occurs in mitochondria / requires oxygen
+ ATPChemicalEnergy
+ H2OWater
Pyruvate = CO2
CarbonDioxide
+ O2
Oxygen
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Recall from Chapter 5:Mitochondria has two membranes:
1) Outer Membrane (smooth)2) Inner Membrane (folded - cristae)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Recall from Chapter 5:The two membranes provide two separate compartments:
1) Intermembrane Compartment• Lies between inner and outer membrane
2) Matrix (lies within inner membrane)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
3) Cellular Respiration - Sequence of Events:
A) Formation of Acetyl CoA:• Pyruvate diffuses into mitochondrial matrix
• Down concentration gradient (via pores)
CC - CoA x 2
Acetyl CoANAD+ NADH
Coenzyme A CO2
C( )
CCC x 2
Pyruvate
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
3) Cellular Respiration - Sequence of Events:
B) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
CC - CoA (x 2)Acetyl CoA
KrebsCycle
2 CO2C( )C(x 2)
FAD
FADH2
(x 2)
3 NAD+
3 NADH
(x 2)
ADP
ATP
(x 2)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
The True Story:
DO NOTCOPY!
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Review:
(Figure 8.5)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
3) Cellular Respiration - Energy Checklist:
What energy molecules have we produced so far:1) 2 ATP (from glycolysis)2) 2 ATP (from Krebs cycle)3) Multiple Electron-carrier Molecules:
• 2 NADH (from glycolysis)• 8 NADH (from Krebs cycle)• 2 FADH2 (from Krebs cycle)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
C) Electron Transport System3) Cellular Respiration - Sequence of Events:
• Place where electron-carrier molecules unload their electrons
• Located in inner mitochondrial membraneOuter
Membrane
InnerMembrane
Intermembrane Compartment
Matrix
ETS
NAD+
FADNADHFADH2
2e-
H+H+H+
1/2 O2 + 2 H+ H2O
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Electron Transport Chain:cyanide
(Figure 8.6)
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Sequence of Events in Cellular Respiration:4) Chemiosmosis:
• Captures energy stored in hydrogen ion gradientand produces ATP
• Located in inner mitochondrial membrane
OuterMembrane
InnerMembrane
Intermembrane Compartment
Matrix
ETS
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+H+
H+ ionchannel
H+
ATPADP
32 ATP
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Chapter 8: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
Chemiosmosis:• ATP diffuses out of mitochondria to provide energy
for cellular processes
(See “A Closer Look - Chemiosmosis: Pg. 142)
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Final Tally of EnergyProduction:
One Molecule of GlucoseYields 36 - 38 ATP
Yippee!
(Figure 8.1)
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How Various BiomoleculesYield Energy:
Fats:• Glycerol → glycolysis• Fatty Acids → Krebs cycle
Proteins:• Enter at multiple stages
Reversal true as well:Glucose → Fats
(See Health Watch - Pg. 134)
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