chapter 8 – groups part 2: march 22, 2012. groupthink janis’ 1972 research – analyzed...
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Chapter 8 – Groups
Part 2: March 22, 2012
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Groupthink• Janis’ 1972 research – analyzed historical group
decisions – Pearl Harbor, Bay of Pigs
• Recent examples?
• Groupthink – tendency of groups to repress dissenting opinions in favor of group harmony and cohesion.
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Symptoms of Groupthink
• 1. Illusion of Invulnerability • 2. Belief in Group’s Moral Superiority • Symptoms 1 & 2 combine
• 3. Rationalization • 4. Stereotypes of Opponents
Symptoms 3 & 4 combine
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• 5. Pressure to Conform –
• 6. Self-Censoring –
• 7. Illusion of Unanimity –
• 8. Mindguarding –
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Reducing Groupthink• Solutions focused on leadership –
• Solutions focused on decision making –
• Solutions focused on group members -
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Conflict in Groups
• Groups w/mixed motives can create social dilemmas– If everyone chooses self-interest worst outcome
– Studied in lab using conflict games -• Prisoner’s Dilemma as example (see Fig 8.9)
• How does it work?
• Results?
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• Resource Dilemmas as example– Commons example –
• How does it work?
• Results?
• Both are considered ‘non-zero sum games’
• Solutions:– Groups vs. individuals:
– Value orientation:
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Conflict Management Strategies
• Options involve use of a 3rd party and extent of their power– Bargaining – – Mediation – – How do they differ?
– Distinguish betw win-win and win-lose orientations:
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• Arbitration as alternative– Differs from mediation – how?
– Differences betw conventional and final-offer arbitration:
– Effects of arbitration on long-term outcomes?