chapter 8 “character arrays and strings” · declaring and initializing string variables: 3 c...

Chapter 8 “Character Arrays and Strings”

INTRODUCTION

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A string is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item.

String constant: “String constant example.” “ \”String constant example.\”” \” includes double quote in the string.

o printf(“ \”Well Done !\” ”);output: “Well Done !”

DECLARING AND INITIALIZING STRING VARIABLES:

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C does not support strings as a data type.Strings are represented as character arrays.The general form of declaration of a

string variable is:char string_name[size];

Example: char city[10]; char name[30];

Size = maximum number of characters in the s tr ing p lus one ( for NULL character ‘\0’)


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Initialization:Example:

1. char city[18] = “Ahmedabad Gujarat”;2. char city[18] = {‘A’, ’h’, ‘m’, ‘e’, ‘d’, ‘a’, ‘b’,

‘a’, ‘d’, ‘ ’, ‘G’, ‘u’, ‘j’, ‘a’, ‘r’, ‘a’, ‘t’, ‘\0’};3. char string[]={‘G’, ‘o’, ‘o’, ‘d’, ‘\0’};

size is determined from list of values.4. char str[10] = “Good”;

strG o o d \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0


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Initialization:Example:

1. char str2[3]=“Good”; //compile time error - size is smaller than specified value

2. char str3[5]; str3=“Good”;

we can not separate initialization from declaration.

4. char s1[4]=“abc”;char s2[4];s2=s1; //ErrorArray name can not be used as the left operand of an assignment operator.

TERMINATING NULL CHARACTER

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The string is a variable-length structure and is stored in a fixed-length array.

The array size is not always the size of string and most often it is much larger than the string stored in it.

Null character end-of-string

READING STRINGS FROM TERMINAL

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Reading strings from terminal Using scanf function

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Format specification: %s Example:

char name[11];scanf(“%s”,name);

The problem with the scanf function is that it terminates its input on the first white space it finds.


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char name[11];scanf(“%s”,name);

Example: Ajay Patel given as input then scanf takes only Ajay as input because it breaks in blank space (white space).

nameA j a y \0 ? ? ? ? ? ?


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Example:char adr1[25], adr2[25];scanf(“%s%s”,adr1,adr2);


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Format specification: %ws scanf(“%ws”,name);

Example:char name[10];scanf(“%5s”,name);

The input string RAM will be stored as:

nameR A M \0 ? ? ? ? ? ?0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


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Format specification: %ws scanf(“%ws”,name);

Example:char name[10];scanf(“%5s”,name);

The input string KRISHNA will be stored as:

nameK R I S H \0 ? ? ? ?0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Reading strings from terminal Using a Line of Text

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Format specification: %[..] also known as edit set conversion code.

Example,char line[20];scanf(“%[^\n]”,line);

lineA j a y P a t e l \0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Reading strings from terminal Using getchar and gets function

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Using getchar() function char ch; ch=getchar();

Example next slide


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#include<stdio.h>void main(){ char line[81],ch; int c=0; printf(“Enter text. Press <Return> at end.\n”); do { ch=getchar(); line[c]=ch; c++; }while(ch!=‘\n’); c=c-1; line[c]=‘\0’;

printf(“line=%s”,line);}

Output:Enter text. Press <Return> at end.String is interesting chapter.line=String is interesting chapter.


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Using gets() functionHeader file stdio.hGeneral format

gets(string_variable_name);

g e t s ( ) r e a d c h a r a c t e r s i n t o string_variable_name from keyboard until a new-line character is encountered and then appends a null character to the string.


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Example,char line[81];gets(line);printf(“%s”,line);


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Difference between gets() and scanf() function

gets() scanf()Format: gets(string_variable_name);

Format: scanf(“%ws”,name);

It can consider white space until new line character encountered.

It can not consider white space while reading a string.

Example, char ch[10]; gets(ch);

Example, char ch[10]; scanf(“%s”,ch);

It is used to read line of text. It is not used to read line of text but word.

Writing strings to screen

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WRITING STRINGS TO SCREEN USING PRINTF() FUNCTION

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Format specification: %w.p sHere w – width and p – first p characters

of the string.Examplechar name = “Ajay Patel”;

printf(“%s”,name);

printf(“%10s”,name); A j a y P a t e l

A j a y P a t e l


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When the field width is less than size of string, entire string is printed

char name = “Ajay Patel”;printf(“%5s”,name);

The integer on right side of decimal indicates number of characters to be printed

printf(“%15.6s”,name);

printf(“%-15.6s”,name);

A j a y P a t e l

A j a y P

A j a y P


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char name = “Ajay Patel”; printf(“%15.0s”,name);

0 characters are to be printed. So nothing is printed on the screen.

printf(“%.3s”,name);

printf(“%*.*s”,w,p,string);printf(“%-*.*s”,15,6,name);

A j a

A j a y P

(Contd.)

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Writing strings to screen using putchar() and puts() function

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Using putchar() function:char ch=‘A’;putchar(ch);

Example,char name[5]=“Ajay”;i=0;while(name[i]!=‘\0’){ putchar(name[i]); i++;}putchar(‘\n’);

A j a y \0

Writing strings to screen using putchar() and puts() function

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Using puts() function:Format: puts(string_variable_name)It prints the string on the screen then

move the cursor to the beginning of the next line on the screen.

Example,char name[20];gets(name);puts(name);

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON CHARACTERS

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Whenever a character constant or character v a r i a b l e i s u s e d i n e x p r e s s i o n , i t i s automatically converted into an integer value by the system. The integer value depends on the local character set of the system.

If the machine ASCII representation,char x=‘a’;printf(“%d\n”,x); output:- 97

Arithmetic operations can be performed on character constant or character variable.

x=‘z’-1; 122(ASCII of z) - 1 = 121


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To check whether the character is upper-case letter or not.

ch >= ‘A’ && ch <= ‘Z’

We can convert a character digit to its equivalent integer value using the following relationship.

x = character – ‘0’ // Here x is interger.Example,

x= ASCII value of ‘7’ - ASCII value of ‘0’ = 55 – 48 = 7


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The C library supports a function that converts a string of digits into their integer values. The function takes the form

integer_variable = atoi(string);Example,

char number[5] = “2013”;int year;year = atoi(number);

atoi() function is stored in the header file stdlib.h .

PUTTING STRINGS TOGETHER

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We can not join two strings together by the simple arithmetic addition.

Like, string3 = string1 + string2; string2 = string1 + “hello”; are not valid.

The characters from string1 and string2 should be copied into the string3 one after the other.

The size of array string3 should be large enough to hold the total characters.

The process of combining two string together is called concatenation.

COMPARISON OF TWO STRINGS

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Similarly, C does not permit the comparison of two strings directly.

Like, if(name1==name2)if(name1==“Ajay”) //are invalid

It is therefore necessary to compare the two strings to be tested, character by character.

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS

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Most commonly used s tr ing handl ing functions:

Function Action

strcat() Concatenates two strings

strcmp() Compares two strings

strcpy() Copies one string over another

strlen() Finds the length of a string

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRCAT() FUNCTION

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It joins two strings together. It takes the following form:

strcat(string1, string2);string2 is appended to string1.

Example refer next slide


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Examplechar name[15] = “Ajay ”;char sname[6] = “Patel”;strcat(name,sname);

nameA j a y \0

sname

P a t e l \0

nameA j a y P a t e l \0


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Examplechar name[15] = “Ajay ”;strcat(name,”Patel”);

nameA j a y \0



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Examplechar name[15];char fname[6]=“Ajay ”,lname[6]=“Patel”;strcat(strcat(name,fname),lname);

fnameA j a y \0


lname

P a t e l \0

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRCMP() FUNCTION

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It compares two strings and has a value 0 if they are equal . If they are not , it has numeric difference between the first non-matching characters in the strings.

It takes the following form:strcmp(string1, string2);

Example refer next slide


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Examplestrcmp(“their”,”there”);It returns a value -9 (Ascii of (i) - Ascii of (r) ).


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Examplechar name1[15]=“Ajay”;char name2[15]=“Ajay”;int x;x = strcmp(name1,name2);if(x != 0){ printf(“strings are not equal. ”); }else{ printf(“strings are equal. ”); }

Sorting of strings in alphabetical order

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRCPY() FUNCTION

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It copies one string over another. It takes the following form:

strcpy(string1, string2);it assigns the contents of string2 to string1.string2 may be a character array variable or a string constant.

Example,strcpy(city,”AHMEDABAD”);strcpy(city1,city2);

size of the array city1 should be large enough to receive the contents of city2.

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRLEN() FUNCTION

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It counts and returns the number of characters in a string.

The general form of strlen is:n = strlen(string);

Where n is an integer variable, which receives the value of the length of the string.

The argument may be a string constant. The counting ends at the first null character.Example

char city[15]=“Ahmedabad”;int n=strlen(city); n=9int x=strlen(“Baroda Gujarat”); x=14

Other String handling functions strncpy() function

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The header file string.h contains many more string manipulation functions.

It copies only left-most n characters of the source string to the target string variable.

strncpy(s1,s2,5); This statement copies the first 5 characters of

the source string s2 into the target string s1. Since the first 5 characters may not include

the terminating null character, we have to place it explicitly in the 6th position of s2 as shown below:

s1[6]=‘\0’;

Other String handling functions strncpy() function

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Example,char str1=“Nirma Uni”;char str2=“IDS”; strncpy(str1,str2,2); IDrma Uni

Other String handling functions strncmp() function

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The general form is:strncmp(s1,s2,n);

this compares the left-most n characters of s1 and s2 and returns 0 if they are equal. Negative number, if s1 sub-string is less than s2 Positive number, otherwise.

Other String handling functions strncat() function

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The general form is:strncat(s1,s2,n);

This call will concatenate the left-most n characters of s2 to the end of s1.

After strncat(s1,s2,4); excution:

S1: B A L A \0

S2: G U R U S A M Y \0

S1: B A L A G U R U \0

OTHER STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRSTR() FUNCTION

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It is a two-parameter function that can be used to locate sub-string in a string.

This takes the forms:strstr(s1,s2);strstr(s1,”ABC”);

The function strstr searches the string s1 to see whether the string s2 is contained in s1.

If yes, the function returns the position of the first occurrence of the sub-string.

Otherwise, it returns a NULL pointer.

OTHER STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRSTR() FUNCTION

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Example,char s1[15]=“Nirma University”, s2[10]=“Uni”;if(strstr(s1,s2)==NULL)

printf(“substring is not found.”);else

printf(“s2 is as substring of s1.”);

OTHER STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS STRCHR() FUNCTION

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We also have functions to determine the existence of a character in a string.

The functionstrchr(s1,’m’);

will locate the first occurrence of the character ‘m’.

The function strrchr(s1,’m’);

will locate the last occurrence of the character ‘m’ in the string s1.

TABLE OF STRINGS

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A list of names can be treated as a table of string and a two-dimensional character array can be used to store the entire list.

Example,char student[30][20];

It is used store 30 student names each of length not more than 20 characters.

Write a C program to copy one string into another without using string handling function.

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#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ char str1[50],str2[20]; int i; clrscr(); printf(“Enter the string2:”); gets(str2); for(i=0;str2[i]!=‘\0’;i++) str1[i]=str2[i]; str1[i]=‘\0’; printf(“String1 = %s”,str1); getch();}

Output:Enter the string2:Nirma University

String1 = Nirma University

Write a C program to compare two strings without using string handling function.

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#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ char str1[50],str2[20]; int i; clrscr(); printf(“Enter the string1 and string2:”); gets(str1); gets(str2); i=0;

while(str1[i]==str2[i] && str1[i]!=‘\0’ && str2[i]!=‘\0’) i++;

if(str1[i]==‘\0’ && str2[i]==‘\0’) printf(“Strings are equal.”);else printf(“Strings are not equal.”);

getch();}

Write a C program that counts the number of words from the given string

#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){

char str[100];int count=1,i=0;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the string:");gets(str);

while(str[i]!='\0'){ if(str[i]==' ') { count++; } i++;

}printf("\nNo. of words in string are: %d",count);getch();}

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WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT FOLLOWING USING FOR LOOP:

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#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>void main(){char str[20];int i,j;printf("Enter the string:");scanf("%s",str);for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++){ for(j=0;j<=i;j++) printf("%c",str[j]); printf("\n");}getch();}

Thank You

chapter 8 “character arrays and strings” · declaring and initializing string variables: 3 c...

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