chapter 8

Empowering Programs with Resources that Enhance Social

Work Education

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

Counsel on Social Work Education (CSWE) Defines Educational Policy and

Accreditation Standards (EPAS) Developed Ten “Core Competencies”

and 41 related “Practice Behaviors” Every Student should master the Practice

Behaviors and Core Competencies before completing their program


The Textbook – “Helping Hands” icon call attention to content

that relates to Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

“Competency Notes” at the end of each chapter help put the Practice Behaviors and Competencies in practical context.

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/

Cole PublishingCole Publishing

The Practice Behaviors Workbook developed with the text provides assignable exercises that assist in mastering the Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

Additional Online Resources can be found a www.cengage.com/socialwork.


http://www.cengage.com/socialwork

Nixon sought reforms that provided jobs and income

Expanded the policy roles of local governments

Used private market mechanisms rather than direct government provision.

2.1.9 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

Addition of a family planning program to the public health act;

Assorted health legislation Development of affirmative action policies Establishment of the occupational safety and health

administration (OSHA) Policies that led to the desegregation of virtually all

southern schools A proposal to reform welfare programs (the family

assistance program, or FAP) A proposal for national health insurance


The comprehensive employment and training act (CETA),

The community development block grant program, the rehabilitation act of 1973, and

The child abuse prevention act of 1973 were enacted.


Nixon transformed Food Stamps from a welfare program to a program used by large numbers of the working poor.

These liberal reforms were enacted in 1970 and 1973 and dramatically increased the size of the program from 10.4 million enrollees in 1970 to 19.4 million enrollees in 1980.

A broad constituency of protest groups, liberals, agricultural interests, and conservative politicians from rural areas supported these reforms.



Title XX represented the first time that the federal government had officially committed itself to funding a variety of social services to persons who were usually near or under the poverty line.

It also illustrated the reformist nature of Nixon’s first term.

Nixon, who despised services and social workers, did not veto legislation that covered services for existing and potential welfare recipients in a block grant.


Nixon approved the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, giving the enforcing Commission the power to use court rulings to enforce its orders.

His administration included women in affirmative action orders that were sent to federal contractors.

HIS policies led to extraordinary increases in the employment of people of color and women by public agencies.


The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was a historic measure to accord persons with disabilities protections from discrimination

Section 504 states that “no otherwise qualified handicapped individual shall be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal assistance.”



Medicare was revised in 1973 to extend coverage to nonelderly persons with kidney disease.

The Health Maintenance Act of 1973 provided seed money to promote the establishment of medical organizations

The Family Planning and Population Research Act of 1970 had helped 4 million low-income women, including 1.3 million teenagers, obtain family- planning services by 1980.

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974 provided resources to local juvenile diversion projects to help runaways and truants who had previously been stigmatized by court and juvenile detention services.

The Child Abuse Prevention Act of 1974 provided research funds to be disseminated to universities and pilot projects to develop effective interventions.


The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)

Legislation enacted in 1975 established an Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Workers who earned less than $4,000 per year were given a tax credit (a payment) equivalent to 10 percent of their earnings. Though modest, it was the first legislation to use the tax system as a vehicle for giving resources to the poor.


Social reform flourished in the first three years of Nixon’s first term. Spending for poverty programs had increased by $27 billion in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations (in 1986 dollars), but it increased by $54 billion in the Nixon and Ford administrations.

When confronted with a deep recession, trade deficits, and inflation, Nixon even imposed wage and price controls in 1971.

But during this liberal period, Nixon’s rhetoric remained staunchly conservative, even as he supported reform measures;

he regularly lambasted programs of the Great Society, “big spenders,” and liberalism and remained silent on the subjects of civil rights and race relations.


Little social legislation was enacted during Ford’s tenure.

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which was passed in 1975, provided federal subsidies to schools so that children with physical and mental disabilities could be mainstreamed into regular classes.

Although it allowed many children with disabilities to escape special institutions, inadequate funding in succeeding years much diminished its effects.



Carter encountered a bleak economic situation. He inherited a massive deficit from Ford, high rates of

inflation, and increasing levels of social spending. Inflation became a national crisis when Middle Eastern

countries decided to stop shipments of oil to the United States, in reprisal for American assistance to Israel.

When gasoline prices rose from 37 cents per gallon in 1970 to $1.60 in 1977, double-digit inflation became a reality.

Carter was ill equipped to contend with these harsh political and economic realities.



Carter was not much interested in domestic legislation. He was ill disposed to welfare recipients, alcoholics, and

drug addicts, whom he believed to make fraudulent use of government programs.

In 1977, Carter introduced a comprehensive scheme for welfare reform, which, like Nixon’s a few years earlier, became caught in a cross-fire between liberals and conservatives.

Carter was also able to expand Medicaid programs to screen and treat low-income children and to help pregnant women.



By 1978, Carter had decided to effect massive cuts in social programs as part of his desperate effort to stem double-digit inflation

Carter was militantly against abortion and supported a constitutional amendment to overrule the Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision

As a result of this legislation, the number of federally financed abortions declined from 275,000 in 1976 to 1,250 in 1978,



The policy changes that were made in the 1970s constitute a hidden social spending revolution in American social policy.

Nondefense spending went from 8.1 percent of the gross national product in 1961 to 11.3 percent in 1971 and 15.6 percent in 1981.

About two-thirds of this domestic budget consisted of social insurance and means-tested social programs.

Total federal social spending rose from $67 billion in 1960 to $158 billion in 1970 (in 1980 dollars) and to $314 billion in 1980.

Many social programs grew tremendously in their total cost during the 1970s.

2.1.8


table


Many factors combined to hide the extent of the 1970s reforms.

Nixon’s political rhetoric was often conservative, in contrast to Roosevelt’s denunciation of “monied interests”

Johnson’s expressions of sympathy for those in poverty. Each of the three presidents in the 1970s began his

administration with relatively liberal emphases but ended his term as a determined conservative, which made him appear to focus on reductions rather than increases in social spending.


Groups representing women, people of color, and gay men and lesbians

The middle and late1960s saw the emergence of relatively radical leadership who focused on nonviolent marches and demonstrations, building group pride, and recruiting mass membership.

Among African Americans, the nonviolent precepts of Martin Luther King, Jr., were losing ground to the black power philosophy of Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael.


Specialized organizations formed to deal with the following issues:•Redress job discrimination•Reform state laws on rape•Develop funding for battered women’s shelters, •Seek resources for child care, •Obtain legislation allowing maternal (and paternal) leaves for pregnant women and for parents of newly born children, •Secure equal pay for comparable work,



Increase child support payments from divorced or absent fathers,

Increase training and assistance to “displaced homemakers,”

Work for enactment of an equal rights amendment, Develop lawsuits to force promotions and hiring of

women in the face of discrimination, Contest court rulings that threatened affirmative

action, and Seek legislation to ban sexual harassment in the

workplace.



Attorneys who had received their training in the civil rights movement of the 1960s developed a vast quantity of litigation for the various out-groups.

Protections extended to: immigrants in detention camps gay men and lesbians persons with physical disabilities the indigent persons with developmental disabilities persons in jail prisoners on death row


Though Nixon often supported, and even initiated, social reforms, his rhetoric in public utterances, as well as during private conferences with advisors, reflected racism and anti-Semitism.

Welfare fraud was attacked He sometimes supported policies for women and other groups, but he

also endorsed FBI infiltration of dissident groups. His brooding presence symbolizes the contradictions of the 1970s; Presidents Ford and Carter were basically conservative in their domestic

policies, even though they supported certain reforms. Full-fledged conservative movements against the supposed excesses of

reform emerged in the form of a backlash against feminism, affirmative action, social spending, and taxes, so that advocates for women, gay men and lesbians, and people of color felt increasingly on the defensive.



Policy advocacy for persons with serious addictions

Demand greater funding for treatment programs and also seek policies to provide treatment in lieu of imprisonment.

Work to make American drug policy more equitable for persons of color.


chapter 8

Education

cengage learning

brooks cole publishing

rehabilitation act

health maintenance act

delinquency act

family planning program

population research

family assistance program