Chapter 7b

Heterotrophic NutritionHeterotrophic Nutrition

These are organisms that can not make their own food

Therefore they have to obtain it from the environment

Ingestion Digestion Egestion

Heterotrophic NutritionHeterotrophic Nutrition• Organisms are unable to convert inorganic materials

into organic nutrientsCarry out

– Mechanical Digestion: physically broken down , • the increase in surface area of food by physically

grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces – Ex: chewing food with teeth

– Chemical Digestion: (hydrolysis)broken down chemically using Enzymes and water• Occurs in stages and leads to FINAL END

PRODUCTS• Can Occur:

– Extracellular: in most animals by the use of organs– Intracellular: takes place within a cell, vacuoles

and lysosomes required

Mechanical/Physical Digestion: the increase in surface area of food by physically grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces Ex: chewing food with teeth

Chemical digestion- Large food molecules are broken down into smaller ones by the use of enzymes (Hydrolysis)

Four types of digestionFour types of digestion::

Three steps of Digestion

1. Ingestion2. Digestion3. Egestion

Ingestion

The taking in of food into the body

Digestion

• The process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells.

Egestion

• The elimination of undigested food from the body in the form of feces.

• Do not confuse with excretion, which is the removal of cellular wastes and not undigested food

5 kingdoms Monera Monera bacteriabacteria

Protist Protist ameobaameoba

parameciumparamecium

Plant Plant moss, flowers moss, flowers

Trees grassTrees grass

Fungi, Fungi, mushrooms, mushrooms,

Mold, mildew, Mold, mildew,

YEAST,RHIZOPUSYEAST,RHIZOPUS

Animal,Animal, Humans, Humans,

monkeys, whalesmonkeys, whales

unicellular

multicellular

No NucleusNo Nucleus

Has a NucleusHas a Nucleus

autotrophicautotrophic

Heterotrophic Absorb Absorb

IngestIngest

5 kingdoms

Kingdom: MoneraKingdom: Monera– Most bacteria are heterotrophic.

• Digestion is ExtracellularSome are:• Saprophytes:Saprophytes: obtain nutrients from dead

animal and plant material.• Parasites: live ON or IN the organism on which

they feedStreptococciBorrelia Ecoli

5 kingdoms

Kingdom: Protistaex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium

Kingdom: ProtistaPhyla: Algae, Protozoan, Slime mold

ex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium, rotifers

Protista Kingdom

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

• Amoeba

• Kingdom: __________

• Phylum: ___________

• Engulfs food and moves using __________

• Carries out __________digestion

• Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion.

• ________ is semi permeable.

• Cyclosis is aka known as __________ streaming.

• ________ __________ push excess water out of cell.

Protist

Protozoan

Pseudopods

Chemical

Intracellular

Cell membrane

cytoplasmic

Contractile Vacuole

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

• Phylum: • Amoeba

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

• Phylum: Protozoan• Amoeba

NucleusFood

vacuole

Contractile

vacuolePseudopod

Plasma membrane

ectoplasm

Endoplasm cytoplasm

Phagocytosis:Phagocytosis: the taking in of solid the taking in of solid materials using Pseudopods.materials using Pseudopods.

• This is an amoeba ingesting a paramecium.

Ingestion: Phagocytosis

Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan

Cyclosis-AKA Cytoplasmic Streaming a type of Intracellular circulation occurring inside a cell, in which there is a streaming motion of the cytoplasm.

Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan THE PARAMECIUM

Paramecium feeding on Algae,

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan Phylum: Protozoan

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

• Paramecium

• Kingdom: __________

• Phylum: ___________

• Engulfs food and moves using thousands of __________

• Carries out __________digestion

• Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion.

• ________ is semi permeable.

• Cyclosis is aka known as __________ streaming.

• ________ __________ push excess water out of cell.

Protist

Protozoan

Cilia

chemical

intracellular

Cell Membrane

cytoplasmic

Contractile vacuole

Kingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

• Phylum:Protozoan• Paramecium

Nucleus

Posterior Contractile

vacuoleCilia

Plasma membrane

Micro nucleus

Anterior Contractile

vacuole

trichocyst

Anal pore

Forming food

vacuole

lysosome

cytoplasm

mouth

Oral groove

gullet

5 kingdoms

Kingdom:Fungi, Kingdom:Fungi, Rhizopus*The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________. *Lack chlorophyll, they cannot carry on photosynthesis. *These organisms are heterotrophs. *They live off of dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic saprophytes.  *Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the bread mold called Rhizoids. The _______ penetrate the food source and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the enzymes are secreted outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerols are then absorbed into the bread mold.

Kingdom:FungiKingdom:Fungi

• Kingdom: __________• Rhizopus, Bread Mold• Carries out __________digestion• Uses _________ _________to digests its’

food

Fungi

The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________. Because they lack chlorophyll, they cannot carry on photosynthesis. These organisms are heterotrophs. They live off of dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic saprophytes.

Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the bread mold called Rhizoids. The _______ penetrate the food source and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the enzymes are secreted outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerols are then absorbed into the bread mold.

extracellular

Hydrolytic Enzymes

Kingdom:FungiKingdom:Fungi

• Rhizopus

Label the following parts below:

Sporangia Spores

Sporangiophore Stolon

rhizoid hyphae

Spores

rhizoid

Stolon

Sporangiophore

Sporangia

5 kingdoms

Kingdom: Animalia

Figure

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Coelenterata

When jellyfish travel at unsafe speeds.

Nutrition in Coelenterates, (Cnidarian)• Kingdom: __________• Phylum: ___________ • * Coelenterates are known as being ______ bodied organisms. • *Also called _______ celled organisms. (Cnidaria)• *The hydra is _____ cell layers thick. Each layer is separated

by the ________.• * Have a _______ way digestive tract.• * _______ cell is in contact with the environment.• * The hydra carries out ________ digestion and

________digestion. • * Move by _______________.• *Hermaphrodites

HollowCoelenterates

Animal

Stinging

2mesoglea

one

Everyintracellular

extracellularSummersaults

Common Polyp form exhibited in by the hydra:

Hypostome

Tentacle

Gastrovascular cavityBud

Basal Disk (Base)

Mouth

Nematocyst

Ectodermic CellsMesogleaEndodermic cells

Ovary)

Testes

Hydra: Cross section

Longitudinal SectionLongitudinal Section and and Cross Cross SectionSection

Hydra Ingesting a Daphnia

                                                            

The Hydra Budding

Here you can see a photo of a Hydra with two asexual buds.

Chlorohydra viridissima

Trigger

Harpoon

•Explain how a hydra carries out both types of digestion.–Intracellular and Extracellular

Extracellular Digestion

Cells secrete enzymes into

the GVC

Intracellular Digestion

Individual cells ingest by

phagocytosis and break do daphnia end

products

Phylum: AnnelidsPhylum: Annelids(Segmented worms)(Segmented worms)

9

1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8

8

4.4.Crop:Crop: Food Food

stored in stored in

5.5.Gizzard: Gizzard:

mechanical mechanical digestiondigestion

7. Intestine: 7. Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis chemical Hydrolysis

+ absorption+ absorption

10.10.Typhlosole: Typhlosole: ““enfolding” enfolding”

3. 3. Esophagus:Esophagus:peristalsis:peristalsis:

6. 6. Skin: Skin: Gas Gas

PERMEABLE,PERMEABLE,

2. 2. PharynxPharynxVacuum Vacuum ActionAction

10

What do we know about the earthworm What do we know about the earthworm from labfrom lab

•““CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM”CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM”

Dorsal and ventral blood vesselsDorsal and ventral blood vessels(located on the intestine)(located on the intestine)5 pair of aortic arches5 pair of aortic archesHemoglobin, red pigmented bloodHemoglobin, red pigmented blood

The real Rulers of the Earth…The real Rulers of the Earth…Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, Millipedes One recent One recent

conservative conservative estimate puts estimate puts the number of the number of arthropod arthropod species in species in tropical forests tropical forests at 6 to 9 million at 6 to 9 million species.species.

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda

Herbivore: eats plant matter* Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes* Dimorphic*Tube within a tube body plan

Inner tube: Digestive SystemOuter tube: Exoskeleton, muscles

* One way Digestive System* Extracellular Digestion

Grasshopper

Grasshopper Grasshopper

Gizzard

Crop Small Intestine

Pharynx Rectum

Anus

Esophagus

mouth

salivary glands large Intestine

Gastric caeca stomach

Esophagus

Pharynx

Answers

1. Oral Cavity

• salivary glands

Ex: amylase

2. Esophagus

• Connects mouth to stomach

• Peristaltic action of the esophagus moves food to the stomach

3. Stomach

• Lining of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juice

4. Small Intestine

• Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion is completed here

• Nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine

• Structures like the gall bladder and pancreas secrete enzymes into the small intestine for digestion

4. Small Intestine

                                                                                

Gall Bladder

• Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

• Bile is secreted by the gall bladder into the small intestine for emulsification

• Emulsification- the breakdown of fats

Pancreas

• Located near the stomach

• For digestive purposes, the pancreas secretes:

protease- breakdown of proteins

lipase- breakdown of lipids (fats)

5. Large Intestine

• Water absorption only• NO nutrient absorption occurs here• Undigested material is known as feces• The large intestine passes the feces into

the rectum

5. (the quest for Polyps)

• Colonoscopy:

5. Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_)

• Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

5. Removal Colon Polyps_)

6. Rectum

Temporarily stores the feces

7. Anus

Opening through which feces passes out of the body

(Egestion)

(II) Nutrient Absorption

• Takes place in the small intestine

• Chemical digestion in humans is accomplished by Hydrolysis and the use of enzymes

Villus

• Lacteal- absorption of fatty acids and glycerol

• Capillary network- absorption of glucose and amino acids

Roughage

• Is an indigestible material in food that provides bulk, which stimulates

the muscles of the digestive tube and thus keeps food moving

through it. sources: fruits, vegetables, and

grains.Lack of roughage in the diet is one

cause of constipation.

Define these Disorders of the Digestive Tract

1. Anorexia Nervosa

2. Ulcers3. Constipation

4. Diarrhea5. Appendicitis6. Gallstones

Anorexia Nervosa

• A condition in which there is a severe loss of weight accompanied by symptoms of nutritional deficiencies.

• Psychological condition where a person is unable to take or retain food due to an excessive concern about obesity

Ulcers

an erosion of the surface of the digestive tract associated with

pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Constipation

To much water is absorbed by/in the large intestine.

Also can exist due to lack of roughage.

Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and

increased peristaltic activity of large intestine.

Results in an increased, multiple, watery feces.

Appendicitis

An inflammation of the appendix.

Usually feces that infects the appendix.

Appendicitis

Normal Infected

GallstonesAn accumulation of hardened

cholesterol deposits in the

gall bladder.

Salt regulation in Reptiles

Enough is enough..

The End

Kingdom: Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Phylum: AnnelidaAnnelida

Has a Has a TUBETUBE w/i a TUBE body plan. w/i a TUBE body plan.

2. Has a 2. Has a 1 1 way digestive systemway digestive system

3. Feeds on organic material in the soil called 3. Feeds on organic material in the soil called HUMUSHUMUS

4. Skin is 4. Skin is PERMEABLE, (PERMEABLE, (allows O2 and CO2 diffusion)allows O2 and CO2 diffusion)

5. Moves using 4 pair of 5. Moves using 4 pair of SETAESETAE (per segment) (per segment) 6.6. Within the Intestine is theWithin the Intestine is the TYPHLOSOLE, TYPHLOSOLE, its function its function is tois to INCREASE SURFACE AREA INCREASE SURFACE AREA for maximum food for maximum food absorption.absorption.

Kingdom: Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Phylum: AnnelidaAnnelidaGenus:Genus: LumbricusLumbricus Species: Species: terrestris terrestris

Notes if you missed it: Notes if you missed it: * Carries out EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION* Carries out EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

* Saprophytes feeding on HUMUS* Saprophytes feeding on HUMUS * Esophagus Carries out peristalsis: rhythmic contraction that * Esophagus Carries out peristalsis: rhythmic contraction that pushes food down towards anuspushes food down towards anus

* Food stored in crop* Food stored in crop

* Gizzard: mechanical digestion* Gizzard: mechanical digestion

* Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis digestion + absorption* Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis digestion + absorption

* Typhlosole: “enfolding” inc. surface area * Typhlosole: “enfolding” inc. surface area

1.Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda

* Tube within a tube body planInner tube: Digestive SystemOuter tube: Exoskeleton, muscles

* One way Digestive System* Extracellular Digestion*Terrestrial- Lives on land* Jointed Appendages (legs)* Hard chitinous exoskeleton* Compound EyesHerbivore: eats plant matter* Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes* Dimorphic

Arthropods

Coelenterate Phases

The Stinging Truth If you were to think of a major marine predator, probably one of the last creatures to come to mind would be the jellyfish. Although jellyfish look harmless, they are in fact very efficient predators.They are able to stun or kill their prey with stinging cells called cnidocytes. Each of these cnidocytes contains a tiny harpoon called a nematocyst that when triggered by touch or chemicals not only shoots into the prey, but causes the other cells in the area to activate as well. A toxin is also released which stuns or kills the food. The potency of the toxins varies greatly among the different kinds of jellyfish. That is why some jellyfish, like the sea nettle, are only annoying and some, like the box jellyfish, are extremely dangerous if you come into contact with them.

1.What are the two different phyla names for the hydra?

2.How are those names derived?