chapter 7-issues of the gilded age
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Chapter 7-Issues of The Gilded Age. Section 1: Segregation and Social Tension Section 2: Political and Economic Challenges Section 3:Farmer’s and Populism Standards: 2.1, 2.3, 2.9. 2.12, 9.4. African Americans Lose Freedoms States’ Governments Limit Voting Rights - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7-Issues of The Gilded Age
Section 1: Segregation and Social TensionSection 2: Political and Economic Challenges
Section 3:Farmer’s and Populism
Standards: 2.1, 2.3, 2.9. 2.12, 9.4
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• African Americans Lose Freedoms• States’ Governments Limit Voting Rights
• Poll tax: people had to pay to register to vote (Georgia $1-2)• Literacy tests: “Understanding” Tests• Had to own property• Grandfather clause: In Louisiana this clause allowed any man to vote if
he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867, which made former slaves, and their decendants ineligible to vote
• 1894: 130,000 Black Registered Voters in Louisiana• 1904: 1,300 Black Registered Voters
• Legalizing Segregation• Segregation: separation of the races• Jim Crow laws: statutes that enforced segregation• Supreme Court overturns the Civil Rights Act of 1875
– No longer a violation to keep people out based solely on color– Plessy v. Ferguson: Court case that upheld “Separate but Equal”
– Racial Violence• Lynching: executions without proper court hearings
– 80% in the South– 70% of the victims were African Americans
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Jim Crow and Limited Opportunity
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Section 1: The Rise of Segregation• Resistance and Repression
• Sharecroppers: landless farmers who paid in the form of crops to a landlord for supplies, rent, seed, tools and other supplies; were always in debt
– Exodus to Kansas• Exodusters: migrants of African Americans from the rural South to
Kansas
– Forming a Separate Alliance• Colored Farmers’ National Alliance: helped African Americans
economically by setting up cooperatives – Cooperatives: a store where farmers bought products from each other; an
organization that is owned and run by the people who use the services
– Crushing the Populist Revolt• An appeal to racism
• “Black Republicanism” a step back to Reconstruction
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Exodusters
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African Americans Oppose InjusticesIda B. Wells:
– Memphis Free Speech– Anti-lynching
» Said it was greed not just racial prejudice that led to the brutal acts and violence
– Mob destroyed printing press of Memphis Free Speech and drove Ida from town
– A Call for Compromise• Booker T. Washington: proposed that African Americans
concentrate on education and economic gains rather than deal with politics
• Atlanta Compromise: Booker T. Washington wanted the African American population to postpone the fight for Civil Rights until they were prepared to full equality.
– A Voice of the Future• W.E.B. Du Bois
– The Souls of Black Folk– Promoting and protecting the voting rights of African Americans was
the only way to reach equality.
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Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Ida B. Wells
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Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination
• 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese Immigrants Banned for 10 Years
• Wong Kim Ark v. United States: Supreme Court Upheld 14th Amendment
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Mexicans Americans Struggle in the West
• Abuse and Discrimination Undermine Rights
• Courts backed white Americans land claims most of the time
• Las Gorras Blancas: Extremist group who targeted large ranch owners with terror tactics
• Alianza Hispano-Americana: Organization formed to protect Mexican-American Culture
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Women Make Gains and Suffer Setbacks
• Susan B. Anthony: Felt betrayed when 14th/15th Amendments did not include women- 1872: Broke law by voting illegally in New York
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: National Women’s Suffrage Association
• Women’s Christian Temperance Movement: Fought for women’s rights but also wanted to prohibit sale of alcohol (18th Amendment)
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U.S. History I
Chapter 7 Section 2
“Political and Economic Challenges”
2.5, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4
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Section 2: Balance of Power Creates Stalemate
• 1877-1897: Presidents win by narrow margins and presidents are weak or corrupt. – Benjamin Harrison: Second President to lose Popular vote but win
Electoral College– Chester Arthur: Took over after James Garfield was assassinated:
Disliked by OWN Republican Party– *Grover Cleveland: Known for his Integrity: 1884 Won: 1888
Lost to Harrison (Electoral College) 1892: Won again (Only one counted TWICE)
• Corruption Plagues National Politics• Joseph Keppler: Political Cartoonist: “The Bosses of the
Senate” Next Slide• Patronage: government jobs go to the supporters of the winning party
in an election. “Spoils System”– The Pendleton Act: Allowed the president to decide which federal
jobs would be filled according to the rules of the Civil Service Commission: All had to take exam to qualify for job.
• Under Pres. Arthur, 14,000 jobs were placed under this program
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• Economic Issues Challenge Nation– Tariff: Tax on Imports– Republicans: Wanted
High Tariffs– Democrats: Wanted
Low Tariffs
• Silver or Gold• Greenbacks retired
after Civil War• Goldbugs: Wanted all
coins made of gold• Silverites: Wanted all
coins made of silver
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Section 3: Farmers and Populism• Unrest in Rural America
• Populism: a political movement founded in the 1890s that mainly represented farmers, favored free coinage of silver, and favored government control of railroads and other big industries
– Falling Prices and Rising Debt
• Greenbacks: U.S. paper money
• Inflation: money loses value, higher prices
• Deflation: lower prices, higher buying power
– Deflation Hurts Farmers• The Crime of ’73: The
decision of the government to stop the minting of silver
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– The Grange Takes Action: Oliver H. Kelley: 1867• Cooperatives: marketing organizations that worked to benefit their members
– The Grange Fails• Didn’t change economic problems of farmers• Railroads fought back by cutting services and refusing to lay more track• Wabash v. Illinois: limited a state’s ability to regulate the railroads, states could
not regulate interstate commerce
• The Farmers’ Alliance• Lampasas County, Texas 1877• Charles Macune
– The Alliance Grows• Kansas• Nebraska• North Dakota• South Dakota• South and Great Plains
– The People’s Party: Populists– The Subtreasury Plan: called for the government to set up warehouses where
farmers could store crops for low-interest loans until prices increased.
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• The Populist Party Demands Reforms• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890: authorized the U.S.
Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver a month, put more money into circulation in an attempt to help farmers
– The South Turns to Populism• Many Southern Democrats move to Populist Party
– A Populist for President• James B. Weaver
– Graduated income tax: taxation of higher earnings more heavily
– Government ownership of railroads
– The Panic of 1893: Economic Crisis• Stock Market on Wall Street Crash
• Banks closed
• Economic Depression
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• The Election of 1896• William Jennings Bryan
– Supported the minting of silver
– *Also known as prosecutor in the “Scopes Monkey Trial”
– Bryan’s Campaign• 600 speeches in 14 weeks
• Republicans nominate William McKinley as the man who could beat Bryan
– The Front Porch Campaign• William McKinley spoke only at his Canton, Ohio home. Delegates
came to see him at his home.
• Full Dinner Pan
• Unemployment would rise, wages would be cut
– Populism Declines • Depression ends
• Gold in Canada, Alaska, and South Africa increase money supply