Chapter 7

“___________ is the KEY for MEMORY”

Qz. #4 pages 152-174

System that allows for retention of what is learned

Ten Principles of Memory

_________________________

Get the info __________ the 1st time

Be sure you fully understand

Try to see the significance of what you’re learning

Involve your __________, if possible

____________ new material with related facts you know

_______________ the material so that it can be stored

If there is a basis for doing so, divide and ___________

Reinforce what you’ve learned through ____________

_____________often !

Three Kinds of Memory

1.Episodic – memories of _____________experience

2.Semantic – general knowledge or memory for facts

3. Procedural or ___________– memory for skills

Episodic – Do you remember your first interaction with a personal computer?

Semantic – Do you know the meaning of personal computer?

Procedural or Implicit– Are you fluent in the use of a personal computer?

___________ __________

System for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols, such as acronyms,

phrases, or jingles

“i” before “e” except after “c”

“Be, all that you can be!”

“Like a Rock”

“Every Good Boy Does Fine!”

EXAMPLES

Which is involved?

1.First Kiss 10.Use a computer

2.Riding a bike 11.Spell C-A-T

3.Walking through a maze 12.Driving a car

4.List the 50 states 13.H²0

5.Define Memory 14.Describe a fight to someone

6.Cut and Paste an art project 15.First day in high school

7.Writing notes off an overhead

8.Formula for classical conditioning

9.Witness a car accident

Three Processes of Memory 1.._________________ _________________ - modifying information so that it can be placed in - modifying information so that it can be placed in memory memory

a. ____________________ codea. ____________________ code

b. acoustic codeb. acoustic code

c. ____________________ codec. ____________________ code

2.2.______________________________ - maintenance of information over time - maintenance of information over time

a.a. maintenance ___________________ (157)maintenance ___________________ (157)

b.b. __________________________rehearsal__________________________rehearsal

c.c. organizational systems (superordinate & subordinate) organizational systems (superordinate & subordinate)

3.3.____________________________________- location of stored information and its return to- location of stored information and its return to consciousnessconsciousness

a.a. proper cuesproper cuesb.b. context-dependent memorycontext-dependent memoryc.c. state-dependent memorystate-dependent memory

ENCODINGENCODING

STORINGSTORING

RETRIEVINGRETRIEVING

1. Sensory Memory - the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.

• ______________________ Eye Movement

• Memory trace

• Sensory __________________Iconic memory_____________ memory

Three Stages of Memory

3 Stages of Memory

2. Short Term Memory (STM)

____________________________________– ____________________________________– the tendency to the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

_________________ EFFECT _________________ EFFECT – – the tendency to the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items.recall the initial items in a series of items.

_________________ EFFECT_________________ EFFECT – – the tendency to the tendency to recall recall the last items in a series of items.the last items in a series of items.

[ 7+/-2 - about 1 min.]

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9571484

Health & Science

Drug Ads Play Up Benefits, Downsize Risks

Short Term Memory (STM)Pages 162-163

OTHER KEY TERMS:

___________________– a mental process for organizing information into meaningful units, or “chunks,” (162)

___________________– the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there

INTERFERENCE THEORYWe may forget stored material because

other learning interferes with it

_________________Interference - forget the ________ because of the new

Proactive Interference - forget the new because of the old

Provide a few examples

Provide a few examples

3. Long Term MemoryPages 163-166

______________________– an idea or mental framework that helps one to organize and interpret information: a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

_____________________– based on the piecing together of memory fragments with general knowledge rather than a precise picture of the past

Article: “Emotions influence memory, learning” – Nov. 7, 2002

Activity: “At the Scene of the Crime”

Article: “Memory: The Unreliable Witness”

http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/common_cents/index.html

“THREE is still the KEY for MEMORY”

SECTION 4: FORGETTING & MEMORY IMPROVEMENT

(Pages 167-173)

In order to study FORGETTING

1st We need to know what ______________ syllables are. (page167)

2nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are. (page 167)

3rd How are nonsense syllables and the three memory tasks related?

Remember,3 is the key

•Meaningless sets of two _____________, Meaningless sets of two _____________, with a _________ sandwiched in between, with a _________ sandwiched in between, that are used to study memorythat are used to study memory

1st We need to know what nonsense syllables are. (page167)

Three Memory Tasks A. A. RReecognitioncognition – the easiest memory task, – the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or events involving identification of objects or events encountered beforeencountered before

B. B. RReecallcall – retrieval and reconstruction of learned – retrieval and reconstruction of learned materialmaterial

a. ___________ a. ___________ associatesassociates – nonsense – nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recallthat measure recall

C. C. RReelearninglearning – a measure of retention; material – a measure of retention; material is usually relearned more quickly than it is is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initiallylearned initially

a. ______________________ & a. ______________________ & savingssavings

2nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are. (page167)

Different Kinds of Forgetting(page 169)

• Interference – information takes the place of what is already there Retroactive interference – forget the old because of the new Proactive interference – forget the new because of the old

• – the fading away of a memory

• – pushing disturbing memories out of our consciousness (the ejection of anxiety producing stimuli from conscious awareness)

• Amnesia Infantile amnesia Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia

Amnesia

Infantile or Childhood Amnesia

•State reasons for childhood amnesia

Psychoanalytic, biological & cognitive explanations

Check textbook (pages 169-170)

•What is your earliest memory?•How old were you?

Anterograde Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

Failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Failure to remember events that occur prior (retro = old) to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Improving Memory

• Drill & Practice

• Relate to Things You Already Know

• Form Unusual Associations

• Construct Links

• Use Mnemonic Devices