BALANCING NATIONALISM & SECTIONALISM

Chapter 7

Industrial Revolution

Eli Whitney an American inventor best

known for inventing the cotton gin.

Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton gin.

Thereafter, he turned his attention into securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the newly formed continental army.

He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825.

Eli Whitney has often been incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts, which he championed for years as a maker of muskets; however, the idea predated Whitney, and Whitney's role in it was one of promotion and popularizing, not invention. Successful implementation of the idea eluded Whitney, but it finally happened near the end of his life, occurring first in others' armories.

Mass production – production of goods in large quantities.

Industrial Revolution – massive change in social and economic organizations resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and the development of large scale industrial production.

Britain starts the Industrial Revolution

Between 1750-1850

Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution.

The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.

Child Labor

Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new there were no experienced adult laborers.

In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.

Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders, 10-20% of an adult male's wage.

Children as young as four were employed. Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners working from 4 am until 5 pm.

Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions.[

Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25.

Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as "pauper apprentices", working without wages for board and lodging.

Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters, with some masters shackling them to prevent escape.

Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton, working 14 hours a day, six days a week. Some lost hands or limbs, others were crushed under the machines, and some were decapitated.

Children employed at were regularly burned and blinded, and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust.

America’s Industrial Revolution

New England Depended on shipping and foreign trade Agriculture not very profitable Textile factories Samuel Slater (a British immigrant) owned

first successful mechanized textile factory in America.

Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, & Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Massachusetts.

Two Agricultural Systems Develop

Northern Agriculture Livestock or crops North becomes increasingly self-sufficient Not a big demand for slaves

Southern Agriculture Cotton gin Long staple (long fiber), grown along coastal

areas (S. Carolina, Georgia) Short staple (short fiber), grown only in

interior regions

Clay Proposes the American System

In 1815, James Madison presented his plan to unite the northern and southern economies. Establish a protective tariff Resurrect the national bank Sponsor the development of transportation

systems, as well as other internal improvements.

Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) and John C. Calhoun fully support Madison’s plan, which they called the “American System.”

Tariffs and the National Bank

Tariff of 1816 Promote Americans to buy domestic goods Tariff placed on imports, which increased the

cost of foreign goods.

Second National Bank Currency will be accepted nationwide In 1816, Congress approved a charter for the

new national bank. 20 years

National Road

National Road (1811) Experiment in building highways First major highway built by federal

government By 1838 it extended from Cumberland,

Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois. 621.4 miles long

Erie Canal

Erie Canal 363 miles long “Big Ditch” Building started in 1816 and was completed

by 1825 Connects Hudson River to Lake Erie (Atlantic

Ocean to Great Lakes)

Nationalism at Center Stage

Gibbons v. Ogden Aaron Ogden (steamboat operator, licensed

by Fulton and Livingston, who were given a charter to run steamboats in the state of New York.)

He ran his steamboat from New York to New Jersey, believing he was the only operator entitled to do so.

Thomas Gibbons began to run a similar steamboat line.

Ogden believed Gibbons was in violation. Supreme Court ruled that interstate

commerce could be regulated only by the federal government.

Strengthening government economic control McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Maryland levied a heavy tax on the local

branch of the Bank of the United States, hoping to tax it out of business.

Chief Justice John Marshall denied Maryland to tax the bank.

Limiting State Power Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Court nullified a Georgia law that violated individuals’ constitutional right to enter into contracts.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Court declared the state of New Hampshire could

not revise the original charter it had granted to the college’s trustees in colonial times, because a charter was a contract, and the Constitution did not permit states to interfere with contracts.

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

John Quincy Adams Secretary of State Established foreign

policy guided by nationalism.

Believed nation interests and national unity should be placed ahead of regional concerns.

Foreign affairs should be guided by national self-interest.

Territory and Boundaries Expansion Treaty with Great Britain to reduce the Great Lakes

fleets of both countries to only a few military vessels.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) U.S. and Canada completely demilitarize their border.

Convention of 1818 U.S. and Britain will jointly occupy the Oregon

Territory. Spanish Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty)

Don Luis de Onis (Spanish minister to the U.S.) hands over the remainder of Florida to the U.S.

James Monroe• Born in Virginia in 1758 • Fought with Continental Army• Elected United States Senator• Helped negotiate the Louisiana

Purchase. • Elected President in 1816 and

served from 1817 to 1825.• Era of Good Feelings

The Monroe Doctrine• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe.

• The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from the Spanish Empire and the United States, reflecting concerns raised by Great Britain, hoping to avoid having any European power take over Spain's colonies.

Monroe Doctrine

US will stay out

of

European affairs

No European Colonization

in the Americas

Missouri Compromise Pro-slavery v. Anti-slavery

Prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

To balance the number of "slave states"

and "free states," the northern region of what was then Massachusetts was admitted into the United States as a free state to become Maine.

South of the dividing line slavery was legal.

North of the line (except on Missouri), slavery was banned.

Signed in 1820 by President Monroe

The Election of 1824

There were 261 total electoral votes and Jackson needed 131 to win the electoral vote and the election.

ADAMS VS JACKSON

• Henry Clay gives his support to John Adams and the House of Representatives chooses Adams as the

President. •Two weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his

Secretary of State….• Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the

“Corrupt Bargain.”

The Corrupt Bargain

Jacksonians withdrew from the Republican Party and formed the

Democratic Republican Party (today’s Democratic Party).

For the next four years, Jacksonians did whatever they could to sabotage Adam’s policies.

Election of 1828

An American Tragedy

Jackson and J. Q. Adams ran against each other for the presidency

One anti-Jackson newspaper declared,“General Jackson’s mother was a common prostitute, brought to this country by the British soldiers! She, afterwards married a mulatto man with whom she had several children, of which one was Andrew Jackson.”

•Anti-Adams people accused him of hiring a servant girl for a visiting Russian ambassador…•Adams was accused of gambling in the White House.

• Jackson’s wife was called an adulteress• As a result of this, Jackson’s wife Rachel, died of a heart attack just before he

became President…He blamed Adams and Clay and never forgave them…..

JACKSON THE MAN• Emotional, arrogant

and passionate.

• Dueled---could drink, smoke, curse and fight with the best of them.

• Lawyer, Judge, senator, general and finally President.

• First president from the West (Tennessee)

General Jackson’s Military Career

Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814.

Defeated the British at New Orleans in 1815.

Took Florida and claimed it for the US in 1819.

Loved by his soldiers called him “Old Hickory”

Jackson’s Spoil System

Spoils system A system of

government in which leaders of the incoming government throws out the appointees of the previous government and replaces them with their own appointees.

Removal of Native Americans

Five civilized tribes Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Creek Chickasaw

These tribes were on valuable land, which was wanted by planters and miners.

Indian Removal At 1830 Negotiate treaties to

move the Native Americans out west.

90 treaties were signed

TRAIL OF TEARS

Nullification Theory

VP John C. Calhoun calls the 1828 Tariff a Tariff of Abominations.

South Carolina nullified a new federal tariff and threatened to secede from the Union in 1832.

Nullification Theory is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or

invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld; rather, the Supreme Court has rejected it.

The 1832 Election

Jackson Attacks the National Bank

Bank of the United States (BUS) located in Philadelphia.

Jackson veto's bill to recharter the BUS.

2ND BUS charter not to expire until 1836 Henry Clay and Daniel Webster want to renew

charter early.

Jackson and his allies made sure that people thought the BUS was a privileged institution that served to “make the rich richer and the potent more powerful.”

BUS stockholders earned interest from deposits made instead of the average American taxpayer.

Bank president Nicholas Biddle gave lower loan rates to congressman than average Americans.

Pet Banks State banks Jackson wanted to withdraw government deposits and move them to pet

banks. In 1836, BUS becomes Philadelphia bank after charter expires; 5 years

later it was officially closed.

KING ANDREW• Opponents referred to

him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times

• Used the veto for personal revenge against his enemies…

• Opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt.

• Eliminated U.S. Debt

Whigs Created by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster Against “King Andrew” Originally formed in Britain to limit royal

power.

Martin Van Buren Democrats choice for office As president, Van Buren had

to confront the consequences of Jackson’s economic policies, which resulted in bank closings, bankrupt businesses, and widespread unemployment.

Panic of 1837 Bank closings and collapse of the

credit system. Many lost their savings Van Buren loses the election of

1840 to Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison 1 month in office Died from

pneumonia

John Tyler VP for WHH Becomes president Opposes Whig program Was put on ballot to gain

Southern support, but no one thought he would be president.

“His Accidency”