CHAPTER 7

ETHNICITY

What is Ethnicity?

• What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?– Ethnicity – cultural– Race - biological

• Ethnic groups are tied to particular places– Cultural traits derive from

conditions and practiced in that homeland

ISSUE #1

Where are Ethnicities Distributed?

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ETHNICITY & RACE

• Race – transmitted genetically from parents to children

– Ex. Lactose intolerance

• Ethnicity – derived from “distinctive features of particular places on the Earth’s surface”

– Share cultural traditions of a homeland

• Why is skin color important to geographers?

• African American = a group with an extensive cultural tradition (does not mean black – ex. Miles)

• Black = skin color (does not mean African American)

• African American and blacks are not the same thing

– Most black Americans descend from Africa (black race does equal African-American ethnicity for them)

– Some blacks descend from non-African regions (black race does not equal African American ethnicity for them)

• Hispanic/Latino is an ethnic group, not a race (choose white, black, other….)

• Asian as a race and Asian-American as an ethnicity

• President Obama is a good example of how this can be confusing but also includes the importance of personal choice is self-identification

ETHNICITIES IN THE U.S.• Census gathers ethnic data of Americans

• Terms themselves can sometimes be controversial– Ex. Hispanic, Hispanic-American or

Latino/Latina?– History of the terms Chicano and

Chicana?

• 2010 Census – 72% white; 13 % black or African-American; 5% Asian; 1% American Indian or Alaska Native; 6% other– Census actually combines race and

ethnicity in some cases

• 3 largest U.S. ethnicities – Asian American, African American, Hispanic– Read their descriptions on pages 228-

229

Asian Americans in San Francisco’s Chinatown

African Americans in New York’s Harlem

Hispanics in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood

ETHNIC CLUSTERING: STATE SCALE

AFRICAN AMERICANS• 85% of Detroit but only 7%

of the rest of Michigan– Why is this significant? What

does it tell us?

• Chicago has less than ¼ of Illinoi’s total population but more than half of the state’s African Americans

HISPANICS• Distribution is similar to

that of AAs in large northern cities– Ex. New York City

• California and Texas have the largest Hispanic populations– Distribution is mixed, how so?

Distribution of ethnicities in Michigan. Most of Michigan’s African Americans live in Detroit.

ETHNIC CLUSTERINNG: REGIONAL & URBAN SCALES

REGIONAL• African Americans –

clustered in the SE

• Hispanics – clustered in the SW

• Asian Americans – clustered in the West

• American Indians – SW and Plains

URBAN• AAs and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas

• This clustering is especially strong within neighborhoods in the cities

• In the early 20th century cites such as Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit attracted what ethnic groups and why?

– What did the children and grandchildren of these immigrants do in these cities?

– How is ethnic identity most likely to be retained for descendant so European immigrants

• Ethnic concentration in the U.S. increasingly consist of AAs migrating from the South or immigrants from Latin America and Asia

– Know examples and trends discussed on page 231

Distribution of Hispanics in the United States. The counties with the highest percentages in 2010 are in the Southwest, near the

Mexican border, and in northern cities.

Distribution of African Americans in the United States. The counties with the highest percentages of African Americans are

in the rural South and in northern cities.

Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States. The counties with the highest percentages of Asian Americans

are in Hawaii and California.

Distribution of ethnicities in Chicago. According to the 2010 Census, African Americans were clustered on the south and west

sides, Hispanics on the northwest and southwest sides, and whites

on the north side.

Distribution of Ethnicities in Los

Angeles. According the 2010 Census, African

Americans were clustered to the south of downtown Los Angeles

and Hispanics to the east. Asian American neighborhoods were

contiguous to the African American and

Hispanic areas.

ISSUE #2

Why do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF ETHNCITIES

• African Americans – most are descended from Africans forced to migrate as slaves during the 18th century

• Asian and Hispanic Americans – most are descended from voluntary migrants during the late 20th and early 21st centuries

• You are responsible for the history of the migration of these groups discussed on pages 232-233

This drawing made around 1845 for a French magazine shows the high density and poor conditions of Africans transported to the Western Hemisphere to become slaves

Most slaves were transported across the Atlantic from West Africa to the Americas

INTERNAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

• AAs have displayed two distinct migration patterns within the U.S. during the 20th century:1. Interregional migration

from the South to the northern cities during the first half of the century

2. Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the century

INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION• Freed slaves remained in the South in the

late 19th century, many working as sharecroppers

– what led to the decline of sharecroppers?

• Jobs started pulling AAs north in the early 20th century; 2 main waves of migration

1. 1910s and 1920s (before and after WWI)2. 1940s and 1950s (before and after

WWII)

• The world wars created a demand for more factory workers to produce war materials while at the same time white men going to war led to a shortage of factory workers

13 year old African American sharecropper plowing in 1937

Migration of African Americans followed four distinctive channels along the East Coast, east central, west central, and southwest regions of the country

INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION

• When AAs first moved to northern cities they clustered in neighborhoods that became known as ghettos

• 1950s/1960s – AAs moved from tight ghettos to immediately adjacent neighborhoods; densities were very high

• Expansion of these ghettos was partly a result of “white flight”– blockbusting?– Kerner Commission?

Expansion of the ghetto in Baltimore – In 1950, most African Americans in Baltimore lived in a small area northwest of downtown. During the 1950s and 1960s, the African American area expanded to the northwest, along major radial lines, and a second node opened on the east side. The south-side African American area was an isolated public housing complex built for wartime workers in the nearby port industries.

Between 1950 and 2010, the white population of Detroit declined from 1.7 million to 100,000 today, whereas the African American

population increased from 300,000 to 600,000.

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL• U.S. has a history of discouraging

spatial interaction between races (past by law, today through discrimination)

• Plessy v. Ferguson establishes separate but equal in the 1890s– Led to Jim Crow Laws (see examples)– School segregation video (next slide)

• Brown v. Board of Education ended (at least legally) separate but equal in the 1950s

• Museums in Detroit?

Segregation in the U.S.

SOUTH AFRICA - APARTHEID

• Apartheid – a legal system in South Africa that created the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas – Enforced in the second half of the 20th century– Repealed in the 1990s(look at pp.236-237 and the

worksheet)– Role of Nelson Mandela?

Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

As part of its apartheid system, the government of South Africa designed 10 homelands, expecting that ultimately every black would become a citizen of one of them. South Africa declared 4 of these homelands to be independent states, but no other country recognized the action. With the end of apartheid and the election of a black majority government, the homelands were abolished, and South Africa was reorganized into 9 provinces.

Train Station Stairs for Blacks South Africa under Apartheid

ISSUE #3

Why do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities?

ETHNICITIES & NATIONALITIES

• Nationality – identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country– how is this different than

ethnicity?

NATIONALITIES IN NORTH AMERICA

• What do the following identify in the U.S.? (p.238)– Nationality, Ethnicity, and Race

• The U.S. forged a national identity out of a collection of ethnic groups mainly from Europe and Africa through sharing values expressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

• Why/how is Quebec unique in regards to ethnicity and nationality?

Supporters of independence for Quebec march through the streets of Montreal prior to a 1995 referendum in which voters voted to remain part of Canada

ETHNICITIES & NATIONALITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

• The British Isles are a great example of how it can be difficult to distinguish between ethnicity and nationality; they include 4 main ethnicities:– English, Welsh, Scots, and Irish

• Ireland and Great Britain are divided into 2 nationalities– United Kingdom – includes Great

Britain and Northern Ireland (referred to as British)

– Republic of Ireland – includes the southern 84% of the island of Ireland

• The island of Ireland contains one ethnicity (predominantly) but two nationalities

The British isles comprise two countries: the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

NATIONALISM

• Nationalism – loyalty and devotion to a nationality– What does it promote

and emphasize?– How do states foster it?– What can be negatives

of nationalism?– Difference between

centripetal and centrifugal forces?

Ukrainians celebrate independence day on August 24 by waving flags while walking along Khreshchatyk Street in the capital, Kiev. Ukraine declared its

independence from the former Soviet Union on August 24, 1991.

• National Anthems

• Nationalism Song

• What are some examples of nationalism in the U.S.?

ETHNIC COMPETITION

• Confusion between ethnicity and nationality can lead to conflict

• Lebanon and Sri Lanka are good examples of countries struggling to integrate diverse ethnicities– You are responsible for

these on your own – pp.240-241

Ethnicities in Lebanon – Christians dominate in the south and northwest, Sunni Muslims in the far north, Shiite Muslims in the northeast and south, and Druze in the south-central and southeast

U.S. Marines patrol the streets of Beirut, Lebanon, in 1983

Ethnicities in Sri Lanka – The Sinhalese are Buddhists who speak an Indo-European language, whereas the Tamils are Hindus who speak a Dravidian language

Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka – Tamils demonstrating in Switzerland for international support a few days before losing the war in 2009

DIVIDING ETHNICITIES

• Few ethnicities match the territoriality of a nationality– this can be a big

problem

• Ethnicities are sometimes divided among more than one nationality– This can be a big

problem

DIVIDING SOUTH ASIAN ETHNICITIES AMONG NATIONALITIES

HISTORY• British colony from early

1800s – 1947

• Split into two countries – India - mostly Hindu– Pakistan mostly Muslim

• In 1971 East Pakistan became Bangladesh

CONSEQUENCE• Led to the forced migration

of millions as they moved to the new countries (many killed)

• Kashmir – neither India or Pakistan agreed on the line running through this region that separates them (much debate and violence)

In 1947, British India was partitioned into two independent states, India and Pakistan, which resulted in the migration of an estimated 17 million people. The creation of Pakistan as two territories nearly 1,000 miles apart would prove unstable, and in 1971 East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

Kashmir – India and Pakistan dispute the location of their border

DIVIDING THE KURDS AMONG NATIONALITIES

• Kurds – Sunni Muslims who speak and Iranian language and live in the Caucus Mountains

• After WWI Turks, led by Kemal Ataturk, created the modern country of Turkey (what about Kurdistan?)

• Currently – 30 million Kurds are split among several different countries, including Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria

• Know examples of what has happened to Kurds/Kurdish culture in these countries! (p.243)

Kurds in northern Iraq hold burning torches to celebrate their new year, which they call Newroz, on the first day of spring

ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN WESTERN ASIA: AFGHANISTAN

• There are several different ethnicities

• 1979 – several different ethnic groups led a rebellion against the gov’t, which was being defended by the Soviet Union

• 1992 – Soviet backed gov’t in Afghanistan collapsed

• 1995 – eventually, the Taliban gained control of the country and imposed an extremely harsh set of laws based on their strict interpretation of Islamic law

• 2001 – U.S. invaded Afghanistan as a result of the 9/11 attacks and overthrew the Taliban led gov’t– the Taliban still exists

• Know the examples of Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan as well (pp. 244-245)

The complex distribution of ethnicities and nationalities across western Asia is a major source of

conflict

Ethnicities in Baghdad – Baghdad contains a mix of Sunnis, Shiites, and other groups. Many neighborhoods were traditionally mixed, but in recent years the minority group has been forced to migrate

Ethnicities in Iraq – Iraq is home to around 150 distinct tribes. Some of the larger ones are shown on the map

ISSUE #4

Why do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide?

WORLD WAR II• What exactly is meant by ethnic cleansing?

•Largest levels of forced migration occurred during WWII– Holocaust was the worst example of

ethnic cleansing– Armenian Genocide vid (WWI)

• During the 1990s the term ethnic cleansing emerged (process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region)

• EC is not traditional armies fighting each other, it is the use of all means to remove every member of the other group (men, women, children, elderly….)

1939-1945

Forced Migration of Ethnicities After WWII – the largest number were Poles forced to move from territory occupied by the Soviet Union (now Russia), Germans forced to migrate from territory taken over by Poland and the Soviet Union, and Russians forced to return to the Soviet Union from Western Europe

ETHNIC CLEANSING IN THE BALKAMS• Located on the Balkan Peninsula,

located in SE Europe and named for the Balkan Peninsula

• Yugoslavia was created after WWI to unite several different ethnicities– What does “Yugo” mean?

• Tito – governed Yugoslavia from 1953-1980 (“Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, four languages, three religions, two alphabets, and one dinar”)– Economy held them together– Strategic location between

democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe

The Balkans in 1914 – at the outbreak of WWI, Austria-Hungary controlled the northern part of the region, including all or part of Croatia, Slovenia, and Romania. The Ottoman Empire controlled some of the south, although during the 19th century it had lost control of Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Greece, Romania, and Serbia.

DESTRUCTION OF MULTI-ETHNIC YUGOSLAVIA

• Ethnic rivalries and fighting emerge after Tito’s death in the 1980s, the country breaks up in the early ‘90s

• New countries – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro (many not happy with the new boundaries and/or division of ethnicities)

• This led to horrific ethnic cleansing because the boundaries of Yugoslavia’s 6 republics did not match the territory occupied by the 5 nationalities and ethnicities fought to define the boundaries of the newly independent countries– Exs. – Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo

Yugoslavia until its breakup in 1992 – Yugoslavia comprised 6 republics

ETHNIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

• Population consisted of Bosnian Muslims(48%), Serb (37%) and Croat (14%)

• Serbs and Croats fought to unite their areas with the countries of Serbia and Croatia– To achieve this they carried out

ethnic cleansing (1990s) of Bosnian Muslims, especially the Serbs against Bosnian Muslims (why?)

• 1996 – B&H is divided into three regions, Serbs end up getting about half the country (they only made up 1/3 of the population)

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina – (top) The Stari Most (old bridge), built by the Turks in 1566 across the Neretva River, was important sympol and tourist attraction in the city of Mostar. (middle) The bridge was blown up by Croats in 1993, in an attempt to demoralize Bosnian Muslims as part of ethnic cleansing. (bottom) With the end of the war in Bosnia & Herzegovina, the bridge was rebuilt in 2004.

The territory occupied by Bosnian Muslims (left) was considerably reduced as a result of ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serbs and Croats (right)

ETHNIC CLEANSING IN KOSOVO• After gaining independence Serbia

was still multi-ethnic and launched a campaign to control the province of Kosovo (1990s)– History of Albanians in Kosovo?

– Serbia’s historical claim to Kosovo?

– When Yugoslavia broke up Serbia took direct control of Kosovo and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Albanian population (4 steps to the process)

– 750,000 of 2 million Albanians forced to flee to refugee camps

– NATO launches air attacks against Serbia until Serbia withdrew

BALKANIZATION – p.251

• Understand what this process is and why it is important!!!!!!!!!

ETHNIC CLEANSING & GENOCIDE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

• Refer to your presentations for the information on pages 242-245

Chapter 07: Review

Which of the following states has the smallest percentage of African American residents?

a) Alabama b) Georgiac) Mississippid) South Carolinae) West Virginia

Which of the following states has the smallest percentage of African American residents?

a) Alabama b) Georgiac) Mississippid) South Carolinae) West Virginia

Explanation:African Americans are clustered in the South and in northern cities.

Which of the following states has the smallest percentage of Hispanic residents?

a) Arizona b) Californiac) Mained) New Mexicoe) Texas

Which of the following states has the smallest percentage of Hispanic residents?

a) Arizona b) Californiac) Mained) New Mexicoe) Texas

Explanation:Hispanics are concentrated in the American Southwest.

During the slavery era, the most likely destination for Africans captured by the Portuguese was

a) North America.b) South America.c) Caribbean.d) Arabia.e) Turkey.

During the slavery era, the most likely destination for Africans captured by the Portuguese was

a) North America.b) South America.c) Caribbean.d) Arabia.e) Turkey.

Explanation:The majority of Africans enslaved by the Portuguese were sent to Brazil.

Which of the following is accurate about apartheid?

a) It included the creation of “homelands” for different groups.

b) The system classified people in one of two races.c) French settlers created it in the 1800s.d) South Africa still has places governed by this

policy.e) The policy was supported by most European

countries in the 1980s.

Which of the following is accurate about apartheid?

a) It included the creation of “homelands” for different groups.b) The system classified people in one of two races.c) French settlers created it in the 1800s.d) South Africa still has places governed by this policy.e) The policy was supported by most European countries in

the 1980s.

Explanation:Apartheid was instituted in the late 1940s and classified South Africans as belonging to one of four groups.

In the 1920s, this region best exemplified the concept of the nation-state:

a) South Americab) Sub-Saharan Africac) Middle Eastd) Europee) Southeast Asia

In the 1920s, this region best exemplified the concept of the nation-state:

a) South Americab) Sub-Saharan Africac) Middle Eastd) Europee) Southeast Asia

Explanation:Following the First World War, many European boundaries were redrawn to reflect the principles of nation-states.

Which of the following is an example of a multinational state?

a) Franceb) New Yorkc) Scotlandd) United Kingdome) Wales

Which of the following is an example of a multinational state?

a) Franceb) New Yorkc) Scotlandd) United Kingdome) Wales

Explanation:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland includes Scotland and Wales.

Complete the following analogy: centripetal is to centrifugal as

a) clustering is to spreading.b) beginning is to ending.c) rising is to falling.d) shrinking is to growing.e) None of the above is correct.

Complete the following analogy: centripetal is to centrifugal as

a) clustering is to spreading.b) beginning is to ending.c) rising is to falling.d) shrinking is to growing.e) None of the above is correct.

Explanation:Nationalism is an important centripetal force. Centripetal is the opposite of centrifugal.

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon?

a) Jewsb) Christians c) Druzed) Shiitese) Sunnis

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon?

a) Jewsb) Christians c) Druzed) Shiitese) Sunnis

Explanation:Lebanon is divided among Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir pits

a) East Pakistan against West Pakistan. b) India against Bangladesh.c) India against Pakistan.d) Sikhs against Hindus.e) Sinhalese against Tamils.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir pits

a) East Pakistan against West Pakistan. b) India against Bangladesh.c) India against Pakistan.d) Sikhs against Hindus.e) Sinhalese against Tamils.

Explanation:Jammu and Kashmir are partitioned along the “Line of Control” by Pakistan and India.

Since 1991 in the Balkans, the most severe

ethnic cleansing has been committed by

a) Bosnians.b) Croats.c) Macedonians. d) Serbs.e) Slovenes.

Since 1991 in the Balkans, the most severe ethnic cleansing has been committed by

a) Bosnians.b) Croats.c) Macedonians. d) Serbs.e) Slovenes.

Explanation:Serbs aggressively pushed other groups out of territory in Bosnia and Kosovo.

Which of these ethnic groups was not forced to migrate right after World War II?

a) Russians were forced to return to the Soviet Union from Western Europe.

b) Germans living in Poland were forced to return to Germany.

c) Swiss were forced to return to Switzerland.d) Poles were forced to move from territory

occupied by the Soviet Union.e) Czechs were forced out of Poland.

Which of these ethnic groups was not forced to migrate right after World War II?

a) Russians were forced to return to the Soviet Union from Western Europe.

b) Germans living in Poland were forced to return to Germany.c) Swiss were forced to return to Switzerland.d) Poles were forced to move from territory occupied by the

Soviet Union.e) Czechs were forced out of Poland. Explanation:There was not a large scale migration of the Swiss during World War II.

Which group predominates in the far north of Iraq?

a) Kurdsb) Sunnisc) Shiitesd) Persianse) Turkmen

Which group predominates in the far north of Iraq?

a) Kurdsb) Sunnisc) Shiitesd) Persianse) Turkmen

Explanation:The Kurds are the largest nation without a state of their own.