chapter 7

Empowering Programs with Resources that Enhance Social

Work Education

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Counsel on Social Work Education (CSWE) Defines Educational Policy and

Accreditation Standards (EPAS) Developed Ten “Core Competencies”

and 41 related “Practice Behaviors” Every Student should master the Practice

Behaviors and Core Competencies before completing their program


The Textbook – “Helping Hands” icon call attention to content

that relates to Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

“Competency Notes” at the end of each chapter help put the Practice Behaviors and Competencies in practical context.

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Cole PublishingCole Publishing

The Practice Behaviors Workbook developed with the text provides assignable exercises that assist in mastering the Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

Additional Online Resources can be found a www.cengage.com/socialwork.


http://www.cengage.com/socialwork

The Era of Federal Services: The New Frontier and the Great

Society


President Roosevelt mostly avoided pursuing changes in domestic policy during World War II

Only the GI bill was enacted during the war, which distributed billions of dollars of educational benefits to millions of veterans from World War II

Vice President Harry Truman ascended to the presidency in 1945

2.1.9


Americans were preoccupied with enjoying the first affluence since the Great Depression

The Marshall Plan was developed ruling out any major increases in spending

Social reform in the Truman era was also retarded by the white population’s racial animosities toward African Americans

Truman deserves credit for desegregating the armed services after the war was over, in the face of outright defiance by some generals

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Elected as a World War II hero and as a candidate who promised to end the unpopular war in Korea

Democrats controlled congress Eisenhower made a deal: Keep remaining New

Deal programs in trade for support of foreign policy initiative

Led to a reform of Social Security which added benefits to people with disabilities, wives, widows, dependent children and survivors of men who had been initial beneficiaries

When Russians launched Sputnik National, Eisenhower supported the National Defense Education Act, which provided federal funds for science and math training in the schools

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Kennedy accepted both cultural and structural explanations of poverty

It was the civil rights movement started by Martin Luther King Jr. that decisively pushed Kennedy and the nation toward social reform

The civil rights movement provided an obvious and ongoing symbol that sensitized Americans to the needs of a particular group of people and forced political leaders to propose policy remedies

In 1963, Kennedy finally decided to propose his own civil rights legislation, which prohibited job discrimination on the basis of race and gender as well as discrimination in voter registration



Arguably Lyndon B. Johnson did more than any other president to improve the lives and social conditions of African Americans and the poor?

Although the Vietnam War and the Offensive in particular earned him a bad reputation, his accomplishments in the areas of civil rights and social welfare should not be dismissed

Tax Cut of 1964: Created tension as the Johnson Administration tried to fund the Great Society and the Vietnam War

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Johnson refused to compromise with Southerners in1964 when they tried to dilute civil rights legislation drafted by the Kennedy administration

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a historic measure; it marked the first time since Reconstruction that the federal government had assumed a major role in protecting the voting rights of African Americans in the South



MedicaidMedicareElementary and Secondary Education Act of

1965 (ESEA)Job CorpsHead Start

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War on Poverty was developed after President Kennedy’s death

It consisted of a collection of job-training, youth employment, and medical service

The measure also included a community action program that established local community action agencies (CAAs) to coordinate local programs for the poor

The popular Head Start program for preschool children was funded from community action funds



The administration’s policy approach, which was reflected in the welfare amendments of 1967, was a confusing mixture of incompatible policies

Some punitive policies were adopted; in particular, all women who did not have children younger than six years of age were required to work, at prevailing rather than minimum wages

Liberals were delighted to obtain a series of exemptions in the law

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Families on welfare was automatically eligible Allotted poor people with food stamp coupons to buy

groceries Grocery stores throughout the country began to accept

food stamp payments Department of Agriculture paid the entire cost

Successive amendments in 1968, 1971, 1973, and 1978 dramatically expanded funding for the program, established national eligibility standards, made the program mandatory in all states groceries

It was a landmark achievement because it gave millions of impoverished families the resources to purchase food in quantities not possible with meager welfare checks



Medicaid was pass to address health needs of welfare recipients

Hospitals were able to bill the state for medical services to the poor

The number of resources available to the poor began to decrease and many postponed treatment until their illness became severe

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Program was divided into two parts A&B

Elderly people were not means tested to receive Medicare

Medicare did not help people with chronic conditions it reimbursed only a maximum of 60 day in the hospital and 100 days of convalescent care

In order for elderly to become eligible for Medicaid they had to spend their saving and assets due to it being means tested



Women Gay Men & Lesbians Latinos Native Americans Asian Americans

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During World War II millions of women went to work, but were expected to return to their domestic roles once the war ended. However, many women enjoyed the economic freedom associated with the paid workforce leading to a dramatic rise in female employment in the 1960s

Limited to gender-segregated jobs Faced opposition from husbands and children who

expected them to perform their domestic duties

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World War II brought attention to homosexuality.

Gays and lesbians realized for the first time that others shared their sexual orientation as they were screened from the army

Homosexuality was perceived as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973

Homosexuals were very much discriminated against in government

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Eisenhower issued an executive order to remove homosexuals from government

Removed or denied from the military

Were subject to arrest by police, who raided gay bars, restrooms, and even personal residences

Gay bashing by local gangs was common and tolerated

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Significance of the Stonewall Riots

The gay and lesbian movement attracted a larger following and more attention

Developed a political agenda

Put pressure on the American Psychiatric Association to change their diagnostic categories

Encouraged millions of gay men and lesbians to publicly announce their sexual orientation



1960s brought a rapid increase of Latino communities in urban areas

1950s large influx of Puerto Ricans to New York for economic reasons

1959 Fidel Castro came to power causing a large number of Cubans to settle in the United States

Faced job discrimination

Cesar Chavez pressured politicians to grant agricultural labors federal protection if they chose to organize unions

Difficulty rising out of poverty

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Asian Americans in Hawaii and California made important gains in achieving their civil rights in the wake of World War II and in the 1950s

Immigration limitations on Asians continued, despite token concessions to various nationalities following World War II

The blatantly racist immigration policies of the United States, which gave larger annual quotas to European nations than to Asian nations, were finally reversed in the Immigration Act of 1965

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1950s and early 1960s Federal support for tribal groups ended after the adaptation of an assimilations approach

1960s and 1970s federal emphasis returned to supporting Native American culture

Both Johnson and Nixon opposed termination policies and encouraged the political participation of Native Americans



By the end of the 1960s, people of color in the United States had predominantly been segregated within urban ghettoes

They often lacked the role models, indigenous businesses, vibrant churches, and community cohesiveness that white ethnic groups had enjoyed

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Social work emerged from the Great Depression with a determination to upgrade the profession by making a bachelor’s degree mandatory for admission to graduate programs and by making all graduate programs last for two years

Casework remained the dominant methodology of the profession; macro practice occupied a decidedly secondary niche

The National Council on Social Work Education was established in 1946 to launch a study of social work education

In 1955, seven separate social work associations were merged to form the National Association of Social Workers (NASW)

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Presidents of the New Frontier & Great SocietyHarry Truman Dwight Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson

Other Notable Individuals Martin Luther King Jr. Earl Warren Cesar Chavez

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Started the Civil Rights Movement in 1955 with the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

Initiated a long series of protests that successfully challenged segregation

Although the Civil Rights Movement began in response to discriminatory policies in the South, King said he never experienced more racism than in white Chicago suburbs (Racism in the South and North)

Remained a significant influential civil rights leader until his assassination in 1968

Instrumental in developing and passing the Civil Rights Act 1965



Formed the National Farm Workers Association in 1962 to organize migrant farm workers; later became the United Farm Workers (UFW)

1965 grape boycott hurt growers economically until they accepted the union and improved working conditions

Made federal and state governments more aware of exploitation of migrant laborers

Migrant workers developed their own sense of worth and power

Working conditions improved In the mid 1960s, they were paid an average of less

than $2 an hour In 1987, they were paid and average of $5.85 an

hour



Medicaid and Medicare Establishment of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Head Start Food Stamps Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 Establishment of Equal Employment and

Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Elementary and Secondary Education Act Older Americans Act

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Job training programs including the Job Corps, the Manpower Training and Development Program, and the Neighborhood Youth Corps

The Community Mental Health Centers Act

Key court rulings like Brown v. Board of Education

Federal subsidies to neighborhood health programs in medically underserved areas

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Scores of small domestic programs funded by the discretionary budget

Many policies that protected rights of women, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Rescinding of the 1790 naturalization law that refused citizenship to non-white individuals

Immigration Act of 1965 that abolishes national origin quotas

2.1.8
