chapter 6 skin and the integumentary system composed of several tissues maintains homeostasis...
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Chapter 6Chapter 6Skin and the Integumentary Skin and the Integumentary
SystemSystem• Composed of several tissues• Maintains homeostasis• Protective covering• Retards water loss• Regulates body temperature• Houses sensory receptors• Contains immune system cells• Synthesizes chemicals, including Vitamin D• Excretes small amounts of waste
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Layers of SkinLayers of Skin
• Epidermis• Dermis• Subcutaneous layer
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Epidermis, Dermis, & Basement Membrane
Epidermis is subdivided into layers of stratified Epidermis is subdivided into layers of stratified squamous epitheliumsquamous epithelium
Dermis is made up of connective tissue, epithelial tissue, Dermis is made up of connective tissue, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.
Basement membrane is anchored to the dermis by short Basement membrane is anchored to the dermis by short fibrils and separates these two layers of skinfibrils and separates these two layers of skin
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EpidermisEpidermis
• lacks blood vessels• keratinized• thickest on palms and soles (0.8-1.4mm)• melanocytes provide melanin• rests on basement membrane• stratified squamous
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EpidermisEpidermis
Layers of Epidermis• stratum corneum• stratum lucidum• stratum granulosum• stratum spinosum• stratum basale
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Layers of the EpidermisLayers of the Epidermis
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Skin Changes: RashesSkin Changes: Rashes
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Chicken Pox
Shingles
Lyme Disease Impetigo
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Melanocytes and Pigment GranulesMelanocytes and Pigment Granules
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All people have the same number of All people have the same number of melanocytes in their skinmelanocytes in their skin
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Albinism: Lack of MelaninAlbinism: Lack of Melanin
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Paul Bettany in Columbia Pictures' The Paul Bettany in Columbia Pictures' The Da Vinci Code - 2005Da Vinci Code - 2005
THE ALBINO MONK?
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DermisDermis
• dermal papillae
• binds epidermis to underlying tissues• irregular dense connective tissue
• on average 1.0-2.0mm thick
• muscle cells
• nerve cell processes
• blood vessels
• hair follicles
• glands
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Subcutaneous LayerSubcutaneous Layer
• hypodermis
• loose connective tissue
• adipose tissue
• insulates
• major blood vessels
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Hair FolliclesHair Follicles
• epidermal cells
• tube-like depression
• extends into dermis
• hair root
• hair shaft
• hair papilla
• dead epidermal cells
• melanin• arrector pili muscle
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Grey’s AnatomyGrey’s Anatomy
EXAMPLES OF HAIR COLOR
VARIATION
Red Heads have iron pigment (trichosiderin)
Everyone except albinos have various amounts of melanin in their hair.
With age, a loss of melanin in hair can lead to grayness.
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NailsNails
• protective coverings
• nail plate
• nail bed
• lunula
6-9
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Sebaceous GlandsSebaceous Glands
• usually associated with hair follicles
• holocrine glands – disintegrating cell and its contents for the secretion
• secrete sebum
• absent on palms and soles
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Sweat or Sudoriferous GlandsSweat or Sudoriferous Glands
• widespread in skin
• deeper dermis or hypodermis
• eccrine glands – types of merocrine gland that secrete fluid (sweat) product released through the cell membrane
• aprocrine sweat, ceruminous (wax), & mammary (milk) glands – types of aporocrine glands that secrete cellular product and portion of the free ends of cells
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Regulation of Body Regulation of Body TemperatureTemperature
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Problems in Temperature Problems in Temperature RegulationRegulation
Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature
Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature
Human Body Temperature = 37o C or 98.6o F.
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Skin ColorSkin Color
Genetic Factors• varying amounts of melanin• varying size of melanin granules• albinos lack melanin
Environmental Factors• sunlight• UV light from sunlamps• X rays
Physiological Factors• dilation of dermal blood vessels• constriction of dermal blood vessels• carotene• jaundice
George Hamilton – sun worshiper?
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The Tan Man at The University of KansasThe Tan Man at The University of Kansas
http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2006/may/03/hes_still_tan_after_all_these_years/?city_local
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Healing of CutsHealing of Cuts
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Healing of BurnsHealing of Burns
First degree burn – superficial partial-thickness (epidermis damaged)
Second degree burn – deep partial-thickness (epidermis & dermis damaged)
Third degree burn – full-thickness (epidermis, dermis, & accessory skin structures)• autograft (self-transplant)• homograft (temporary transplant from donor)• various skin substitutes • extensive scars
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Rule of NinesRule of Nines
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Life Span ChangesLife Span Changes
• Scaly skin• Age spots• Dermis becomes reduced• Loss of fat• Wrinkles• Sagging• Sebaceous glands secrete less oil
• Melanin production slows• Hair thins• Number of hair follicles decrease• Impaired nail growth• Sensory receptors decline• Inability to control body temperature• Less vitamin D production
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Life Span Changes - SkinLife Span Changes - Skin
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Clinical ApplicationClinical Application
Acne Vulgaris• most common skin disorder• sebum and epithelial cells clog glands• produces whiteheads and blackheads (comedones)• anaerobic bacteria trigger inflammation (pimple)• largely hormonally induced• androgens stimulate sebum production• treatments include antibiotics, topical creams, birth control pills
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Common Skin DisordersCommon Skin Disorders Athlete’s foot – tinea pedis or ringworm fungal infection of the foot.Athlete’s foot – tinea pedis or ringworm fungal infection of the foot. Birthmark – congenital blemish or spot on the skin. Birthmark – congenital blemish or spot on the skin. Boil – bacterial infection of the skin produced when bacteria enter a hair Boil – bacterial infection of the skin produced when bacteria enter a hair
follicle.follicle. Carbucnle – bacterial infection, similar to a boil, that spreads into the Carbucnle – bacterial infection, similar to a boil, that spreads into the
subcutaneous tissues.subcutaneous tissues. Cyst – fluid-filled capsule.Cyst – fluid-filled capsule. Eczema – noncontagious skin rash.Eczema – noncontagious skin rash. Erythema – reddening of the skin due to dilation of dermal blood vessels in Erythema – reddening of the skin due to dilation of dermal blood vessels in
response to injury or inflammation.response to injury or inflammation. Herpes– characterize by a recurring formations of small clusters of vesicles; Herpes– characterize by a recurring formations of small clusters of vesicles;
usually caused by herpes simplex virus; contagious.usually caused by herpes simplex virus; contagious. Keloid – elevated enlarging fibrous scar usually initiated by an injury.Keloid – elevated enlarging fibrous scar usually initiated by an injury. Mole – fleshy skin tumor that is usually pigmented.Mole – fleshy skin tumor that is usually pigmented. Pediculosis – disease produced by an infestation of lice.Pediculosis – disease produced by an infestation of lice. Pruritus – itching of the skin.Pruritus – itching of the skin. Pusule – elevated, pus-filled area.Pusule – elevated, pus-filled area.
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Xeroderma PigmentosumXeroderma Pigmentosum
Extreme freckling and skin Extreme freckling and skin cancer due to lack of DNA cancer due to lack of DNA repair enzymes.repair enzymes.
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Types of Skin CancerTypes of Skin Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma – derived from epithelial tissue
Basal cell carcinoma – derived from epithelial tissue
Malignant melanoma – derived from melanocytes